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(Question B1 continued)

Part 3. Waves in a ripple tank

Wave characteristics

Water waves are produced in a glass-sided ripple tank. Viewed from the side at a particular instant,
the waves appear as shown below. A small cork floats on the water at point P.

Direction of wave propagation

Cork

P
Water

(a) On the diagram indicate and label:

(i) a crest and a trough of the wave. [1]

(ii) one wavelength of the wave. [1]

(iii) the amplitude of the wave. [1]

(b) Draw in the position of the wave half a period later, and mark the position of the cork. [2]

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(Question B1 Part 3 continued)

Waves from two sources

The diagram below represents wavefronts spreading out from two sources in the ripple tank. The
dark circles indicate crests of waves.

B C
A

(c) Small floating corks are placed in the water at positions A, B and C. Describe the motion of
each cork. [3]

(i) Cork at A:

.....................................................................
.....................................................................

(ii) Cork at B:

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.....................................................................

(iii) Cork at C:

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.....................................................................

(d) On the diagram, draw in a section of any nodal line of your choice. [2]

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(Question B1 continued)
Two loudspeakers S1 and S2 are connected to the same output of a frequency generator and are
placed in a large room as shown below.

- - -- P
560 cm
- - - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- cm
- - -
- - - -
- - - 580
S1
-
- - - -
- - - - -
- -
- - - - - - M

- - - - - - -
S2
-- - - 550 cm

Sound waves of wavelength 40 cm and amplitude A are emitted by both loudspeakers.

M is a point distance 550 cm from both S1 and S2 . Point P is a distance 560 cm from S1 and
580 cm from S2 .

(ii) State and explain what happens to the loudness of the sound detected by a microphone
when the microphone is moved from point M to point P. [4]

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.....................................................................
.....................................................................
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.....................................................................

(iii) Referring to the diagram above, the amplitude of the wave emitted by S1 is now
increased to 2A. The wave emitted by S2 is unchanged. Deduce what change, if any,
occurs in the loudness of the sound at point M and at point P when this change in
amplitude is made. [4]

at point M: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...........................................................

at point P: ...........................................................
...........................................................

(iv) The loudspeakers are now replaced with two monochromatic light sources. State the
reason why bright and dark fringes are not observed along the line PM. [1]

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(Question B3 continued)

Interference of waves

(c) State two conditions necessary to produce observable interference between light from
two sources. [2]

1. ..................................................................

2. ..................................................................

(d) A Young’s double slit experiment for red light is set up as shown below.

red filter double slit

source of
white light

single slit
screen
(not to scale)

An interference pattern of light and dark fringes is observed on the screen.

(i) The red filter is now replaced by a blue filter. State and explain the change in
appearance, other than change of colour, of the fringes on the screen. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) The filter in (i) is removed. State and explain the appearance of the central
maximum fringe and also of fringes that are away from this central position. [4]

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F4. This question is about the transmission of signals along an optic fibre.

(a) A ray of light enters an optic fibre from air. The ray makes an angle θ with the normal.
The ray undergoes total internal reflection at point P.

normal

cladding

air

normal θ

core

The refractive index of the core is 1.56 and that of the cladding is 1.38.

(i) Calculate the critical angle of the cladding-core boundary. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) Show that the largest angle of incidence θ in air, at which total internal reflection
at the cladding-core boundary takes place, is 46.7 . [2]

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..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

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G3. This question is about two-source interference.

A double slit is arranged so that its plane is normal to a beam of laser light, as shown below.

2.4 m

laser light
wavelength 0.85 mm
640 nm

double
slit screen
The wavelength of the light is 640 nm. The slit separation in the double slit arrangement
is 0.85 mm. Coherent light emerges from the slits and an interference pattern is observed on
a screen. The screen is parallel to the plane of the double slits. The distance between the slits
and the screen is 2.4 m.

(a) (i) State what is meant by coherent light. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) Explain how an interference pattern is formed on the screen. [3]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(b) Calculate the separation of the fringes in the interference pattern on the screen. [2]

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.......................................................................
.......................................................................
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(Question G3 continued)

(c) The interference pattern in (b) consists of a series of alternate light and dark fringes.
The intensity of the light from one slit is now reduced. Suggest the effect on the appearance
of the fringes. [2]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

G4. This question is about X-rays.

(a) In an X-ray tube having a tungsten target, electrons are accelerated from rest through a
potential difference of 45 kV.
Calculate the range of wavelengths that will be observed in the X-ray spectrum produced
by this bombardment. [3]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

(b) Explain the origins of the features of a characteristic X-ray spectrum. [3]

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.......................................................................
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