A

SYNOPSIS REPORT
ON
DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMER
AUTOMATICALLY BY USING MICROCONTROLLER AND GSM
TECHNIQUE
FOR THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE MAJOR
PROJECT
OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL (ELECTRONICS AND POWER) ENGINEERING
PRESCRIBED BY
GONDWANA UNIVERSITY, GADCHIROLI (M.S)

SUBMITTED BY
MISS.HARSHA D. JUMNE MISS.MEENAL B.BORKAR MISS.PRITI G.MESHRAM
MISS.VISHAKHA D.MATTE MISS.TALEYA A.ANSARI
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
MRS. S.A.AKKEWAR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL (ELECTTRONICS AND POWER) ENGINEERING
SESSION 2019-2020
RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, CHANDRAPUR-
442403
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that miss.harsha jumne, miss.meenal borkar, miss.priti meshram,
miss.vishakha matte, miss.taleya ansari studying in seventh semester of electrical
(electronic and power) engineering has submitted major project report entitled
‘’DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMER AUTOMATICALLY
BY USING MICROCONTROLLER AND GSM TECHNIQUE’’.satisfactory during the
acadmic session 2019-2020 from rajiv gandhi college of engineering research and
technology,chandrapur

Mrs.S.A.Akkewar Dr.R.K.Dhatrak
Deptt.of electronics and power engg. Asso.prof.and head

RCERT,chandrapur Deptt.of electronics & power engg

RCERT,chandrapur
 INDEX
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Objective
 Block diagram
 Circuit diagram
 Power supply
 Tansformer
 Relay
 Circuit layout
 Advantage and Disadvantage
 References
 ABSTRACT
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level. The
main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing. Due to
overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get
burnt. Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done
by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller. The micro
controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load
exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load. Therefore, the
two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are
sensing unit, control unit and microcontrol. A GSM modem is also used to inform the control
station about switching. The advantages of the project are transformer protection,
uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
 INTRODUCTION
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution
system. The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very
common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure. This work is
all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency
drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt. So, by reducing the
extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another
transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When
the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected
in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load. Therefore, a number of
transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented. In
this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load
and over temperature conditions. A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current
transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in
overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the
master transformer and the load is shared. The microcontroller monitors the load current and
temperature of transformer and displays the values on LCD .Whenever loads are added to the
secondary side of the transformer, the current at the secondary side rise. As the load current
exceeds the rated current rating of the transformer, the temperature of the secondary winding
rises, therefore the microcontroller will send a trip signal to the relay, thereby turning on the
slave transformers.Initially when we switched ON the load that load will be shared by the
first transformer. Once load has been increased on first transformer above its rated capacity
then the stand by transformer (second) will share the load automatically. Here three modules
are used to control the load current. The first module is the sensing unit, which is used to
sense the current of the load; the second module is control unit in which relay plays the main
role, and its function is to change the position with respect to the control signal and last
module is microcontroller. It will read the digital signal and perform calculations and finally
gives control signal to the relay. For monitoring the load current continuously, current
transformer is used and the output of current transformer is fed to micro-controller through
A-D converter. Similarly for monitoring transformer body temperature operational amplifiers
are used with suitable temperature transducer. The concept of automatic load sharing of
transformer or overload protection of transformer is done by various means like by using
microprocessors, by using GSM technology, and by using relays. Among them, a relay is
used and comparator IC‟s for automatic load sharing between three transformers. The
number of transformers to be operated in parallel can also be increased according to demand
of a particular area. While operating the number of transformers in parallel we have to follow
some conditions like same voltage ratio, same X/R ratio, same KVA ratings, and same
polarity etc. i.e. identical transformers are operating in parallel.
.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
In this three identical transformers are using which are connected in parallel through change
over relay. Transformer-TF1 is a main transformer, which is called master transformer and
transformer-TF2 is an auxiliary transformers which is called as slave transformers. Each
transformer has its own load handling capacity. In case of a normal operation the master
transformer shares the load but as the load is beyond the rated capacity of main transformer
the slave transformer is connected in parallel automatically and shares the load.
Load switching network is provided to ON/OFF the load on the transformers which is
connected to load bank. Shunt is used to distribute the current to all the sections of the
circuit. Comparator is having two inputs one is from shunt and the second is from the
reference voltage.
Reference voltage is set by the user. Comparator (microcontroller) compares the reference
voltage and system voltage continuously and the output signal is given to the relay driver
circuit. Relay driver circuit consists of NPN transistor to drive the relay. Relay driver gives
the signal to the change over relay in case of overload conditions. Change over relay closes
its contact when load on the master transformer is more than it’s rated capacity and the
transformer-T2 i.e. slave transformer is automatically connected in parallel with the main
transformer and if the load is increased to such a amount that can’t be handled with the two
transformers then the third transformer T3 is automatically connected in parallel with T1 &
T2 and shares the load. Due to which the transformer-T1 is not overloaded and the problem
like overheating, burning of winding of transformer and un-interruption of supply is gets
eliminated by this arrangement. The visual indicator contains the LED‟s which shows the
ON/OFF status of all the transformers
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DISCRIPTION:

Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C.
power supply is needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by first stepping down
the 230V to 18V and 12 V operating voltage for relays. Hence another supply is required to
generate 12V. The step downed a.c voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier. The
diodes used are 1N4007. The rectified a.c voltage is now filtered using a „C‟ filter. Now the
rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage regulator allows
us to have a Regulated Voltage which is +5V. We are using two voltage regulators i.e., 7805
and 7812. These voltage regulators regulate 5v for microcontroller and 12v for relays. The
rectified, filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic
capacitor 100μF. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89c51
microcontroller to supply operating voltage.
The microcontroller 89C51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592
MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th & 19th pins of
89c51 to make it work (execute) properly. The LCD is interfaced to Microcontroller. The
data pins of LCD are connected to Port 0. The control pins of LCD are connected to Port 2 .
One of the port 3 pin is connected to the secondary side of transformer one through bridge
rectifier and regulator to check the status of the transformer one i.e. whether the power
supply is on or off to the transformer one through relay. Relay is used to on & off the
transformer occurred it is connected to P2.0 microcontroller. The data pins of ADC are
connected to the port 1 of microcontroller. Whatever the data in ADC from C.T (current
transformer) will be converted from analog to digital and fed it to the microcontroller.
Reference value is set in the preset which is continuously compared with feedback signal in
the controller. Three relays are connected to controller through relay driver. The phase of
transformers T1, T2 & T3 are connected to the relay contactor while the neutral is given
separately from the single phase supply.
 TRANSFORMER
1.There are basically two types
-step down transformer
-step up transformer
2.we are using step down transformer
3.CT and PT are step down transformer

RECTIFIER
1.It is a circuit which convert AC to DC
2.Output of rectifier is not pure DC,it is pulsating DC
3.there are basically two types of rectifier
-half wave rectifier
-full wave rectifier
4.we are using bridge rectifier to get desired DC output voltage of +5v,+12v and -12v

IC REGULATOR
1.regulator ic is the IC which provides the fixed voltage to the different compnents even if
the input of the regulator IC is vary.
2.regulator IC units contain the cicuitary for reference source,comparator amplifier,control
device,and overload protection all in a single IC.
3.in our project we are using 7805,7812,7912 IC regulator

RELAYS
1.it is an electromagnetic device which is use as switch.
2.it is electrically operated switch.
3.it disconnect circuit when current flow becomes greater than desired value.
4.if the current consumption is above 80% then the all relay get switch OFF through
The relay driver circuit.
 ADVANTAGE
1.It prevents circuitry from damage
2.Avoid interruption in power supply
3.Remove power black out at pick hours
4.Accident prevention
5.Transformer safety

DISADVANTAGE
1.cost of whole circuitry will increased
2.cicuitry becomes bulky
REFERENCES
[1] Hassan Abniki, H.Afsharirad, A.Mohseni, F. Khoshkhati, Has-san Monsef,
PouryaSahmsi „Effective On-line Parameters for Transformer Monitoring and Protection‟,
on Northern American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp 1-5, September 2010.
[2] Tong Xiaoyang, Wu Guanging, Zhang Guangehun, Tan Yong-dong „A Transformer
Online Monitoring and Diagnosis Em-bedded System Based on TCP/IP and Pub/Sub New
Technology‟, on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, vol 1, pp 467-470,
June2003.
[3] SuxiangQian, Hongsheng Hu, „Design of Temperature Moni-toring System for Oil-
Immersed Power Transformers based on MCU‟, on International Conference on Electronic
Measurements and Instrumentation (ICEMI), May 2009.
[4] S.M Bashi, N. Mariun and A.rafa (2007). „Power Transformer protection using
microcontroller based relay‟, Journal of applied science, 7(12), pp.1602-1607.
[5] V.Thiyagarajan & T.G. Palanivel, (J2010) „An efficient monitoring of substations using
microcontroller based monitoring system‟ International Journal of Research and Reviews in
Applied Sciences, 4 (1), pp.63-68.
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