Modular

Class

NatSci002
End Term A.Y. 2019 - 2020
MA. VICTORIA V. MANZAN, RN, MN
FLORENCE JOY F. OCTAVIANO, RN,
MAN

Name: Erika Louise G. Alison Program/Year/Section:BS Psychology 2-Piaget

I. Answer the following questions (5 points each)

1. Define calyx, corolla, receptacle, peduncle, pedicel pistil, filament, ovary and carpel.
 CALYX- it is a collective term for the sepals of a flower. Calyx is the first part of a flower that
develops and is close directly to the stem of the plant. The calyx consists of leaf-like structures at the
base of a flower that protect the flower during development of it. 
 COROLLA- it refers to all the petals of a flower. The second accessory whorl remaining next
to the calyx of the flower is called Corolla. The petals composing the corolla are typically brightly
coloured or white and attract insects and birds for pollination
 RECEPTACLE- is the thickened part of a stem from which the flower organs grow. In some
accessory fruits, for example the pome and strawberry, the receptacle gives rise to the edible
part of the fruit.
 PEDUNCLE- The peduncle is the stalk of a flower or an inflorescence.
 PEDICEL- A pedicel is a short flower stalk in an inflorescence or cluster of flowers.The
function of pedicels is to expose flowers to the sun and wind and put them in a position so their
aroma and color attracts pollinating insects more easily.
 PISTIL- The female reproductive part of a flower. The pistil, centrally located, typically consists
of a swollen base, the ovary, which contains the potential seeds, or ovules; a stalk, or style,
arising from the ovary; and a pollen-receptive tip, the stigma, variously shaped and often sticky.
 FILAMENT- The filament of a flower is one of the male reproductive parts of the plant. A
filament is topped by the anther. Together the anther and filament make up the flower's
stamen. Filaments are short as the flower develops. When it opens, they lengthen.
 OVARY- The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization. The ovary
itself will mature into a fruit, either dry or fleshy, enclosing the seeds.

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  CARPEL- is a key part of a plant and is best-known as the female reproductive organ of a
plant. It is leaf-like in appearance and lies in the whorl. (There is a female and male whorl, and in
this case it's the female whorl where the carpel, which is made up of the stigma, ovary, and style
lies.
2. Indicate the features by which the dicots are distinguished from monocots.

DICOTS (ROOTS)
 Secondary growth is generally present.
 has taproots

MONOCOT (ROOTS)
 There is no secondary growth.
 has fibrous roots

DICOT (STEM)
 Ground tissue is differentiated into cortex, endodermis, pericyle and pith.

MONOCOT (STEM)
 Ground tissue is not diffrentiated, but it is a continuous mass of parenchyma.

DICOT (LEAVES)
 Veins are irregularly scattered. Made up of collenchyma.

MONOCOT ( LEAVES)
 Veins are arranged in parallel . Made up of sclerenchyma.

DICOT (FLOWER)
 Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5.

MONOCOT (FLOWER)
 Floral parts in multiples of 3.

DICOT (FRUITS)
 Two cotyledons

MONOCOT ( FRUITS)
 Single cotyledon

3. What is the difference between a fruit and a vegetable?

 A fruit is a ripened ovary of a flower of a seed-bearing plant and has seeds. Fruits can be used in
sweet dishes. While, a vegetable is not made from a flower , they are made from the plants roots
and has no seeds. It can used in savory dishes.

4. What causes the ovary to develop into a fruit?

 As the seeds are developing from ovules, the ovary of the flower is developing into a fruit.
Pollination triggers hormonal changes that causes the ovary to begin its transformation into a
fruit.
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 5. What are the various parts of the fruit?

 Exocarp- the outer layer of the pericarp of a fruit.

 Mesocarp- the middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit, between the endocarp and the exocarp

 Endocarp- the innermost layer of the pericarp which surrounds a seed in a fruit.

 Seed- a flowering plant's unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another such plant.

6. How do fleshy fruits differ from dry fruits?

 The fleshy fruits have soft and pulpy pericarp at maturity and the endocarp hardens. The dry
fruits have hard or papery or dry pericarp. The fleshy fruits are adapted to animal
dispersal whereas the dry fruits are adapted for dispersal by the expulsion, wind and some get
attached to fur or feathers of animals. Examples of fleshy fruits are Berry, drupes, Hesperidium,
and Drupe. Examples of dry fruits are follicle, Legumes, capsule.

7. Distinguish among simple, aggregate and multiple fruits. Give examples.

 SIMPLE FRUITS- are fruits that develops from a single pistil. When a single fruit develops from
a single ovary of a single flower, it is called simple fruit.
Example: Apples, Pears, Peaches and Cherries.

 AGGREGATE FRUITS- aggregate means collection of small fruits. It develops from several
fruits in one flower. Comprised of a single receptacle with masses of similar fruitlets.
Example: Raspberry, Strawberries and Blackberries

 MULTIPLE FRUITS- develop from a cluster of several flowers.Multiple fruits are composed of
many individual simple fruits joined together.
Example: Pineapple, Figs and Jackfruit

8. Distinguish among achenes, grains, samaras, and nuts. Give examples of each.

 ACHENES- very small, one-seeded fruit, usually produced in clusters. At maturity the pericarp is
dry and free from the internal seed, except at the placental attachment.
Example: Sunflower, Buttercup and Sycamore

 GRAINS- a very small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit in which the actual seed coat is
completely fused to the ovary wall or pericarp. The outer pericarp layer or husk is referred to as
the bran, while the inner, seed layer is called the germ. This is the characteristic fruit of the large
grass family. The grain is truly a fruit (not a seed) because it came from a separate ripened ovary
within the grass inflorescence. This is the number one source of food for people on the earth.
Example: Corn (maize), Wheat, Rice and Oats

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  SAMARAS- small, winged, one-seeded fruit, usually produced in clusters on trees.Samaras
resemble the winged seeds of a pine, but they are truly one-seeded fruits with a pericarp layer
surrounding the seed.
Example: Maple, Ash and Elm

 NUTS- larger, one-seeded fruit with very hard pericarp, usually enclosed in a husk or cup-like
involucre.
Example: Chestnut, Hazelnut and Walnut

9. What adaptations do seeds and fruits have for dispersal by water and animals?
 Seeds and fruits attract animals, who will carry them, by smell/taste
hard outer shells that do not allow water in, so can travel on water
mechanisms, like hooks, that attach to animals.

10. Define plumule, radicle, coleoptile, coleorhiza, hypocotyl, after - ripening, stratification, and
vivipary.

 PLUMULE- the plumule is the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the
first true leaves of a plant. In most seeds, for example the sunflower, the plumule is a small
conical structure without any leaf structure. 

 RADICLE-  is the embroynic root of the plant,and grows downward in the soil. It is the first
thing to emerge from a seed and down into the ground to allow the seed to suck up water and
send out its leaves so that it start photosynthesizing.

 COLEOPTILE- is a protective layer for future leaves . It has a terminal pore for the
emergence of first leaf. It protects the plumule during emergence from the soil.

 COLEORHIZA- a sheath-like structure found in a plant seed that connects the coleoptile to
the primary root and acts as a protective covering enclosing the plumule and radicle.Protective
layer for the root.

 HYPOCOTYL- the part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves
or cotyledons and directly above the root.

 AFTER-RIPENING- the seed will not germinate until the after the embryo has developed.

 STRATIFICATION- an artificial dormancy to prepare seed for germination. It is the process of

 VIVIPARY- is the condition whereby the embryo (the young plant within the seed) grows first to
break through the seed coat then out of the fruit wall while still attached to the parent plant. 

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 II. Essay (10 points each)

1. Most wind - pollinating flowering plants have inconspicuous, non-fragrant flowers. How might
nature be affected if all flowers were that way?

Flowers are important and it can be used as decorations to all occasions . It gives color and
fragrance to the environment. The nature may be affected because only some cross pollinated plants
are wind pollinated. The nature

2. Do you believe the botanical distinction between fruits and vegetables is a good one? If not, how
would you change it?

As a student, Yes, I believe that the botanical distinction of fruits and vegetables is a good
one.Fruits are different compared to vegetables. Fruits have seeds and vegetables does not
have.Having a classification between fruits and vegetables is a good thing that we must observe,
because other people might get confuse if there is no categorization. It is necessary to group fruits
and vegetables in different ways so that, it is easy for the people to identify and classify it.There is
what we called ‘’ botanical distinction’’ for us to be aware of their local name and scientific name as
well. There are times when I personally forgot the local name of the vegetables even though, I always
used it for cooking. The importance of having a botanical distinction is for us to be educated even just
in simple way. It is helpful for those who are not sure for their own thoughts about fruits and
vegetables. Besides, it will serves as a guide to all.

3. In discussing pomes, it is observed that the bulk of the flesh in an apple comes from the floral tube.
What could you do to disprove or prove this?

The thing that I would do is First, I will look for strong evidence that is helpful for the
observation. Second, after proving that the observation is correct, I will do further research,so that I
have a complete supporting explanations in my hands.And lastly, I will compare my explanations and
evidence to the observation.

4. Seed and fruit dispersal is achieved with the aid of the wind, water, animals, mechanical means
and humans. If you were “designing” a new plant, can you think of any new way in which it might be
dispersed?

The plant that I designed looks like a feather in shape. It has a colorful flowers. I think this
plant might be dispersed through a slingshot also known as ‘’tirador’’. This is popular in the year
90’s because most of the children are playing this outside. Tirador is made up of wood and it is very
easy to make. There is a rubber that serves as a sling. I think it is effective for seed dispersal
because you are throwing the seeds anywhere by the help of a slingshot and I know that tirador can
last longer because of its durability. It is a great way to disperse a seed or fruit because all we need
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 to do is to put the seed in the center of the rubber. Then, we need to stretched the rubber to whatever
length as we can by pointing our target spot.After that, we need to release it and that is the beginning
of seed and fruit dispersal. For me, it is my new strategy on how to dispersed a seed or fruit. We can
save money for this method. And also, it is enjoyable because you are not only helping for seed
dispersal, but you are actually playing one of the trends in 90’s. This method can be used by any
gender and it looks like this method is beneficial.

5. When a volcanic activity or coral polyps cause new islands to appear in the oceans, they
eventually acquire some vegetation. Would you expect the types of dispersal mechanism for the
flowering plants on these islands to be the same as they were for ancient continents?

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