UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA

PHYSIOLOGY (HONS.) SYLLABUS FOR CBCS

CORE COURSES(CC)
Semester 1
CC--1. Cellular Basis of Physiology ,Genetics & Enzymes
CC--2. Biophysical Principles and Chemistry of Biomolecules

Semester 2
CC--3. Cell Signalling & Nerve-muscle Physiology
CC--4. Nervous System

Semester 3
CC--5. Blood and Body Fluids
CC--6. Cardiovascular System
CC--7. Respiratory System

Semester 4
CC--8. Digestion and Metabolism
CC--9. Molecular Biology
CC--10. Nutrition and Dietetics Public Health

Semester 5
CC--11. Special Senses
CC--12. Endocrinology

Semester 6
CC--13. Reproductive Physiology & Developmental Biology
CC--14. Excretory Physiology

GENERIC ELECTIVE (GE)

GE- 1 is equivalent to CC-1 of one general subject in Semester 1
GE- 2 is equivalent to CC-2 of one general subject in Semester 2
GE- 3 is equivalent to CC-3 of one general subject in Semester 3
GE- 4 is equivalent to CC-4 of one general subject in Semester 4

Discipline Specific Electives (DSE)

DSE -- A (ONE course in Semester 5 & ONE course in Semester 6)

1. Biostatistics
2. Microbiology & Immunology
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3. Ergonomics
4. Community and Public Health

DSE - B (ONE course in Semester 5 & ONE course in Semester 6)

1. Chronobiology and Stress Physiology
2. Advanced Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology
3. Toxicology and Pharmacology
4. Work, Exercise and Sports Physiology

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses(AECC)

AECC- 1: Communicative English or any other Modern Indian Language in Semester 1
AECC-2: Environmental Studies in Semester 2

Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)

SEC -- A (ONE course in Semester 3)
1. Hematological Techniques
2. Clinical Biochemistry

SEC -- B (ONE course in Semester 4)

1.. Detection of Food Additives /Adulterants and Xenoboiotics
2. Bio-Medical Technology and Bioinformatics

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 UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
PHYSIOLOGY (HONS.) SYLLABUS FOR CBCS

Credit Distribution Across Courses

COURSE TYPE TOTAL CREDITS
PAPERS THEORY+
PRACTICAL
Core Courses 14 14X4=56
14X2=28
Discipline Specific Electives 4 4X4=16
4X2=8
Generic Electives 4 4X4=16
(Contents of the Syllabus to be 4X2=8
found in the ‘General Course
Syllabus’ for the respective
subjects)
Ability Enhancement Language 2 2X2=4
Courses
Skill Enhancement Courses 2 2X2=4
TOTALS 26 140

Core Courses

1. Cellular Basis of Physiology ,Genetics & Enzymes

2. Biophysical Principles and Chemistry of Biomolecules
3. Cell Signalling & Nerve-muscle Physiology
4. Nervous System
5. Blood and Body Fluids
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Respiratory System
8. Digestion and Metabolism
9. Molecular Biology
10. Nutrition and Dietetics
11. Special Senses
12. Endocrinology
13. Reproductive Physiology& Developmental Biology
14. Excretory Physiology

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Outline of Courses and Credits in each Semester

Semester I
CC1TH.
Cellular Basis of Physiology
Cell Structure and function--Electron microscopic structure and functions of
Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes,
peroxisomes ,cytoskeletal elements, centrosomes and plasma membrane .
.
Cellular transport—Passive and active transport. Ion channels, ionophores.
Intercellular communication--- Basic idea of tight junctions, gap junctions, adherens
junctions, desmosomes and cell adhesion molecules.Extracellular matrix components.

Genetics
Chromosome Structure-- Morphology. Chromosomal DNA packaging-nucleosomes
and higher level of organisation of chromatin. Euchromatin and heterochromatin..Human
genome and its characteristics. Mitochondrial DNA. Epistasis, Penetrance, Expressivity,
Pleiotropism. Karyotyping.

Cell cycle – Events and regulatory role of cyclin. Cell division- Mitosis & Meiosis-
phases and significance. Crossing-over, Linkage.

Enzymes
Classification-EC nomenclature, Concept of apoenzyme,
holoenzyme, coenzyme, cofactors and prosthetic group. Mechanism of enzymes.
Concept of initial rate, maximum velocity and steady-statekinetics. Michaelis constant,
Michaelis-Menten equation, Graphical representation of hyperbolic kinetics-- Lineweaver-
Burk plot. Significance of Km and Vmax. Factors influencing enzyme-catalyzed reactions :
substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH, temperature. Competitive,
noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibitions. Regulation of enzyme activities--covalent
modifications, allosteric modifications: K- and M- series. Feed-back inhibition. Rate-
limiting enzymes. Isozymes, Ribozymes and Abzymes. (4)

CC1P.
1. Study of various stages of meiosis from grasshopper testis
2. Cell viability study by Trypan blue staining
3. Osmotic fragility test of goat blood R.B.C
4. Staining of adipose tissue using Sudan III or IV. (2)

CC2TH.

Biophysical Principles
Diffusion :Its characteristics, factors influencing and physiological

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applications.
Osmosis: Osmotic pressure – laws, determination – freezing point
depression method and physiological applications.
Surface tension & viscosity:-- Physiological applications.
pH& Buffer- Henderson Hasselbach- equation (quantitative problems). Determination
of pH.
Colloids :Classification, properties – optical, electrical, electrokinetic. Physiological
importance of colloids.
Gibbs-Donnan membrane equilibrium.
Thermodynamics :Type of surroundings and systems. First Law– Internal energy,
enthalpy. Second Law – Entropy, Free energy change, Endergonic and Exergonic
reactions, Reversible and Irreversible processes, Equilibrium constant. Physiological
steady-state, Living body as a thermodynamic system.
. Instruments
Principles of construction, uses and advantages and disadvantages : Compound
microscope, Phase contrast microscope, Fluorescence microscope, Polarizing
microscope, Confocal microscopy, Transmission and Scanning electron microscope.
Photoelectric colorimeter, Spectrophotometer and pH meter.

Carbohydrates :Definition and classification. Monosaccharides–

Classification, structure, stereoisomerism, optical isomerism, optical activity,
epimerism. Cyclic structures- Pyranose and furanose forms, anomerism, mutarotation
and its mechanism. Chemical reactions of monosaccharides (Glucose & Fructose) ----
Reactions with concentrated mineral acids, alkali, phenylhydrazine and their biochemical
importance. Derivatives of monosaccharides -----Amino sugars, deoxy sugars, sugar
alcohols, sugar acids, sugar esters, their biochemical and physiological importance.
Disaccharides – Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose : Structure, Occurrence and Physiological
importance.
Polysaccharides – Starch, Glycogen, Dextrin,Cellulose, Glycosaminoglycans,
Glycoproteins, Sialic acids.
Lipids :Definition and classification. Fatty acids - Classification, systemic nomenclature
and structure. Mono-, Di- and Triglycerides. Properties of
Fat and Fatty acids Hydrolysis, Saponification number, Iodine number,
Acetyl number, Acid number, Reichert-Meissl number. Cis-trans isomerism.
Eicosanoids, Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipids, Cholesterol & its
ester ---- their structure and physiological importance. Lipoproteins -
Structure and classification.
Amino acids :Classification, Structure, Nomenclature and Optical
properties. Protonicequilibria of amino acids – Zwitterions, Isoelectric point,
titration curve of amino acids. Reactions with ninhydrin and formaldehyde.
Peptides and Proteins :Structure and properties of peptide bonds -- Phi
and Psi angles. Reactions with Sanger’s and Edman’s reagent. Biuret
reaction. Different levels of protein structure -- Primary, Secondary (α-helix
and β-pleated sheet), Tertiary and Quarternary. Forces stabilizing the
structures. Denaturation and Renaturation.
Purine and Pyrimidine :Structure, nomenclature and tautomerism.
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Nucleic acids :Nucleosides and Nucleotides -- structure. Polynucleotides. DNA double
helix --- Primary, Secondary and Tertiary structure. A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA. RNA -
Structure and types. Denaturation and annealing of DNA. Hyperchromicity, melting
temperature and half Cot value. (4)

CC2P.
1. Qualitative tests for the identification of physiologically important substances:
Hydrochloric acid, Lactic Acid, Uric Acid, Albumin, Gelatin, Peptone, Starch, Dextrin,
Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Sucrose, Urea, Acetone, Glycerol and Bile salts
2. Preparation Of Buffer and pH measurement. . (2)

Semester II

CC3TH.
Cell Signalling :
Cell surface receptor proteins – ion channel coupled, G-protein coupled and
enzyme-coupled. Intracellular messengers – cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG,
Protein kinases, Ca2+,CO,NO. Signal transduction pathways: Phosphatidylinositides,
MAP kinase, JAK-STAT, SMAD.

Nerve :
Structure, classification and functions of neurons and neuroglias. Cytoskeletal
elements and axoplasmic flow. Myelinogenesis. The resting membrane potential. The
action potential. Electrotonic potentials. Current of injury. Propagation of nerve impulse in
different types of nerve fibers. Compound action potentials. Properties of nerve fibers :
excitability, conductivity, all or none law, accommodation, adaptation, summation,
refractory period, indefatigability. Chronaxie, rheobase and utilization time. Synapses :
types, structure, synaptic transmission of the impulse, synaptic potentials,
neurotransmitters, cotransmitters, neuromodulators. The neuromuscular junction :
structure, transmission, end-plate potential, MEPP, post-tetanic potentiation. Motor unit.
Motor point. Injury to peripheral nerves – degeneration and regeneration in nerve fiber,
changes in the nerve cell body, transneuronal degeneration, changes in receptors and
motor end-plates, denervation hypersensitivity. Thermal changes of nerve during activity.
Nerve growth factors.

Muscle:
Microscopic and electron microscopic structure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
The sarcotubular system. Red and white striated muscle fibers. Single-unit and multi-unit
smooth muscle. Muscle groups : antagonists and agonists. Properties of skeletal muscle:
excitability, contractility, all or none law, summation of stimuli, summation of contractions,
effects of repeated stimuli, genesis of tetanus, onset of fatigue, refractory period, tonicity,
conductivity, extensibility and elasticity. Optimal load, optimal length of fibers. Muscle
proteins. Mechanism of skeletal and smooth muscle contraction and relaxation :
Excitation-contraction coupling. Dihydropyridine receptors & Ryanodine receptors.
Mechanical components of muscle. Isometric and isotonic contractions – muscle length,
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tension and velocity relationships. Chemical, thermal and electrical changes in skeletal
muscle during contraction and relaxation. Electromyography. (4)

CC3P.
1. Staining of isolated nerve fiber by silver nitrate method.
2. Staining of skeletal & cardiac muscle by methylene blue.
3. Staining of collagen in tissue sections. (2)

CC4TH.

The Nervous System

Structural organization of different parts of brain and spinal cord. Reflex
action – definition, reflex arc, classification and properties.
Autonomic nervous system :organization, outflow, ganglia, centers and
functions. Chemical transmission in autonomic nervous systems.
CSF: Formation, circulation and functions. Blood-CSF and Blood-Brain
barrier.
Ascending and descending tracts :origin, courses, termination and
functions.
Functions of the spinal cord with special reference to functional changes
following hemisection and complete section of spinal cord. Pain production, perception
and regulation. Referred pain.
Muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ: their structure, innervations and
functions, postural reflexes. Decorticate, decerebrate rigidity and spinal animal.
Brain: Structure, nerve connections and functions of brainstem, cerebellum,
reticular formation, hypothalamus, thalamus, basal nuclei and cerebral cortex- Speech
and aphasia.
Structure and functions of vestibular apparatus.
Limbic system: Structure, connections and functions.
Physiology of sleep, learning, memory, and emotion.
Cerebral circulation & stroke.
Principles,uses, advantages and disadvantages of CT scan, MRI and PETscan
.
Molecular neurobiology : General concept of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
Structure, sub-types and functions of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors,
adrenoceptors, glutamate receptors (NMDA and AMPA receptors), GABA, opiate,
serotonin, dopamine and histamine receptors. (4)

CC4P.
1. Basic concepts of brain imaging. Identification of different structures of
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human brain using CT scan and MRI images.
2.Study and use of Kymograph, induction coil, key, Gastrocnemius-sciatic nerve
preparation and kymographic recording of isotonic muscle twitch, effects of two
successive stimuli and load (afterload) on muscle twitch. (2)

Semester III

CC5TH.
Physiology of Blood and Body Fluids
Bone marrow: Formed elements of blood–origin, formation, functions and
fate.
Plasma proteins Origin and functions.
Erythropoiesis Role of erythropoietin and leucopoiesis.
Haemoglobin :Structure, reactions, biosynthesis and catabolism. Foetal
haemoglobin. Abnormal haemoglobins- Sickle-cell anemia and Thalassemia.
Blood volume :Regulation and determination by dye and radioisotope
methods.
Hemostasis :Factors, mechanism, anticoagulants, procoagulants. Disorders
of hemostasis- Hemophilia, Thrombosis and Embolism.
Blood group :ABO and Rh systems (Chemical nature of relevant biomolecules).
Erythroblastosis foetalis. Blood transfusion and its hazards.
Lymph and tissue fluids :Formation, circulation, functions and fate.
Lymphatic organs :Histological structures and functions of lymph gland
and spleen. Splenomegaly causes and effects.
Circulatory disorder : Oedema. (4)

CC5P.
1.Haematological experiments :Preparation and staining of blood film with
Leishman's stain. Identification of blood cells. Total count of W.B.C and R.B.C
.Differential count of W.B.C. Haemoglobin estimation by Sahli's
hemoglobinometer. Preparation of haemin crystals.
Preparation and staining of bone marrow. Measurement of diameter of
megakaryocytes. Reticulocyte staining. (2)

CC6TH
. Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of the heart. Properties of cardiac muscle. Origin and propagation of
cardiac impulse. Heart Block.
Cardiac cycle :Pressure and volume changes. Heart sounds. Murmurs.
Cardiac output :Measurement by application of Fick’s principle & factors
affecting.
Starling’s law of heart.
Electrocardiography: The normal electrocardiogram, electrocardiographic
leads, vectorial analysis, the vectorcardiogram and the mean electrical axis of
heart. The His bundle electrogram.
Principles of Echocardiography.
Cardiac Arrhythmias &. Myocardial Infarctions.
The pulse: Arterial and venous.
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Hemodynamics of blood flow.
Cardiac and vasomotor centers, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors,
innervation of the heart and blood vessels, cardiac and vasomotor reflexes.
Cardiovascular homeostasis – neural and chemical control of cardiac
functions and blood vessels.
Atherosclerosis.Coronary Circulation.
Blood pressure: Its measurement and factors affecting. Cardiovascular adjustment after
haemorrhage. (4)

CC6P.
1.Cardiovascular Physiology Experiments :Determination of Blood pressure by
Auscultatory Method. Determination of mean pressure, pulse pressure and pulse rate.
Preparation of Amphibian Ringer Solution. Interpretation of Kymographic recording of the
movements of perfused heart of toad and the effects of acetylcholine and adrenaline on
the contraction of heart.ECG. (2)

CC7TH.
Respiratory System
Anatomy and histology of the lung and airways.
Mechanics of breathing :Role of respiratory muscles, glottis. Compliance
of lungs and chest wall, pressure-volume relationships, alveolar surface
tension and surfactant, work of breathing.
Spirometry: Lung volumes and capacities. Dead space.
Pulmonary Circulation :Ventilation- perfusion ratio.
Transport of gases in body :Partial pressure and composition of normal
atmospheric gases in inspired, expired, alveolar airs and blood. Oxygen
dissociation curve of hemoglobin and myoglobin – factors affecting. Carbon
dioxide dissociation curve. Regulation of respiration -- neural and chemical,
respiratory centers, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, pulmonary receptors.
Disorders of Breathing :Hypoxia : Types& effects. Asphyxia, Voluntary
hyperpnoea, Apnoea, Cyanosis, Periodic breathing, Asthma, Emphysema.
Non-respiratory functions of lung. (4)

CC7P.
1.Respiratory Human Experiments: Pneumographic recording of effects
of hyperventilation, breath-holding and talking. Lung function tests using
Spirometry(Digital) and analysis of the results . (2)

Semester IV

CC8TH.
Digestion
Anatomy and histology of alimentary canal.
Digestive glands – histological structures of salivary glands, pancreas, liver.
Deglutition. Movements of alimentary canal and their regulations.
Composition, functions and regulation of the secretion of salivary, gastric,
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pancreatic and intestinal juices and bile. Enterohepatic circulation.
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Defecation. GALT. Basic concepts of Peptic Ulcer, Jaundice and Gallstones.
Metabolism
Redox potential. Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain. Oxidative
phosphorylation- inhibitors and uncouplers.

Carbohydrate :Glycolysis, R-L cycle. TCA cycle, Gluconeogenesis - Cori

cycle, Anaplerotic reactions and Amphibolic nature of TCA cycle. Pentose
phosphate pathway. Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis.

Lipid: β-oxidation and biosynthesis of saturated and

monounsaturated fatty acids. Biosynthesis of lecithin. Biosythesis of
Cholesterol. Ketone body metabolism.
Hormonal regulation of the above mentioned biochemical pathways not
required.

Amino acids: Amino acids - Amino acid pool. Deamination, transamination,

amination and decarboxylation. Synthesis of Urea and Nitric oxide. Glucogenic
andketogenic amino acids. Metabolism of glycine, methionine, tryptophan and
phenylalanine.

Purines and Pyrimidines– Biosynthesis :de novo and salvage pathways.

Catabolism.
Regulation of the above mentioned biochemical pathways/cycle not required.(4)

CC8P.
1.Dale’s Experiment :Kymographic recording of normal movements of rat’s
intestine using Dale’s apparatus and effects of acetylcholine and adrenaline on normal
intestinal movements of rats..
2.Biochemical estimations:
Quantitative estimation of amino nitrogen by Sorensen’s formol titration method
(percentage as well as total quantity to be done). (2)

CC9TH.
Molecular Biology
DNA replication—Meselson and Stahl Experiment, DNA Polymerases, Ligases and
other regulatory proteins. Transcription -- RNA Polymerase and other regulatory
mechanism in prokaryotes.Genetic code – properties and wobble hypothesis. Translation
– codon-anticodon interaction and mechanism in prokaryotes. Regulation of gene
expression : operon concept – the lac operon. Gene mutation – agents and types. DNA
repairing processes. Concept of oncogenes and properties of cancer cells. Recombinant
DNA technology in brief and its applications – gene therapy, transgenic animal.
Methodologies : Chromatography: Principles and uses of : TLC, Gel filtration, Affinity
chromatography,ion-exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis: Principles and method,
uses of Agarose gel electrophoresis, SDS – PAGE. Ultracentrifugation: moving boundary

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and density gradient ultracentrifugation. Radioactivity – Classification and properties.
Their use – radiolabelling of biomolecules and its detection by autoradiography. Principles
of RIA, ELISA. Western, Northern and Southern blotting techniques. Polymerase chain
reaction-basic concept. (4)

CC9P.
Biochemical estimations:
1.Colorimetric methods—
i) Estimation of serum protein by Lowry method and serum albumin by Bromocresol
green dye method and calculation of A/G ratio. ii) Estimation of blood glucose by Folin–
Wu method .(iii) Estimation of serum urea by DAM method.
2.Thin layer chromatography. (2)

CC10TH.
Nutrition and dietetics
Vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin,
Cyanocobalamin, Folic Acid, Ascorbic Acid, Inositol. Vitamins A, D, E and K.
Dietary sources, daily requirements, biochemical functions, deficiency
symptoms, hypervitaminosis, antivitamins.
Minerals: Sources, biological functions of sodium, potassium, calcium,
phosphorus, iron, zinc, iodine and fluoride.
SDA, RQ and BMR :Factors affecting. Determination of BMR.
Fuel Values of Food. Body calorie requirements – adult consumption unit.
Dietary requirements of carbohydrate, protein, lipid and other nutrients.
Balanced diet and principles of formulation of balanced diets for adult man,
adult woman,lactating woman and pregnant women.. Nitrogen balance.Protein
sparers.Supplementary value of proteins.Biological value of proteins.Net protein
utilization.Protein efficiency ratio.Dietary fibers. (4)

CC10P.
Nutrition and Dietetics :
1.Composition and nutritional value of common foodstuff.
2.Diet survey report of a family as per ICMR specification.
3.Qualitative analysis of milk, potato, flour, rice, pulses. (2)

Semester V

CC11HT:
Special Senses
Characteristics of special senses, Sensory Coding -- Weber-Fechner law,
Steven’s power law.
Vision: Structure of eyeball. Histological details of retina, peripheral retina,
fovea and blind spot. Retinal detachment. Visual pathway and centers.
Effects of lesion in visual pathway. Mechanism of accommodation. Errors of
refraction and their corrections. Formation and Circulation of Aqueous
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Humour. Cataract and Glaucoma. Photopic and scotopic vision. Chemical and
electrical changes in retina on exposure to light. Visual processing in the
retina. Positive and negative after- images. Contrast phenomenon. Light
and dark adaptation. Colour vision—Trichromatic, Single and Double
Opponent mechanism. Colour blindness. Visual field-- perimetry. Visual acuity
– measurement, mechanism and factors affecting. Critical fusion frequency-
Ferry-Porter law.
Hearing :Structure and functional significance of auditory apparatus. Organ
of Corti. Auditory pathways and centers. Mechanism of hearing – Excitation of
Hair Cells, Conversion of Sound Waves into Action Potentials in the Auditory
Nerve. Mechanism of discrimination of sound frequencies and intensities.
Localization of sound source. Deafness.
Olfaction and Gustation: Structure and functions of the receptor organs,
nerve pathways, Centers. Signal Transduction of olfactory and gustatory
stimuli. Olfactory and Gustatory Coding. Abnormalities of olfactory and taste
sensation. (4)

CC11P.
1. Determination of Visual Acuity by Snellen’s Chart
2. Determination of Colour Blindness by Ishihara Chart.
3. Determination of Deafness by Tuning Fork Tests.
4.Study and identification of stained sections of different mammalian tissues and organs:
Cardiac muscle, Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Trachea ,Lung, Hyaline cartilage,
Artery, Vein, Cerebellum, Cerebral cortex, Spinal cord,
5.Silver nitrate preparation of corneal cell space. (2)

CC12TH.
Endocrinology
Hypothalamus as a neuroendocrine organ. Anterior and posterior pituitary --
histological structure of the gland. Chemical nature, molecular mechanism of
action, functions and regulation of secretion of their hormones. Hypo- and
hyperactive states of the gland.
Pineal gland – Histological structure. Chemical nature, biosynthesis,
molecular mechanism of action, functions and regulation of secretion of
melatonin.
Thyroid and Parathyroid -- Histological structure of the glands. Chemical
nature, molecular mechanism of action, functions and regulation of secretion
of the hormones. Hypo- and hyperactive states of the glands.
Adrenal cortex and medulla -- Histological structure of the gland. Chemical
nature, molecular mechanism of action, functions and regulation of secretion
of the hormones. Biosynthesis of catecholamines. Hypo- and hyperactive
states of the gland.
Heart as an endocrine organ.
Pancreatic islets -- Histological structure. Chemical nature, molecular
mechanism of action, functions and regulation of secretion of the hormones.
Hormonal control of blood sugar. Hyperinsulinism and diabetes mellitus.
Gastro-intestinal hormones -- Chemical nature, molecular mechanism olfaction,
functions and regulation of secretion of the hormones. (4)

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CC12P.
1. Study of Effects of Oxytocin and Adrenaline on uterine contractions of albino rat.
2.Study and identification of stained sections of different mammalian tissues and
organs: Parotid gland, Submaxillary gland, Sublingual gland ,Tongue, Oesophagus,
Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Large intestine and Liver. (2)

Semester VI
CC13TH.
Reproductive Physiology
Primary and accessory sex organs and secondary sex characters. Histology of
testis. Endocrine functions of testis. Spermatogenesis. Hypothalamic control of
testicular functions. Histology of ovary. Ovarian hormones and their functions.
Oogenesis and ovulation. Formation and functions of corpus luteum. Hypothalamic
control of ovarian functions. Physiology of puberty. Menstrual cycle and its
regulation. Abnormalities in menstrual cycle. Onset of menopause and postmenopausal
changes. Structure and functions of placenta. Maintenance of
pregnancy and the bodily changes during pregnancy. Parturition. Pregnancy tests.
Development of mammary glands, lactation and their hormonal control.

Developmental Biology
Stem cell :Characteristics and applications.Totipotency,Differentiation.
Ultra structure :Sperm and Ovum. Fertilization,Blastulation,Implantation,
Gastrulation(Concept of induction, determination and differentiation).
Organogenesis :Development of Heart, urinary system and genital system.
Fetal Circulation. (4)

CC13P.
1. Study and identification of stained sections of different mammalian tissues and organs:
Kidney, Ureter, Skin, Uterus, Testis, Ovary, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Spleen, Lymph
gland.
2. Pregnancy Test by immunological method using kit.
3.Silver nitrate preparation of urinary bladder for study of cell spaces. (2)

CC14TH.
Excretory System, Environmental Pollutants and Human Health
Kidney :Anatomy of kidney. Histology of nephron. Renal circulation –
peculiarities and autoregulation. Formation of urine – glomerular function
and tubular functions. Counter-current multiplier and exchanger. Renal
regulation of osmolarity and volume of blood fluids. Diabetes insipidus.
Formation of hypertonic urine. Renal regulation of acid-base balance,
acidification of urine. Renal function tests – creatinine, inulin, urea, and
PAH clearance tests. Physiology of urinary bladder and micturition.
Constituents of urine. Abnormal constituents of urine, and
pathophysiological significance. Renal dialysis. Non-excretory functions of
kidney.

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Skin and Body Temperature Regulation :Structure and functions of
skin. Cutaneous circulation. Sweat glands –structure and composition of
sweat. Mechanism of sweat formation, secretion and its regulation.
Insensible perspiration. Regulation of body temperature in homeotherms –
its physical and physiological processes, roles of neural and hormonal
processes. Pyrexia, hyperthermia and hypothermia.
Environmental Pollutants and Human Health : Sources and effects of
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, Organophosphorus, Organocarbamates, Lead, Arsenic,
Fluorine, Aluminium, Ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. (4)

CC14P.
1.Identification of normal and abnormal constituents of urine.
2. Staining and identification of histological sections of liver, adrenal gland, thyroid gland,
ovary, testes, and kidney. (2)

Suggested Readings

1. Text book of Medical Physiology, by A.C. Guyton. W.B. Saunders Co.

2. Best & Taylor’s Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, O.P.Tandon & Y.Tripathi, Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins
3. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. Barrett et.al, McGraw Hill Lange
4. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, V.W. Rodwell and others, Lange
5. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry. By D.L. Nelson and M. M. Cox, Worth Publishers Inc.
6. Textbook of Medical Physiology, D.Venkatesh & H.H.Sudhakar, Wolters Kluwer
7. Text Book of Biochemistry, by E.S. West. W.R. Todd. H.S. Mason. J.T. Van Bruggen. The Macmillan
Company.
8. Biochemistry, D.Das, Academic Publishers.
9. Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, D.Das. Academic Publishers.
10. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology, C.A. Keele. E Neil & N. Toels. Oxford University Press.
11. Physiology, R.M. Berne & M.N. Levy, C.V. Mosby Co.
12. Basic Histology, L.C. Junqueira & J Carneiro, McGraw- Hill .
13. diFiore’s Atlas of Histology, V.P. Eroschenko, Wolters-Kluwer
14. The Cell – A Molecular Approach, G.M. Cooper & R.E.Hausman, ASM Press SINAUER.
15. Cell Biology, G.Karp, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
16. Core Text Book of Neuro-Anatomy, by M.B. Carpenter; the Williams and Wilkins Company.
17. The Human Nervous System, by Charles Nobach, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.
18. The Human Nervous System. By M.L. Barr & J.A. Kierman, Harper & Row.
19. Essential Food and Nutrition, by M. Swaminathan. The Bangalore Printing & Publishing Co.
20. Cell & Molecular Biology, EDP De Robertis & EMF De Robertis; Lea & Febiger
21. Molecular Biology of the Gene, by J.D. Watson, H.H. Nancy & others; BenjaminCummings.
22. Molecular Biology of the Cell, B. Alberts and others, Garland.
23. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana, Elsevier
24. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, R.Chawla et.al , Wolters-Kluwer
25. Biochemistry, J.M.Berg, J.L. Tymoczko & L. Stryer, W.H. Freeman
26. William’s Text Book of Endocrinology Larsen et. al An Imprint of Elsevier.
27. Endocrinology, Mac E. Hadley, Pearson Education.
28. Vander’s Human Physiology, E.P. Widmaier et al., McGraw-Hill, Higher Education.
29. Concise Medical Physiology by S.K. Chaudhuri, New Central Book Agency.
30. Medical Physiology by A.B. Mahapatra, Current Books International.
31. Endocrinology. Vols.I , II and III by L.O. DeGroot. W.B. Saunders Co.
32. Langman’s Medical Embryology by J.W. Sadler, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
33. Essentials of Human Embryology by A.K. Datta. Current Books International.
34. Human Embryology by I. Singh & G.P.Pal, McMillan.
35. Human Physiology An Integrated Approach by D.U. Silverthorn,Pearson.

14
Discipline Specific Electives (DSE)
Group A
1. Biostatistics
2. Microbiology & Immunology
3. Ergonomics
4. Community and Public Health

Group B
1. Work, Exercise and Sports Physiology
2. Advanced Molecular Biology & Nanotechnology
3. Chronobiology and Stress Physiology
4. Toxicology and Pharmacology

Semester V Semester VI

Group – A 1 & 2 (Anyone) Group – A 3 & 4 (Anyone)

Group – B 1 & 2 (Anyone) Group – B 3 & 4 (Anyone)

Group A

1. Biostatistics (DSE A1TH)

Scope of statistics – utility and misuse. Principles of statistical analysis of
biological data.
Basic concepts – variable. Population and Sampling -- parameter, statistic.
Presentation of data-frequency distribution, frequency polygon,
histogram, bar diagram and pie diagram.
Different classes of statistics- mean median, mode, mean deviation,
variance, standard deviation, standard error of the mean. Standard
score.
Degrees of freedom. Probability. Normal distribution. Student’s tdistribution.
Testing of hypothesis - Null hypothesis, errors of inference, levels of
significance, t-test and z score for significance of difference.
Distribution-free test - Chi-square test.
Linear correlation and linear regression.
One way ANOVA (4)

DSE A1P
Computation of mean, median, mode, standard deviation and standard
error of the mean with physiological data like body temperature, pulse
rate, respiratory rate, height and weight of human subjects. Graphical
representation of data in frequency polygon and histogram. Student’s t
test for significance of difference between means. Determination of correlation
coefficient (r) and computation of linear regression equation.
15
Statistical analysis and graphical representation of biological data with
computer using One way Anova . (2)

Suggested Readings
1. Statistics in Biology and Psychology by D.Das and A.Das Academic Publishers.
2. An Introduction to Biostatistics, N. Gurumani, M.J.P. Publishers, Chennai.
3. Biostatistical Analysis by J.H Zar, Pearson.
4. Statistical Methods in Biology, Norman T.J.Bailey, Cambridge University Press.

2. Microbiology & Immunology (DSE A2TH)

Classification of microorganisms. Techniques employed for the
identification of microorganisms -- microscopic and biochemical
methods.
Control of microbial growth :Physical and Chemical methods
used in sterilization, disinfection and pasteurization.
Bacteriology :Bacterial classification based on staining techniques
(Gram stain and Acid-fast stain) and morphological aspect. Bacterial
structure :cell-wall, LPS layer, pili, flagella, chromosome, plasmid,
spores and cysts.
Culture of bacteria : Nutritional requirement – complex and synthetic
media, preparation of media ; physical factors required for growth
(temperature, pH and gaseous requirement) ; bacterial growth curve :
different phases and their significance ; quantitative estimation of
bacterial growth ; continuous growth culture and its utility.
Food microbiology :Beneficial and harmful microorganisms in food,
causative organisms of food-borne infections- mode of transmission
and methods of prevention.
Bacterial metabolism: Fermentation, Glyoxalate cycle and Entner-
Doudoroff pathway.
Bacterial genetics :Transformation, conjugation and transduction.
Treatment of bacterial infection : Chemotherapeutic agents.
antibiotics- definition, bactericidal and bacteriostatic and their mechanism of action.
Virology :Viral structure – virion, prion and bacteriophages ;
classification of viruses based on nucleic acid composition and host
system, replication of bacteriophages – lytic and lysogenic cycle.
Overview of innate and acquired immunity : Elements of acquired immunity:
Characteristics of immune response, cells and organs involved in immune
response.
Immunogens and antigens : Requirements of immunogenicity, epitopes
recognized by B- & T- cells, haptens, adjuvants, cross-reactivity. Antibody
structure, classification and functions.
Kinetics of antibody responses :Primary & secondary. Antigen - antibody
interactions - Primary interaction : association constant, affinity & avidity.
Secondary interaction : precipitation & agglutination. B-cell receptor.
MHC molecules :structure of class I and II molecules, brief idea of peptide
binding by MHC molecules, cellular distribution.
Antigen processing and presentation: T-cell receptor. T-cell maturation and
differentiation - thymic selection in brief. B-cell activation &differentiation :
thymus dependent and independent antibodies, T-B co-operation, the carrier
effect.
Cytokines :Produced by TH1 & TH2 cells, regulating specific immune
response only.
16
Complement :Activation components – classical, alternative and lectin.
Biological consequence of complement activation. Cell-mediated effector
responses : CTLS, NK cells, K cells.
Brief idea of autoimmunity, cancer immunotherapy and AIDS. Hypersensitivity reactions
and their types
Vaccination :Passive and active immunization, types and uses of vaccine.
Toxins and toxoids.
Hybridoma technology (4)

DSE A2P
1. Gram staining of bacteria and identification of Gram positive and
Gram negative bacteria.
2. Determination of human blood group using immunological method.
3. Quantitation of antigen or antibody by precipitin test.
4. Isolation and staining of splenocytes.
5. Lactophenol cotton blue staining of yeast cells. (2)

Suggested readings:

1. Microbiology, Pelczar Tata McGrawhill.

2. General Microbiology By Stanier et.al, Prentice Hall.
3. Microbiology An Introduction, G.J Tortora, Pearson.
4. Prescott’s Microbiology, J. Willey et.al., McGraw-Hill
5. Kuby Immunology by T.J Kindt et.al, W.H Freeman.
6. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, A.K. Abbas et.al, Elsevier.

3. Ergonomics (DSE A3TH)

Introduction to Ergonomics
A brief history of ergonomics
Multidisciplinary approach to Ergonomics
Definition and scope of Ergonomics
Role of ergonomics in health safety and productivity
Human machine interaction
Introduction to man machine interaction and interfaces
Fundamentals of human computer interaction
Fundamental idea of display and control
Anthropometric considerations in Ergonomics
Definition of anthropometry
Common terminologies used in anthropometry
Different body dimensions measured in anthropometry
Basic Concepts of reach, clearance, posture, range of motion.
Concept of percentile and its calculation and use of percentile values in
anthropometry
The work place
Workplace components. Work place stressors and work place risk factors
Environmental Ergonomics
Ergonomic consideration of thermal environment
Ergonomic consideration of visual environment
Ergonomic consideration of environmental noise

17
 Workplace and workplace design
Anthropometric principles in workplace design
Design principles for sitting and standing work
Ergonomic principles of load handling
Fundamentals of manual material handling
Different categories of movement in manual load handling
Ergonomic principles of safe load handling
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Basic idea about the role of skeletal system in movement, categories of joints, role
of muscles, soft tissues and bones in movement
Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders
Different types of musculoskeletal disorders
Evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders by questionnaire technique
Basic concept of OWAS method of work posture analysis.
Ergonomic intervention
Ergonomic principles of reducing work place stressors and improving work efficiency

DSE A3P
1. Determination of heat stress by WBGT indices
2. Assessment of llumination
3. Basic anthropometric measurements
4. Determination of range of motion by goniometer and strength by hand grip
dynamometer
5. Assessment of prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder by questionnaire method

Suggested Readings
1. Fitting the task to the man: A textbook of Occupational Ergonomics. KHE Kroemer and E Grandjean.
Taylor and Francis.
2. Engineering Physiology: Bases of Human factors / Ergonomics, KHE Kroemer and HB Kroemer.
Van Reinhold.
3. Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design. S.Phesant, Taylor and Francis
4. Human Factors in Engineering. EJ McCormick and H Saunders. 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill .
5. Ergonomics Man in His working Environment. Murrell K. 3rd Ed. Springer.
6. Introduction to Ergonomics,R.S. Bridger, Routledge : Taylor & Francis group

4. Community and Public Health (DSE A 4TH)

Basic idea about community,public health issues.
Malnutrition in a community, over nutrition and possible remedial measures.
Diet management of obese, diabetic, hypertensive individuals and athletes.
Iron and iodine deficiency.
Population problem – principles and methods of family planning,. Problem of
infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. PCM -- Marasmus, Kwashiorkor,
Marasmic Kwashiorkor, endemic goiter, nutritional anemias, rickets, osteomalacia,
xeropthalmia, beriberi and their social implications. Principles and social importance of

18
immunization against diseases. Etiology, epidemiology and prevention -- Communicable
diseases : Cholera, Malaria, Swine flu, Japanese Encephalitis, Rabies, Dengue, Hepatitis
and AIDS; Non-communicable diseases – Hypertension and Obesity.

DSE A4P

1. Calculation of Body Surface Area (using nomogram), Body Mass Index and Ponderal
Index from anthropometric measurements.
2. A report (hand-written) on the basis of field survey from ONE of the followings:
a) Physiological parameters of human (at least three parameters).
b) Anthropometric measurements on human (at least three parameters).
c) Epidemiological studies on human.

Suggested Readings

1. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, K.Park, M/s. Banarasidas Bhanot, 2015.
2. Communicable Disease Control Handbook, Jeremy Hawker et.al, Blackwell Publishing

Group B

1. Work,Exercise and Sports Physiology (DSE B1TH)

Introduction to work physiology
Definitions in work and exercise Physiology,
Fundamental concepts of work; work characteristics, work cycle and work pauses
Different categories of work
Different approaches to describe work and work load.
Physiological basis of work
Physiology of muscle action
Physical work load; Static and dynamic work
Physiological responses to static and dynamic work
Relationship between oxygen consumption and heart rate
Effect of heat stress on physiological responses to work load
Work load assessment
Physiological assessment of work load, work load classification, cardiovascular and
respiratory indices for evaluating work load. acceptable work load.
Work Organization
Fundamental concept of work organization

19
Principles of reducing stress from physical work load
Exercise and Physical fitness
Exercise, physical activity and physical fitness. Benefits of exercise Components of
fitness and their evaluation
Physical Working Capacity
Concept of maximal physical working capacity VO2 max,and its estimation by different
methods. Factors affecting VO2max. Step test, bicycle ergometry and treadmill exercise
for assessment of Physical working capacity.
Bioenergetics
Work power and energy, sources of energy. Aerobic and anaerobic capacity, EPOC,
lactate threshold and lactate tolerance and their limitations. Determination of energy cost
by direct and indirect methods
Athletic performance based on aerobic capacity and O 2 debt
Training Principles
Training principles, different training methods. Training principles for different sports
activities. Over training and detraining and their physiological effects. Ergogenic aids.
Body composition
Determination of Physical growth status. Methodologies for body composition
analysis. (2)

DSE B1P
1.Determination of BMI, BSA, PI, waist hip ratio, body fat percentage and body type
2.Determination of V O2 max by Queen’s College Test and physical fitness by modified
Harvard step test
3.Determination of agility, flexibility and anaerobic power by shuttle run, sit and reach
and vertical jump test
4.Recording of heart rate and blood pressure during static and dynamic work,
determination of workload from heart rate and cardiac indices and classification of
work load. (2)

Suggested Readings

1. Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance. S.K. Powers and E.T.
Howley. 10th edition. McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. W.D. McArdle, F.I. Katch and V.L.
Katch. 7th edition. Lippincott,Williams & Wilkins publishers.
3. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. J. H. Wilmore, D. L. Costill, W. Larry Kenney. Human Kinetics
4. Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise. Per- Olof Åstrand, Kaare
Rodahl, Hans A. Dahl, Sigmund B. Strømme . Human Kinetics
5. Fox's Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport by M. L.Foss. S. J. Keteyian, E. L. Fox ,
William C Brown Pub
6. The Physiology of Work, K. Rodahl, Taylor & Francis,
7.Essentials of Exercise Physiology, V.L. Katch, W.D. McArdle, F.I. Katch, Wolters Kluwer

20
 2. Advanced Molecular Biology (DSE B2TH)

Repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, transposons.

Control of gene expression – attenuation and antitermination, Operon - trp, arabinose,
DNA methylation, (DCM, DAM). Post-transcriptional modifications, cap, poly A tail
splicing, RNA editing. Role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing.
Cell-cell communication and quorum sensing in bacteria.
Molecular basis of apoptosis in brief.
Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins. DNA
sequencing methods. Molecular markers in genome analysis. Methods for analysis of
gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as Micro array
based techniques . RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.Gene Knockout.Point mutations
and deletions. Methods for detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by
techniques such as FISH and GISH.Genomic medicine. Genetic counselling. Outline of
ChIP technique. .
. Fundamentals of nanoscience :The nanoscale dimension and paradigm.Definition of a
Nano system,Example- bone minerals and silk. Engineered Nanostructures—Carbon
nanotubes, Gold & Silver nanoparticles. Bionanomaterials – Self-assembly in
bionanostructures, e.g., virus self-assembly. Nanomotors- Ribosomes and mammalian
myosin. Applications of Nanomaterials in Biology-- Biochemical sensor, Labelling and
cellular imaging, Cancer treatment and Regenerative Medicine. (4)

DSE B2P
1. SDS-PAGE of proteins.
2. Isolation of DNA from animal cells.
3.Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method . (2)

Suggested Readings
1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30th edition. Lange.
2. Biotechnology: Lessons from Nature. D.S. Goodsell, Wiley India , 2012.
3. Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Applications and Perspectives, Niemeyer and Mirkin,
Wiley India , 2013.
4. Molecular Cell Biology,Berk,Kaiser,Lodish et.al, WH Freeman.

3.Chronobiology and Stress Physiology (DSE B3TH)

Different types of physiological rhythms – ultradian, circadian, infradian.
Different zeitgebers and their relation with circadian clock.
Hormonal biorhythms and their significance: adrenocortical, pineal and
prolactin.
Neural basis of biological clock and role of suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Sleep-wakefulness cycle.
Body temperature rhythm.
Time keeping genes.
Jet-lag and shift work.
Stress : Physical and Emotional Stressors. General Adaptation Syndrome.
Role of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Sympathoadrenal Medullary
Axes in coping stress.
Effects of chronic stress: Immunological, Cardiovascular Disease, Emotional.
21
 Heat disorders and its preventive measures. Effects of hypobaric and hyperbaric
environment. Caisson disease. Preventive measures for hypobaric and hyperbaric
effects.
Oxidative stress-Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species and the role of Catalase,
Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione. Peroxidase and Glutathione Reductase in combating
oxidative stress – role of vitamins. (4)

DSE3P
1.Project work on assessment of individual differences in human circadian rhythms
(chronotype in human population) by questionnaire method among school children
and college students.
2.Assessment of environmental heat load.
3.Assessment of noise level using noise level meter.
4.Determination of diurnal and /or circalunar rhythm of body temperature of college
going students. (2)

Suggested Readings
1. Chronobiology – The Biological Timekeeping, J.C. Dunlap, Sinauer Associates
2. The Rhythm of Life, M. Kelly, The New York Times Bestseller
3. Biological Rhythms, Vinod Kumar, Narosa Publishers
4 Behavioural Endocrinology, R.J. Nelson,Sinauer Associates
5. Physiology of Stress, Hans Selye, Jones and Bartlett Publishers

4.Toxicology and Pharmacology (DSE B4TH)

Toxins and Toxicology Factors Affecting toxicity.

LD 50 , LOD 50 , ED 50 , NOEL, LOEL
Concepts of Biomagnification and Bioconcentration
The importance of pharmacology in the study of physiological processes.
Definition of drug, agonist and antagonist. Drug delivery Drug reactivity.
Pharmacokinetics : Drug-receptor interaction, Desensitization of receptors,
Absorption, Distribution, Permeation, Elimination,Clearance,Halflife.
Pharmacodynamics:dose-responsecurves.Beneficial versus toxic effects of
drugs. Drug biotransformation. Bioavailability. Drug accumulation. Therapeutic
index. Anaesthetics : types and mechanism of action of general anaesthetics.
Sedatives - hypnotics: benzodiazepine, zolpidem. Diuretics - Carbonic anhydrase
inhibitor, loop diuretic, potassium sparing and osmotic diuretics. Neuromuscular
blockers :Tubocurarine and succinyl choline. Organ system effects and
mechanism of action of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists:
Adrenergic stimulants : Amphetamine and ephedrine. α- adrenergic stimulants –
Methaxomine and clonidine. β- adrenergic stimulants – Metaproterenol and
salbutamol.
Adrenergic antagonists :Labetelol. α- adrenergic blockers – Phenoxybenzamine
andphentolamine. β- adrenergic blockers – Propranolol and atenolol.

22
Antianginaldrugs :Nitroglycerine and calcium-channel blocker – Nifedipine and
verapamil. (4)

DSE B4P
Kymographic recording of the effects of atropine and propranonol on the perfused heart of
toad. (2)

Suggested Readings
1.Goodman and Gilman”s The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill.
2.Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by E.G Katzung .Appleton sand Lange.
3.Textbook of Pharmacology by Seth and Seth Elsevier.

Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)

SEC-A (One course in Semester 3)

1. Hematological Techniques
2. Clinical Biochemistry

SEC-B (One course in Semester 4)

1.Detection of Food Additives /Adulterants and Xenobiotics

2. Bioinformatics

SEC-A

1. Haematological techniques

Blood groups - ABO and Rh. Immunological basis of identification of ABO and Rh blood
groups. Biochemical basis of ABO system and Bombay phenotype .Blood transfusion -
precaution and hazards. Concept of Blood Bank. Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.
Abnormal haemoglobins. thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia. Glycemic index ,
Glycated haemoglobin, C peptide C-reactive protein, Ghrehlin and Leptin in health and
diseases. Definition, determination and significance of TC, DC, ESR, Arneth count, PCV,
MCV,MHC, MCHC, bleeding time,clotting time and prothrombin time. Anaemia - types
(definition and causes).Leucocytosis, leucopenia and leukaemia.Purpura. (2)

Suggested Readings:

1. Wintrobe”s- Clinical Haematology By J. P. Greer et.al., Wolters Kluwers

2. William’s Haematology By E. Deutler et. Al., McGrawhill

23
 3. Clinical Biochemistry

Pathophysiological significance of the following blood constituents: glucose, serum

protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and ketone bodies. Lipid and thyroid
profile in health and disease. Pathophysiological significance of the following serum
enzymes and proteins: Lactate dehydrogenase, Creatine kinase, Amylase, Acid and
Alkaline phosphatases, β-glucurodinase, Alanine and Aspartate Transaminases, Lipase,
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, Regan Isoenzyme, Cardiac Troponins. (2)

Suggested Readings:

1.Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry By V.W.Rodwell et.al., McGrawhill.

2.Text Book of Medical Biochemistry By M.N.Chatterjea and Rana Shinde, Jaypee.

3. Biochemistry, D. Das, Academic Publishers.

SEC-B
1.Detection of Food Additives /Adulterants and Xenobiotics

Definition ,examples and health hazards of food additives/adulterants. Tests for

identifying Food Adulterants in food samples and their pathophysiological effects: Metanil
yellow, Rhodamin B, Saccharin, Monosodium glutamate, Aluminium foil, Chicory,
Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S, Margarine, Lead, Arsenic, Mercury, Polychlorinated
Biphenyls, Dioxin and Urea.
Concept of Xenobiotics- Types, sources and fate. Types of reactions in detoxification and
their mechanisms- oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and conjugation. (2)

Suggested Readings:

1.Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry By V.W.Rodwell et.al., McGrawhill

2.Text Book of Medical Biochemistry By M.N.Chatterjea and Rana Shinde., Jaypee

2.Bioinformatics

Introduction to Bioinformatics, Bioinformatic databases- PubMed, PDB, Gen Bank, NCBI.

Bioinformatic tools- FASTA, BLAST. Applications of bioinformatics- Analysis and
interpretation of sequence data, homology searches, sequence alignments and pattern
searching, analysis and interpretation of genome data- gene prediction, full gene
comparison. Introduction to computational biology- prediction of 3-D protein structure,
identification of unknown protein, drug design and application in medical sciences.(2)

Suggested Readings:

1. Bioinformatics -Principles and Applications By Z. Ghosh and B. Mallick., Springer.

2. Bioinformatics-Databases, Tools and Algorithms By O. Bosu and S. K. Thukral., Oxford Higher
Education.
24
3. Introduction to Bioinformatics By Attwood et. Al., Pearson.
4. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry By V.W.Rodwell et.al., McGrawhill.

25
 University of Calcutta

PHYSIOLOGY (GENERAL) SYLLABUS FOR CBCS

CORE COURSES(CC) / GENERIC ELECTIVE (GEN)

Semester 1
CC-1 / GEN 1
Cellular Basis of Physiology and Genetics
Biophysical Principles, Enzymes and Chemistry of Bio-molecules
Digestion, Absorption & Metabolism

Semester 2
CC-2 / GEN2
Blood and Body Fluids
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System

Semester 3
CC-3 / GEN 3
Nerve-muscle Physiology
Nervous System
Special Senses

Semester 4
CC-4 / GEN 4
Endocrinology
Reproductive Function
Excretory Physiology

1
Discipline Specific Electives (DSE)

DSE -- A (ONE course in Semester 5)

1. Biostatistics
2. Haematology

DSE - B (ONE course in Semester 6)

1. Work, Exercise and Sports Physiology

2. Human Nutrition and Dietetics

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses(AECC)

AECC- 1: Communicative English or any other Modern Indian Language in Semester 1

AECC-2: Environmental Studies in Semester 2

Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)

SEC -- A (ONE course in Semester 3)

1 Microbiology & Immunology

2. Clinical Biochemistry

SEC -- B (ONE course in Semester 4)

1. Detection of Food Additives /Adulterants and Xenoboiotics

2. Communty health and formulation of diet charts.

2
Outline of Courses and Credits in Each Semester

Semester I

Core Courses (CC).Theoretical (TH)

CC1TH / GEN 1 TH
Cellular Basis of Physiology
Structure and functions of plasma membrane, nucleus and different cell
organelles – Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies,Mitochondria, Lysosome and
Peroxisome.

Biophysical Principles, Enzymes and Chemistry of

Bio-molecules
Physiological importance of the following physical processes: Diffusion ,
Osmosis and Surface tension. pH and Buffers – Significance in human body
and maintenance of pH in the blood. Colloids - Classification and physiological
importance.

Enzymes: Classification, factors affecting enzyme action. Concept of coenzymes

and isozymes.

Carbohydrates : Definition and classification.

Monosaccharides – Classification, structure, physiological importance.
Disaccharides – Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose: Structure, occurrence
and physiological importance.
Polysaccharides – Starch, Glycogen, Dextrin, Cellulose.
Lipids : Definition and classification. Fatty acids Classification.
— Definition and importance of, Saponification number and,
Iodine number.. Phospholipids, Cholesterol &
its ester -- physiological importance.
Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins: Classification and structure.
Structure of peptide bonds.
Nucleic acids:Structure of DNA and RNA.
Digestion & Metabolism
Structure in relation to functions of alimentary canal and digestive glands.
Composition, functions and regulation of secretion of digestive juices
including bile. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrate, protein and
lipid. Movements of the stomach and small intestine.

3
 Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Importance of Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis and.
Gluconeogenesis. Beta oxidation of saturated fatty acid. Importance of Ketone
bodies . Deamination & Transamination. Formation of urea . ( 4)

CC1P / GEN 1P:

Examination and staining of fresh tissues : Squamous, Ciliated and Columnar

Epithelium by Methylene Blue stain.
Qualitative tests for identification of : Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Sucrose,
Starch, Dextrin, Lactic acid, Hydrochloric acid , Albumin, Acetone, Glycerol and
Bile Salts.
Quantitative estimation of amino nitrogen by Sorensen’s formol titration method
(percentage to be done) (2)
.
Semester II

CC2TH / GEN 2TH-

Blood and Body Fluids
Blood: composition and functions. Plasma proteins: origin and functions. Blood
cells-- their morphology and functions. Erythropoiesis. Hemoglobin : different types of
compounds and derivatives. Coagulation of blood: mechanism, procoagulants,
anticoagulants.. Lymph and tissue fluids: composition, formation, and functions.

Cardiovascular System
Anatomy and histology of the heart. Properties of cardiac muscle. Origin and
propagation of cardiac impulse. Cardiac cycle : Events. Heart sounds. Heart rate. Cardiac
output: Determination by following Fick principle, factors affecting.
Pulse - arterial and venous. Blood pressure and factors controlling. Baro- and
chemoreceptors. Vasomotor reflexes. Peculiarities of regional circulations: coronary and
cerebral.
Respiratory System
Anatomy and histology of the respiratory passage and organs.Role of
respiratory muscles in breathing. Lung volumes and capacities. Exchange of respiratory
gases between lung and blood and between blood and tissues. Transport of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in blood. Regulation of respiration - neural and chemical. Hypoxia. (4)

CC2P GEN 2P:

Preparation and staining of human blood film with Leishman’s stain and identification of
different types of blood cells.
Preparation of hemin crystals.
Demonstration- kymographic recording of the unperfused heart of toad and effects of
warm and cold saline.
4
 Measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure by sphygmomanometer and
determination of pulse and mean pressure.
Measurement of peak expiratory flow rate.
Pneumographic recording of normal respiratory movements and effects of
hyperventilation and breath-holding. (2)

Semester III

CC3TH / GEN 3TH

Nerve-muscle Physiology
Structure of neurons. Origin and propagation of nerve impulse. Velocity of impulse
in different types of nerve fiber. Properties of nerve fibers: all or none law, rheobase
and chronaxie, refractory period. indefatiguability. Synapses: structure, mechanism of
synaptic transmission. Motor unit. Myoneural junction: structure, mechanism of
impulse transmission. Degeneration and regeneration in nerve fibers.
Different types of muscle and their structure. Red and white muscle. Muscular
contraction: structural, mechanical and chemical changes in skeletal muscle during
contraction and relaxation. Isotonic and isometric contractions. Properties of muscle:
all or none law, beneficial effect, summation, refractory period, tetanus, fatigue.
Nervous System
A brief outline of organization and basic functions (sensory, motor and
association) of the nervous system, central and peripheral nervous system.
Ascending tracts carrying touch, kinaesthetic,temperature and pain sensations.
Descending tracts: pyramidal tract and brief outline of the extra-pyramidal tracts.
Reflex action - definition, reflex arc, classification, properties. Functions of the spinal
cord. Outline of functions of brain stem.
A brief idea of the structure, connections and functions of cerebellum. Different nuclei
and functions of thalamus and hypothalamus. Cerebral cortex: histological structure
and localization of functions. CSF : composition, formation, circulation and functions.
A brief description of the organization of the autonomic (sympathetic and
parasympathetic) nervous system. Functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system. A brief idea of speech, aphasia, conditioning, learning and memory.

Special Senses

5
 Olfaction and Gustation: Structure of sensory organ, neural pathway of
olfactory and gustatory sensation. Mechanism of olfactory and gustatory
sensation. Olfactory and gustatory adaptation. After-taste.
Audition: Structure of ear, auditory pathway, mechanism of hearing.
Vision: Structure of the eye. Histology of retina. Visual pathway. Light reflex. Chemical
changes in retina on exposure to light. Accommodation - mechanism. Errors of
refraction.. Light and dark adaptation. Elementary idea of colour vision and
colour blindness. (4)

CC3P / GEN 3P:

Silver Nitrate preparation of nodes of Ranvier.
Silver nitrate preparation of corneal cell space.
Examination and staining of skeletal and cardiac muscles by Methylene Blue stain.
Demonstration : Use of kymograph, induction coil and mercury key. Recording of
simple muscle curve with sciatic-gastrocnemius muscle preparation of toad.
Determination of visual acuity by Snellen’s chart / Landolt’s C chart.
Determination of colour blindness by Ishihara chart.
Exploration of conductive and perceptive deafness by tuning fork method. (2)

Semester IV

CC4TH / GEN 4TH

Endocrinology
Hormones - classification. Elementary idea of mechanism of hormone action.
Hypothalamus: Basic concept of neurohormone.
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and portal system.
Pituitary: Histological structure, hormones, functions. Hypo and hyper active
states of pituitary gland.
Thyroid: Histological structure. Functions of thyroid hormones (T 4 T 3 ).
Thyrocalcitonin. Hypo and hyper-active states of thyroid.
Parathyroid: Histological structure, functions of parathyroid hormone. Tetany.
Adrenal Cortex: Histological structure and functions of different hormones.
Hypo and hyper-active states of adrenal cortex.
Adrenal Medulla: Histological structure and functions of medullary hormones.
The relation of adrenal medulla with the sympathetic nervous system.
Pancreas: Histology of islets of Langerhans. Origin and functions of pancreatic
hormones. Diabetes mellitus.

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 Brief idea of the origin and functions of renin-angiotensin, prostaglandins.
erythropoietin and melatonin. Elementary idea of gastrointestinal hormone.

Reproductive Physiology
Primary and accessory sex organs and secondary sex characters.
Testis: histology, spermatogenesis, testicular hormones and their functions.
Ovary: histology, oogenesis, ovarian hormones and their functions.
Menstrual cycle and its hormonal control.
Maintenance of pregnancy – role of hormones. Development of mammary
gland and lactation - role of hormones.

Excretory Physiology
Structure and function relationship of kidney. Mechanism of formation of
urine. Normal and abnormal constituents of urine. Physiology of micturition. Renal
regulation of acid-base balance. Non-excretory functions of kidney.

Structure and functions of skin. Insensible and sensible perspiration Regulation of

body temperature -- physical and physiological processes involved in it. Physiology
of sweat secretion and its regulation. (4)

CC4P / GEN 4P:

Study and Identification of Stained Sections of Different Mammalian Tissues and
Organs: Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Liver, Lung,Trachea,
Spinal cord, Cerebral cortex, Cerebellum, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas,
Spleen,Testes, Ovary, Kidney, Artery and Vein.
Identification of :
Normal constituents of urine : Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Creatinine and Urea;
Abnormal constituents of urine: Glucose, Protein, Acetone, Bile pigment and Bile
Salt. (2)

Suggested Readings

1. Human Physiology Vol. 1 & 2, C. C. Chatterjee, Medical Allied Agency.

2. Sharirbigyan (Bengali) Vol. I & 2, J. Debnath, Sridhar Prakashani.
3. Principles of Physiology, D.Pramanik, Academic Publishers, Kolkata.
4. Concise Medical Physiology,S. K. Chaudhuri, New Central Book Agency.
5. Biochemistry, D. Das, Academic Publishers.
6. Paripak, Bipak 0 Pusti, D. Das, Paschim Banga Rajya Pustak Parshad.
7. Snatok Sharirbidya, A. Bandopadhyay, Calcutta Book House.
8. diFiore’s Atlas of Histology, V.P. Eroschenko, Wolters-Kluwer
9. Essentials of Exercise Physiology, L.G. Shaver, Surjeet Publications.
10. Text Book of Medical Physiology, A.C.Guyton, W.B. Saunders Co.
11. Textbook of Medical Physiology, D.Venkatesh & H.H.Sudhakar, Wolters Kluwer
12. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana, Elsevier

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15. Medical Physiology, A.B. Singha Mahapatra, Current Books International.
16. Essentials of Medical Physiology: K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
19. Nutritive Value of Indian Foods by C. Gopalan and other, NIN, Hyderabad.
20. Practical Physiology, by M.K. Manna, Sritara Prakashani, Kolkata

Discipline Specific Electives

DSE: GROUP-A
Biological Statistics (DSE A1TH)

Basic concepts– Variable, population, parameter, sample, statistic.

Classification of data – qualitative and quantitative, continuous and
discontinuous. Presentation of data–frequency distribution, bar diagram, pie
diagram, frequency polygon and histogram.
Mean, median, mode, standard deviation and standard error of ungrouped data.
Concept of probability, Null and Alternate Hypotheses, Characteristics and uses
of Normal and t-distributions. (4)

DSE A1P
Computation of mean, median, mode, standard deviation and standard error of the
mean using physiological data like body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate,
height and weight of human subjects. Graphical representation of data in bar
diagram, pie diagram frequency polygon and histogram. (2)
Suggested Readings
1. Statistics in Biology and Psychology by D.Das and A.Das Academic Publishers.
2. Essentials of Biostatistics, I.Saha and B.Paul, Academic Publishers.

Haematology (DSE A2TH):

Blood groups - ABO and Rh. Immunological basis of identification of ABO and Rh
blood groups. Biochemical basis of ABO system and Bombay phenotype.Blood
transfusion - precaution and hazards. Concept of blood bank.
Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin .Foetal haemoglobin.Abnormal haemoglobins -
thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia. Definition, determination and significance of
TC, DC, ESR, Arneth count, PCV, MCV, MHC, MCHC, bleeding time, clotting time
and prothrombin time. Anaemia - types (definition and causes). Leucocytosis,
Leucopenia and Leukaemia. Purpura. Disorders of coagulation. (4)

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 DSE A2P:
DC of WBC, Estimation of haemoglobin , Blood group determination, Bleeding time
and Clotting time. (2)

Suggested Readings
1. Medical Physiology A.B.S. Mahapatra, Current Books International.
2. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry By M.N.Chatterjea and Rana Shinde., Jaypee

DSE: GROUP - B

Work & Exercise Physiology and Ergonomics (DSE B1TH)

Concept of physical work and physiological work. Classification of work loads. Energetics
of muscular work. Measurement of energy cost. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to
graded exercise.Maximal oxygen consumption and post-exercise oxygen consumption –
definition, factors affecting, measurement and significance. Muscle fatigue and recovery.
Physical fitness and its assessment by modified Harvard Step Test.
Ergonomics. Importance of ergonomics in occupational health and well being. Definition of
anthropometry. Different body dimensions measured in anthropometry and their significance.
(4)

DSE B1P
Measurement of resting and working heart rate using thirty beats and ten
beats methods respectively.
Measurement of blood pressure before and after exercise.
Determination of Physical Fitness Index by modified Harvard Step Test.
Measurement of some common anthropometric parameters- stature, weight,
eye height (standing), shoulder height, sitting height, knee height (sitting), arm reach
from wall, mid-arm circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, neck
circumference,head circumference, chest circumference.
Calculation of BSA and BMI from anthropometric data. (2)
Suggested Readings
1. Essentials of Exercise Physiology, V.L. Katch, W.D. McArdle, F.I. Katch, Wolters Kluwer
2. Exercise Physiology and Ergonomics An Introduction, A.Goswami, Academic Publishers.

Human nutrition and dietetics (DSE B2TH):

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 Basic constituents of food and their nutritional significance. Vitamins-Classification,
functions, deficiency symptoms and daily requirements. Hypervitaminosis. Mineral
metabolism – Ca, P, Fe. BMR: definition, factors affecting. Respiratory quotient: definition,
factors affecting and significance. Biological value of proteins. Essential and non-essential
amino acids. Nitrogen balance. SDA : definition and importance.
Body calorie requirements – adult consumption unit. Dietary requirements of carbohydrate,
protein, lipid and other nutrients. Dietary fibres. Principles of diet survey. Composition and
nutritional value of common food stuffs. (4)

DSE B2P:
Diet survey report (hand-written) of a family (as per ICMR specification): Each student has
to submit a report on his/her own family. (2)
Suggested Readings
1. Essential Food and Nutrition, by M. Swaminathan. The Bangalore Printing & Publishing Co.
2. Biochemistry, U. Satyanarayan, NCBA

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC)

English / MIL Communication (AECC 1TH):

Environmental Science (AECC 2TH)

Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)

SEC A

Microbiology & Immunology (SECA1)

Viruses - DNA virus and RNA virus. Viroids and Prions. Bacteriophages.
Bacteria-structure and morphological classification. Gram positive and
Gram negative and acid-fast bacteria. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria -
definition with a few examples. Physical and chemical methods used in
disinfection,sterilization and pasteurization. Nutritional requirement – complex and
synthetic media, preparation of media ; physical factors required for growth
(temperature, pH and gaseous requirement). Bacterial growth curve. Elementary idea
of bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal agents.

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 Beneficial and harmful microorganisms in food.
Elementary knowledge of innate and acquired immunity. Humoral and cell
mediated immunity. Toxins and toxoids.Vaccination – Passive and active
immunisation, types and uses of vaccine.
Immunological basis of allergy and inflammation. (2)

Suggested readings:
1. Microbiology, Pelczar Tata McGrawhill.
2. Prescott’s Microbiology, J. Willey et.al., McGraw-Hill

Clinical Biochemistry (SEC A2)

Pathophysiological significance of the following blood constituents:

glucose, serum protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and ketone
bodies. Lipid profile in health and diseases. Pathophysiological significance of the
following serum enzymes and isozymes: Lactate dehydrogenase, Creatine kinase,
Amylase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, β-glucurodinase SGPT and SGOT. (2)

SEC B

Detection of Food Additives / Adulterants & Xenobiotics (SEC B1):

Definition of food adulterants/ additive. Tests for identifying food adulterants-- Metanil
yellow, Rhodamin B, Saccharin, Monosodium glutamate, Aluminium foil , Dioxin,
Chicory and Bisphenol.
Concept of Xenobiotics- Types, sources and fate. Types of reactions in detoxification
and their mechanisms- oxidation,reduction, hydrolysis and conjugation. (2)

Suggested Readings:

1. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry By V.W.Rodwell et.al., McGrawhill

2. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry By M.N.Chatterjea and Rana Shinde., Jaypee

Community and Public Health (SEC B2)

Basic idea about community, public health issues.

Malnutrition in a community, over nutrition and possible remedial measures.
Diet management of obese, diabetic.

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 Basic idea of PCM and their prevention.
PCM -- Marasmus, kwashiorkor. Endemic goiter, rickets, osteomalacia, xeropthalmia,
beriberi and their social implications. Etiology, epidemiology and prevention of:
Communicable diseases : Malaria, Dengue, Hepatitis and AIDS; Non-communicable
diseases – Hypertension and Obesity.
Population problem – principles and methods of family planning, and Assisted
Reproductive Technologies.
Principles of formulation of diet chart of growing children, pregnant & lactating women
and diabetic patients. (2)
Suggested Reading

1. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, K.Park, M/s. Banarasidas Bhanot, 2015.

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