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Switch Mode Regulators

This document discusses different types of switching mode regulators including buck, boost, and buck-boost regulators. It provides the operating principles, modes of operation, and key equations to calculate output voltage, switching period, inductance and capacitance for each type of regulator. The key aspects covered are: - Buck regulators step down the input voltage, boost regulators step up, and buck-boost regulators can do either. - All operate by switching an inductor between charging and discharging modes using a transistor. - Equations allow calculating output voltage, ripple current, inductance and capacitance based on duty cycle, input/output voltages and currents. - Examples show applying the equations to specific regulator design problems.

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Abdullah Nasir
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76 views32 pages

Switch Mode Regulators

This document discusses different types of switching mode regulators including buck, boost, and buck-boost regulators. It provides the operating principles, modes of operation, and key equations to calculate output voltage, switching period, inductance and capacitance for each type of regulator. The key aspects covered are: - Buck regulators step down the input voltage, boost regulators step up, and buck-boost regulators can do either. - All operate by switching an inductor between charging and discharging modes using a transistor. - Equations allow calculating output voltage, ripple current, inductance and capacitance based on duty cycle, input/output voltages and currents. - Examples show applying the equations to specific regulator design problems.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Nasir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8 Switching Mode

Regulators
EE307 – Power Electronics
Spring 2019
Introduction
• DC converters can be used as switching
mode regulators
• Convert dc voltage (unregulated) to
regulated dc output voltage
• Regulation achieved by PWM at fixed
frequency
• Switching devices: BJT, MOSFET, IGBT
❑Buck regulator
❑Boost regulator
❑Buck-Boost regulator
Buck Regulator
• The average output voltage 𝑉𝑎 is less than the input voltage 𝑉𝑠
• Step down converter
Modes of Operation
• Mode 1:
• Transistor 𝑄1 is switched on at 𝑡 = 0
• Input current flows through inductor L, capacitor C and load resistor R
• Inductor current increases
• Mode 2:
• Transistor 𝑄1 is switched off at 𝑡 = 𝑡1
• Freewheeling diode 𝐷𝑚 conducts due to energy stored in inductor
• Inductor current flows through L, C and diode 𝐷𝑚
• Inductor current falls until transistor 𝑄1 is switched on again
(c) Capacitor current
(a) Inductor current

(b) Input current


(d) Output current/voltage
Buck Regulator
• During mode 1:
𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎 )𝑡1
∆𝐼 = (a)

• During mode 2: 𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: ∆𝐼 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1

𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝐿 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑠 = 0
𝑉𝑎 𝑡2
∆𝐼 = (b)
𝐿
Average Value: Buck Regulator
• Equating the two, we get:
(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎 )𝑡1 𝑉𝑎 𝑡2
= 𝑡1
𝐿 𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑘 =
𝑇
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠
• Assuming for lossless components for the circuits:

𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑘𝐼𝑎
Switching Period: Buck Regulator
• From (a) and (b):
∆𝐼𝐿 ∆𝐼𝐿
𝑡1 = 𝑡2 =
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎
• Switching period T:
Filter Inductance: Buck Regulator
• Rearranging we get peak-to-peak ripple current as:

• Using 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠 , we get:

• This equation can be used to find the filter inductance


Filter Capacitance: Buck Regulator
• Similarly, it can be shown that the ripple voltage is:

• Substituting the value of ∆𝐼, filter capacitance can be found


by:
Summary (Buck Converter)
Example

a) K = 42.67%
b) L = 145.83 μH
c) C = 200 μ F
Boost Regulator
• Produce output greater than the input voltage
• Varying the duty cycle enables to keep output voltage at
constant level on varying load
Modes of Operation
• Mode 1:
• Transistor 𝑀1 turned on at 𝑡 = 0
• Current flows through inductor and transistor
• Current rises from initial current 𝐼1 to 𝐼2 in time 𝑡1
• Mode 2:
• Transistor 𝑀1 is switched OFF at 𝑡1
• Current flows through L, C, Load and diode
• Inductor current falls until transistor is switched back ON
• Energy stored in inductor is transferred to load
Boost Regulator
• In mode 1:

• In mode 2:
Average Voltage: Boost Regulator
• Equating the two above expressions:

• Rearranging:

• Assuming lossless components:


Switching Period: Boost Regulator
• Switching period:

• Peak-to-peak ripple current

• Using this we can find the filter inductance


Filter Capacitance: Boost Regulator

• Peak-to-peak ripple capacitor voltage

• Using this we can find the filter capacitance


Summary (Boost Converter)
Example: Boost Regulator
Buck-Boost Regulators
• Provides an output voltage that may be less than or greater
than the input voltage
• Output voltage polarity is opposite to that of the input
voltage
• Also known as an inverting regulator
Mode 1: Transistor is ON
• Diode is reversed biased
• Input current flows through L and 𝑄1 , increases
• Inductor stores energy
Mode 2: Transistor is OFF
• Current flows through L, C, D and load
• Energy stored in inductor transferred to load
• Inductor current falls until transistor is switched back again
Buck - Boost Regulator
• In mode 1:

• In mode 2:
Average Voltage: Buck - Boost Regulator
• Equating the two above expressions:

• Rearranging:

• Assuming lossless components:


Switching Period: Buck - Boost Regulator
• Switching period:

• Peak-to-peak ripple current

• Using this we can find the filter inductance


Filter Capacitance: Buck - Boost Regulator

• Peak-to-peak ripple capacitor voltage

• Using this we can find the filter capacitance


Summary (Buck - Boost Converter)
Example: Buck-Boost Regulator

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