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    Mass, Centers of Mass, and Double Integrals: M N I I

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    mayank singh
    The document discusses calculating the mass, center of mass, and moments of a 2D region using double integrals. It provides formulas for calculating the mass and moments of a region based on its density function, and uses these formulas to calculate the mass, moments, and center of mass for two example regions - a unit square with non-uniform density, and a circular region with constant density.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Mass, Centers of Mass, and Double Integrals: M N I I

    Uploaded by

    mayank singh
    46 views3 pages
    The document discusses calculating the mass, center of mass, and moments of a 2D region using double integrals. It provides formulas for calculating the mass and moments of a region based on its density function, and uses these formulas to calculate the mass, moments, and center of mass for two example regions - a unit square with non-uniform density, and a circular region with constant density.

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    centerOfMass01.pdf

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    The document discusses calculating the mass, center of mass, and moments of a 2D region using double integrals. It provides formulas for calculating the mass and moments of a region based on its density function, and uses these formulas to calculate the mass, moments, and center of mass for two example regions - a unit square with non-uniform density, and a circular region with constant density.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views3 pages

    Mass, Centers of Mass, and Double Integrals: M N I I

    Uploaded by

    mayank singh
    The document discusses calculating the mass, center of mass, and moments of a 2D region using double integrals. It provides formulas for calculating the mass and moments of a region based on its density function, and uses these formulas to calculate the mass, moments, and center of mass for two example regions - a unit square with non-uniform density, and a circular region with constant density.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Mass, Centers of Mass, and Double Integrals

    Suppose a 2-D region R has density ρ(x, y) at each point (x, y). We can partition R into subrectangles,
    with m of them in the x-direction, and n in the y-direction. Suppose each subrectangle has width ∆x
    and height ∆y. Then a subrectangle containing the point (x̂, ŷ) has approximate mass

    ρ(x̂, ŷ)∆x∆y

    and the mass of R is approximately


    m X
    X n
    ρ(xi , yi)∆x∆y
    i=1 j=1

    where (xi , yi ) is a point in the i, j-th subrectangle. Letting m and n go to infinity, we have
    ZZ
    M = mass of R = ρ(x, y) dA.
    R

    Similary, the moment with respect to the x axis can be calculated as


    ZZ
    Mx = yρ(x, y) dA
    R

    and the moment with respect to the y axis can be calculated as


    ZZ
    My = xρ(x, y) dA.
    R

    The we may calculate the center of mass of R via


     
    My Mx
    center of mass of R = (x̄, ȳ) = , .
    M M

    Example 1

    Let R be the unit square, R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Suppose the density of R is given by the
    function
    1
    ρ(x, y) =
    y+1
    so that R is denser near the x-axis. As a result, we would expect the center of mass to be below the
    geometric center, (1/2, 1/2). However, since the density does not depend on x, we do expect x̄ = 1/2.
    We have:
    1 1 1 1
    1 1
    ZZ Z Z Z Z
    M= dA = dy dx = ln(y + 1) |10 dx = ln 2 dx = ln 2 = 0.693147....
    y+1 0 0 y+1 0 0
    R

    1 1   1
    y 1
    ZZ Z Z Z
    Mx = dA = 1− dy dx = (y − ln(y + 1)) |10 dx
    y+1 0 0 y+1 0
    R
    Z 1
    = (1 − ln 2) dx = 1 − ln 2 = 0.306852819....
    0
    1 1 1
    x x 1 1
    ZZ Z Z Z
    My = dA = dy dx = x ln 2 dx = x2 ln 2 |10 = ln 2 = 0.346573590....
    y+1 0 0 y+1 0 2 2
    R

    Thus the center of mass is


    1
    ln 2 1 − ln 2
        
    My Mx 2 1
    (x̄, ȳ) = , = , = , 0.442095... .
    M M ln 2 ln 2 2

    Example 2 (Polar)

    Let 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. Let R be the polar region


    π
    R = {(r, θ) : z ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ }.
    2
    Suppose R has constant density ρ. Then:

    π πz 2
     
    π
    ZZ ZZ
    = ρ 1 − z2 .
    
    M= ρ dA = ρ dA = ρ · area of R = ρ −
    4 4 4
    R R

    1 π/4 1 1
    1
    ZZ Z Z Z Z
    Mx = ρy dA = ρ 2
    r sin θ dθ dr = ρ 2
    −r cos θ |π/2
    0 dr = ρ r 2 dr = ρ(1 − z 3 ).
    z 0 z z 3
    R

    1 π/2 1 1
    1
    ZZ Z Z Z Z
    My = ρx dA = ρ 2
    r cos θ dθ dr = ρ 2
    r sin θ |π/2
    0 dr = ρ r 2 dr = ρ(1 − z 3 ).
    z 0 z z 3
    R

    Thus, the center of mass is 1


    (1 − z 3 ) 13 (1 − z 3 )
    
    3
    (x̄, ȳ) = π , .
    4
    (1 − z 2 ) π4 (1 − z 2 )
    An interesting feature of this region is that if z is sufficiently large, the center of mass will be outside
    the region. This happens when the distance from the center of mass to (0, 0) is less than z. That is,
    when
    √ 13 (1 − z 3 )
    2π < z.
    4
    (1 − z 2 )
    By factoring, we see that this is equivalent to
    √
    2
    3
    (1 + z + z 2 )
    π < z.
    4
    (1 + z)

    The critical z value is the positive solution to


    √
    2
    2 3
    0=z +z− √
    π 2
    4
    − 3

    which is about 0.82337397.... Thus, if z > 0.82337397..., the region is very thin, and the center of mass
    lies outside of the region.

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