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Integrals and Transcendental Functions: Logarithm As An Integral

This document discusses integrals and transcendental functions such as logarithms. It defines the natural logarithm and Euler's number e. It describes the derivative and graph of the natural logarithm function, as well as examples of evaluating integrals involving logarithms. The document also covers derivatives and integrals involving exponential functions, separable differential equations, and asymptotic growth rates of functions.

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Fahrettin Cakir
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32 views

Integrals and Transcendental Functions: Logarithm As An Integral

This document discusses integrals and transcendental functions such as logarithms. It defines the natural logarithm and Euler's number e. It describes the derivative and graph of the natural logarithm function, as well as examples of evaluating integrals involving logarithms. The document also covers derivatives and integrals involving exponential functions, separable differential equations, and asymptotic growth rates of functions.

Uploaded by

Fahrettin Cakir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integrals and Transcendental Functions

Logarithm as an Integral

Denition: The Natural Logarithm


The natural logatihm is the function dened
Z x
1
ln(x) = dt, x>0
1 t

Denition: The Euler Number e


The number e is that number in the domain of the natural logarithm satisfying
Z e
1
ln(e) = dt = 1, x>0
1 t

The Derivative of natural logarithm


The function y = ln x has derivative

By applying the chain rule, we get,

d 1 du
ln u = , u>0
dx u dx

Moreover,
d 1
ln |x| = , x 6= 0
dx x
since,

1
Graph and Range of natural logarithm
The graph of y = ln x looks like the following:

Example
Sketch the curve y = 1/t, and shade a region under the curve whose area is
• ln(2)
• -ln(0.5)
• 2

Domain, Range, End Behavior of y = ln x

2
Example
Simplify the expression and state the values of x for which your simplication is valid.
• e− ln x
• ln (xex )
• 2

The Integral
R
(1/u)du
If u is a dierentiable function that is never zero, then
Z
1
du = ln |u| + C
u

The Integrals of tan x, cot x, sec x, csc x

Integrals of tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant

3
The Derivative and Integral of ex

Derivative
If u is any dierentiable function of x, then

d u du
e = eu
dx dx
This means that the integral is Z
eu du = eu + C

Derivatives and Integrals Involving loga x

4
Exponential Change and Separable Dierential Equations
Exponential change

Separable Dierential Equations: Separability, Solution

5
Example
Solve the dierential equation

dy
= (1 + y)ex , y > −1
dx

Example
Solve the dierential equation

dy
= −4xy 2
dx

6
Relative Rates of Growth
f grows faster than g
Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. If

f (x)
lim =∞
x→∞ g(x)

f grows slower than g


Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. If

g(x)
lim =0
x→∞ f (x)

f grows at the same rate as g


Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. If

f (x)
lim =L
x→∞ g(x)

Example
Does x2 grow faster than ln(x)?

Order and Oh Notation

Denition: Little-Oh
A function f is of smaller order than g as x → ∞ if
g(x)
lim =0
x→∞ f (x)

We indicate this by writing f = o(g) (with little-oh).


Denition: Big-Oh
Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. Then f is of at most the order of g as x → ∞ if there is a positive
integer M for which
f (x)
≤M
g(x)

for x suciently large. We indicate this by writing f = O(g) (f is big-oh of g).

7
Example
Show that ex + x2 = O (ex ) is true.

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