Publication No.

ICAR/ED(A)/Pub-6/2-2OOO
I CAR

Academic Regulations
and
Curriculum for
Under Graduate Program
in
Forestry

Accreditation Board Secreteriat

Education Division
Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi-110 012.
 Academic Regulations
andCurriculum for
Under Graduate Program
in
Forestry

Accreditation Board Secreteriat

Education Division
Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi-110 012.
 Publication No. ICAR/Ed.(A)Pub.6/2-2000

PRINTED : NOVEMBER 2001

DIRECTOR (DIPA) : ARVIND CHAKRAVARTY

CHIEF PRODUCTION OFFICER : V K BHARTI

TECHNICAL OFFICER : ASHOK SHASTRI

Published by Shri Arvind Chakravarty, Director, Directorate of Information and Publications of

Agriculture, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi, Laser typeset at M/s. HD Computer
Craft, EA-1/75, Inderpuri Main Market, New Delhi 110012 and Printed at M/s. Power Printers,
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Preface

Education plays a key role in human resource development and there-

fore, it should be relevant to changing needs of the society. With the
national policies becoming more open and liberalized, the education in
recent days needed re-orentation more thant any time in the past. Keep-
ing this in view, the ICAR, which is vested with the responsibilities of
guiding and coordinating agricultural education in the country, took
several steps to ensure quality education to meet the new challenges in
every-changing national and global scenario in agriculture and allied
sciences. The first major step in this direction was appointment of Deans'
Committee to review and modify the academic regulations and curricula
for different academic programs. The second major step was establish-
ment of an Accreditation Board, which among other things is required to
periodically assess curricula of various programs offered by the National
Agricultural Education System (NAES) and suggest modifications, if
needed.

The Third Deans' Committee (1995) suggested model academic regula-

tions and curricula for different programs. The recommendations of the
Deans' Committee were discussed in the annual conference of the Vice-
Chancellors of agricultural universities in 1996 and endorsed for imple-
mentation, after refinement and completion of all the formalities.

The Education Division conducted series of meetings of faculty deans'

wherein threadbare discussions were held on the recommendations of
the Third Deans' Committee. In these meetings, curricula were given
fine-tuning and academic regulations and other related issues were dis-
cussed and finalized. Special emphasis was given to practical training to
inclucate skill and confidence among the undergraduates to enable them
to meet new challenges. These recommendations were placed before the
Accrediation Board which gave its approval.

It is hoped that the effective implementation of the revised curricula will

improve the knowledge and skills of our graduates to meet the present
and future challenges faced by the forestry sector. This publication de-
tails the syllabus of undergraduate degree program in forestry. The new
curriculum gives emphasis on some of the emerging areas such as for-
estry business management, environmental science and agro-ecology,
biotechnology, computer application etc., in addition to forestry work
experience, all aimed at giving strong orientation towards enterpreneurial
skills among the forestry graduates.
The guidance and encouragement received from Dr. R.S. Faroda, DG,
ICAR and Secretary, DARE, and Chairman of Accreditation Board in
restructuring various curricula including forestry is gratefully acknowl-
edged.
We profusely thank Dr S.L. Mehta, former DDG (Edn.) for his support
and guidance in restructuring the entire curriculum and revising/de-
veloping the course contents. We also thank Dr J.S. Bhatia, ADG (EPD),
for organising the meeting of the faculty dean at UAS, Bangalore and
finalizing the proceedings.

Our thanks are due to Dr G.K. Veeresh, the former Vice-chancellor and
Dr M.C. Devaih, former dean, who hosted the meeting of faculty deans
in 1997 and took keen interest in revising the curriculum. Our special
thanks are due to Dr R. Vasudeva of Forestry College, Sirsi for his help
in compiling the course outlines, based on the approved c u r r i c u l u m .

We would like to thank all the deans of forestry colleges, who partici-
pated in the meeting of the faculty dean at UAS, bangalore and prepared
the curricula along with other details pertaining to undergraduate pro-
gram in forestry.
We hope that this document will serve as a guide and help in achieving
uniformly high standards of undergraduate education in forestry. The
Education Division will appreciate comments and suggestions for im-
proving and updating the publication in future.

December,2000 M. Chandrashekharaiah
New Delhi N.L. Maurya
CONTENTS

Prc-fiirc

1. Introduction 1
1.1 General
1.2 Forestry Sciences

2. Requirement for UG program 4

3. Academic Regulations 6
4. Curriculum 8

4.1 Distribution of Course Credits

4.2 Distribution of Courses
5. Course Outlines 14

5.1 Basic Sciences and Humanities 14

5.2 Agriculture and closely related disciplines 18
5.3 Forestry Sciences 30
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Course curriculum is the foundation of the education system upon which

knowledge and skills of a student is based. However, it should be rel-
evant to changing needs of the society. Hence it is desirable to periodi-
cally review and modify the curriculum of every branch of education.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has been reviewing
and recommending curricula changes for various undergraduate and
postgraduate programs in agricultural sciences in the country since fif-
ties.

The first major exercise in this regard was made in late 50s by the then
Indian Council of Agricultural Education, which formulated model cur-
ricula for different programs in agricultural sciences. After the estab-
lishment of the State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), the ICAR has been
making periodic exercises for revision of curricula and course outlines
in agricultural education, through Deans' Committees. The first Deans'
Committee appointed by the Council submitted its report in 1965. It
provided detailed guidelines for Under Graduate (U.G.) education in
Agriculture, Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Agricultural
Engineering and Home-Science. It also made suggestions and recom-
mendations on post-graduate education.

The Agricultural Universities Review Committee headed by Dr M.S.

Randhawa (1977) suggested the constitution of Second Deans' Commit-
tee. This Committee headed by Dr N.K. Anant Rao submitted its report
in 1981, giving its recommendations for curricula revision in Agricul-
ture, Veterinary and Animal Science, Agricultural Engineering, Home
Science, and basic Science and Humanities. Most of the recommenda-
tions of the Committee were accepted and implemented by the SAUs in
the country.

Based on the recommendations made in the Vice-Chancellors' Confer-

ence and the Norms and Accrediation Committee of the ICAR, the Third
Deans' Committee (Committee) headed by Dr Kirti Singh was consti-
tuted by the Council vide notification No. 16-2/91-Edn. II dated 11th
April, 1991. The Committee constituted sub-groups in all the major ar-
eas of agricultural education under the chairmanship of the members of
the Committee. The sub-groups organized workshops involving Deans
and Senior faculty members from various colleges, who made detailed
study of the existing educational programs in the concerned faculties
and recommended the course structures for different degree programs
for the consideration of the Committee.
The Committee, after considering the views of the sub-groups as well as
discussions with the Vice-chancellors, Directors of the related Institutes,
Deans, faculty members, ICAR officials, persons from industries, pro-
gressive farmers, etc. worked out model requirements for different
programes, in order to bring out uniformity in the system and curricula
as far as possible. The Committee suggested model academic regulation
and curricula, but the course outlines were left to be developed by the
concerned faculties.

The recommendations of the Deans' Committee were discussed in the

annual conference of the vice-chancellors of agricultural universities in
1996 and endorsed for implementation after refinement and completion
of all formalities.

The faculty-wise meetings of Deans were held at different places during

1997, wherein academic regulations, curricula, course outlines, infra-
structure development, preparation of practical manuals and text books,
refresher courses, etc. were discussed at length keeping in view the
guideliness provided by the Third Deans' Committee. After careful delib-
erations, the academic regulations, curricula and course outlines re-
lated to U.G. programs were finalized and circulated in the form of pro-
ceedings.

The proceedings of the meetings of the faculty Deans were placed before
the joint meeting of Deans of all the faculties held on 30 April-1 May
1998. After discussion and endorsement on common issues, faculty-
wise groups were formed to deliberate on specific issues including norms
and standards for under-graduate programs.

The academic regulations and, curricula as fine-tuned after going through

several exercises were placed before the third meeting of the Accredita-
tion Board (AB or Board) held on 28th September 1998. The Board ap-
proved the same.

The outcome of these elaborate exercises regarding academic regula-

tions, curricula and course outlines for various under-graduate programs
are brought out faculty-wise for wide circulation amongst the educa-
tional institutions as a model, here, it may be added that the Third Deans'
Committee while suggesting 160 course credits for four years' degree
program, made it clear that they had no intention of imposing any rigid-
ity on credit requirements, bu the variation to accommodate the local
needs of the university should not be more than 5 credits. Similarly, the
 course outlines finilazed and published are only a model and guide to
the universities. Based on local and regional needs, course outlines can
be modified to the maximum extent of 25%, keeping remaining 75% as
common.

1.2 FORESTRY SCIENCE

The meeting of deans of forestry science was held at the University of

Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore on 18-19 November, 1997. The meet-
ing was attended by several deans/heads of departments/ssenior fac-
ulty members from Forestry Science. The Deputy Director General (Edn.)
Dr S.L. Mehta, and Assistant Director General (EPD), Dr J.S. Bhatia
also attended the meeting. The members deliberated for two days and
finalized the course curricula, and also broad course outlines, However,
detailed course outlines could not be developed. The University of Agri-
cultural Sciences, Dharwad was requested to compile course outlines,
based on the curriculum and broad course outlines developed at faculty
deans' meetings. Under the leadership of Dr M. Chandrashkhaiah, Di-
rector of Instruction, College of Forestry, Sirsi, the detailed course out-
lines were developed, based on the syllabi of several agricultural univer-
sities/institutions in India and abroad. The final curriculum and course
outlines, which emerged from these exercises are presented in the fol-
lowing sections.
2. Requirement for Under-Graduate Program

The Indian sub-continent was blessed with biotically rich and diverse
forests and has a great variety of wild fauna. The faulty management
practices and organisational bottlenecks led to degradation of rich di-
verse fodrests alarmingly especially in the post independent period. Fur-
ther, the growing demands on forests for agriculture and grazing and for
forest based products, like the wood, fuel and fodder, have accelerated
the rate of degradation, erosion of forest soil and biological diversity.
India, thus, today is left with much less forest cover than the stipulate
minimum cover of 33% of the total geographical area, as suggested in
National Forest Policy, 1988. Such massive degradation of forest coveer
and forest land have affected adversely the symbiotic relationship be-
tween forest and tribals, in particular, and generated huge gap between
supply and demand of human needs, in general, massive deforestation
has also resulted in release of carbon in the atmosphere and loss of rich
genie species and ecosystem bio-diversity.

The forest land are a source of multiple resources. It has now been
realiszed that the forests can not be managed by one sector alone. The
knowledge and participation of various forest dependent sectors and the
people inhabiting in and around forest area is of utmots importance.
Such realization can be achieved only be understanding changes in the
forestry scenario and finally developing appropriate educational programs
to address the future challenges in the forestry.

Although scientific forestry programs in India were started during the

colonial period in 1864, only limited progress could be achieved in de-
veloping forestry education. Forestry was introduced in agricultural
universities only early 1980s. It integrates basic sciences, humanities,
agricultural sciences and forestry sciences including forestry engineer-
ing.

There are 11 under-graduate forestry colleges/programs in agrucultural

universities. A few general universities also offer undergraduate pro-
gram. There has been wide variation in curriculum from university to
university. The course credits have varied from 140-180 with large vari-
ation in credit distribution among different disciplines. Some Institu-
tions provided flexibility of electives to suit the aptitude and preference
of students, but many others offered all compulsory courses. With all
these, many important and emerging areas were not included or cover-
age was inadequate.
With the advancement of technology related with forestry development
and management, forestry graduates need to be equipped with neces-
sary knowledge and skill for developing new forest areas, regenerating
the degraded forests, conserving the existing forests, value addition and
processing of forest products and by products including their storage
and marketing. The forestry and agriculture should be complementary
to each other rather than adversary. Thus, the concept of agroforestry,
social forestry etc. are to be given due emphasis.
Fore forestry curriculum, a judicious blend of core courses in basic sci-
ences and humanities, agricultural sciences and forestry sciences in-
cluding forestry engineering is considered as a prime requirement. Inte-
grated pest and disease management, mechanization of forest opera-
tion, farming systems, bee-keeping, environment and forest ecology, for-
estry business management, international trade and computer applica-
tions are some of the new and emerging areas, which should be empha-
sized. Work experience/hands-on training in forestry related programs
for a semester is considered essential to give student skill and confi-
dence in tackling forestry problems in future. All these requirements
have been included in the present cirriculum with a view to produce
better forestry graduates.
3. Academic Regulations

3.1 ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION

To be eligible, a candidate must have passed 10+2 Science examination

with PCB or PCM or PCMB. The students may be required to take reme-
dial courses as prescribed by the concerned universities.

3.2 SEMESTER PERIOD

There should be clear 95 instructional days with additional 15 days for

examination. Thus a semester will consist of 110 working days.

3.3 COURSE CREDITS

One credit is defined as one-hour lecture or minimum of two hours lab/

field work per weed. Thus, in a semester, a minimum of 16 contact hours
for theory and 32 contact hours for practical/tutorial work per credit is
required.

3.4 COURSE CURRICULUM

Regional language, may be a non-credit additional courses, wherever

necessary. However, NCC/NSS/Physical education should be a credit
course with 0+1 credit. The minimum credit requirement for an under-
graduate degree must be 161 credits including forestry work experience
and NCC/NSS/Physical education.

3.5 FORESTRY WORK EXPERIENCE

There will be a compulsory one semester forestry work experience pro-

grams with 20 credits to give first hand work experience to the would be
graduates.

3.6 EXAMINATION SYSTEM

The examination system will be a combination of 50% internal and 50%

external components.

3.7 GRADING

All universities would adopt 10 point grading with a minimum Average

Grade Point (AGP) of 5.00 for passing a subject and an Overall Grade
Point Average (OGPA) of 5.50 for completing the degree program.
4. Curriculum

As recommended by the Third Deans' Committee and endorsed by all

the concerned including Accreditation Board, the Total courses credits
are 161, with semester credits varying from 19-21, as detailed in follow-
ing sub-sections.

4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF COURSE CREDITS

A. Discipline-wise
SI. No. Discipline Course Weigh tage
Credits %
(Nos.)

1. Basic Sciences and Humanities 20 12.42

2. Agriculture and colsely related 44 27.33

disciplines

3. Forestry Sciences 97 60.25

Total 161 100.00

B. Semester-wise
Semester Credits Semester Credits

I 21 V 20

II 21 VI 20

III 19 VII 20

VI 20 VIII 20

4.2 DISTRIBUTION OF COURSES

A. Discipline-wise
1. Basic Sciences & Humanities
Structural and Spoken English
Introductory Economics (2+0)=2
 Basic mathematics (2+0)=2
Computer Science (2+l)=3
Elementary Statistics (2+l)=3
Plant Bio-Chemistry (2+l)=3
Agro Meteorology (1 + 1)=2
Forest Tribology & Anthropology (2+0)=2
Physical Education/NCC/NSS (0+1)=1

Total (14+6)=20 20

2) Agriculture and closely related courses

(1) Agricultural Engineering

Principles of Hydrology, Water
Conservation and Watershed management (2+l)=3 03

(2) Agricultural Entomology

Sericulture, Apiculture and Lac culture (2+l)=03 03

(3) Agricultural Extension Education

Extension Education and Communications (2+l)=3 03
Method

(4) Agricultural Microbiology

Soil Microbiology (2+l)=3 03

(5) Crop Physiology

Principles of Plant Physiology (2+l)=3 03

(6) Genetics and Plant Breeding

Elements of Genetics (2+l)=3 03

(7) Horticulture
Medicinal & Aromatic Crops (2+l)=03 03

(8) Biotechnology
Biotechnology (2+l)=3 03

(9) Environmental Science

Environmental Science (2+0)=2 02

(10) Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

Geology and Soil Science (2+l)=3
Fertility of Forest Soils & Nutrient Management (2+l)=3
 Problematic Soils & Wasteland Management (2+l)=3
Soil Survey, Land use & Remote Sensing (2+l)=3 12

(11) Wildlife and Range land Management

Fundamentals of Wildlife 2+1
Wildlife and Rangeland Management 2+1 06

Total (30+14) - 44 44

3) Forestry Sciences

(1) Agroforestry
Plantation Forestry (2+l)=3
Social and Agroforestry (2+l)=3 06

(2) Forest Biology

Dendrology (3+l)=4
World Forestry Systems (2+0)=2
Tree Physiology (2+l)=3
Forest Ecology and Biodiversity (2+l)=3
Tree Seed Technology (2+l)=3
Principles of Tree breeding & Improvement (2+l)=3
Ethnobotany (2+l)=3 21

(3) Forest Engineering

Survey, Mapping & Land Development (2+1J-3
Forest Mensuration (2+l)=3 06

(4) Forest Management

Forest Management Policy & Legislation (2+l)=3
Marketing & Trade of Forest Produce (2+1)=3 06

(5) Forest Protection

Forest Protection (2+l)=3
Forest Pathology (2+l)=3
Forest Entomology and nematology (2+l)=3 09

(6) Forest Utilization

Wood Anatomy (2+l)=3
Wood Science & Technology (2+1 )=3
Logging & Ergonomics (2+l)=3
Wood Products & Utilization (2+l)=3
Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products (2+l)=3 15
 (7) Silviculture
Principles of Silviculture (2+1)=3
Practices of Silviculture (2+1)=3
Silviculture of Trees & Shrubs (2+1)=3
Experimental Techniques in Forestry (2+l)=3
Silvicultural systems (2+0)=2 14

(8) Work Experience in Forestry Program

Work Experience in Forestry (0+20)=20 20

Total (53+44)=97 97

Grand Total (Credit hrs.) (97+64)=161 161

Percentage (60.35+39.75)=100.00

B. Semester-wise

Semester I
Structural and spoken English 1 + 1=2
Basic Mathematics 2+0=2
Introductory Economics 2+0=2
Elements of Genetics 2+1=3
Principle of Plant Physiology 2+1=3
Geology and Soil Science 2+1=3
Agrometeorology 1 + 1=2
Plant Biochemistry 2+1=3
Physical Education/NCC/NSS 0+1 = 1

14+7 = 21

Semester II
Soil Survey, Landuse and Remote Sensing 2+1=3
Principle of Tree Breeding and Improvement
Methods 2+1=3
Tree Physiology 2+1=3
Elementary Statistics 2+1=3
Soil Microbiology 2+1=3
Principles of Hydrology, Water Conservation and
Watershed Management 2+1=3
Forest Ecology and Biodiversity 2+1=3

14+7 = 21
Semester III
Fertility of Forest Soil and Nutrient Management 2+1=3
Biotechnology 2+1=3
Forest Engineering (Survey, mapping & 2+1=3
land development)
Dendrology 3+1=4
Principles of Silviculture 2+1=3
Computer Science 2+1=3

13+6 = 19

Semester IV
Forest Pathology 2+1=3
Forest Entomology and Nematology 2+1=3
Practices of Silviculture 2+1=3
Tree Seed Technology 2+1=3
Forest Tribology and Anthropology 2+0=2
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2+1=3
Forest Mensuration 2+1=3

14+6 = 20

Semester V
Fundamental of Wild Life 2+1=3
Silviculture Systems 2+0=2
Silviculture of Trees and Shrubs 2+1 =3
Enthnobotany 2+1=3
Wood Anatomy 2+1=3
Fore st Protection 2+1=3
Problematic Soil and Wasteland Management 2+1=3

14+6=20

Semester VI
Social and Agroforestry 2+1=3
Forest Management Policy and Legislation 2+1=3
Logging and Ergonomics 2+1=3
Wood Products and Utilisation 2+1=3
Plantation Forestry 2+1=3
Marketing and Trade of Forest Produce 2+1=3
World Forestry System 2+0=2

14+6 = 20
Semester VII
Extension Education and Communication 2+1=3
Method
Environmental Science 2+0=2
Sericulture, Apiculture and Lac Culture 2+1=3
Experimental Techniques in Forestry 2+1=3
Utilization of Non-Timber Products 2+1=3
Wood Science and Technology 2+1=3
Wild Life and Range land Management 2+1=3

14+6 = 20

Semester VIII
Work Experience in Forestry 0+20 = 20

Grand Total Credit hrs. (97+64) = 161

Per centage (60.25+39.75) = 100

5. Course Outlines

5.1 BASIC SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

5.1.1 Structural and Spoken English (1+1)

Tenses-General introduction to tenses-the concept of three tenses -
present, past & future - Usage of tenses in different contexts - regular
and irregular versb - sequence of tenses - conjugation.

The Passive Voice - the concept of active and passive form - Transitive
and intransitive verbs - The usage of passive voice and its importance -
conversion of active voice form into passive voice form and vice-versa.

Reported speech - The indirect speech and its importance in report writ-
ing. Prepositions - The essentiality and the use of prepositions-Detailed
discussion of prepositions in common usage. Common Grammatical er-
rors.

Introduction to different types of writings - descriptive, narrative and

technical writing. Spoken English - Introduction to spoken English -
Importance of Spoken English - Introduction to sounds - Vowels, conso-
nants and dipthongs - Intonation and its importance in Spoken English.

Chief fields of Journalism - News desk - News Selection and editing -

Headlines and lay-out. The art of reporting and its importance in jour-
nalism.

Practical
Exercises in tenses - conjugation, sequence, regular and irregular verbs
- voice - transitive and intransitive verbs, passive form in all tenses -
reported speech - prepositions - precise writing - sounds of English lan-
guage - vowels, consonants and diphthongs. Listening to sounds and
spoken English exercises with different intonation patterns - journalism
and reporting - exercises in technical writing.

5.1.2. Introductory Economics (2+0)

Introduction to economics - nature, scope and significance of econom-
ics. Basic concepts in economics - wants, utility value, price goods and
services, wealth and welfare methods of economics investigation.

Consumption - meaning of consumption, characteristics and classifica-

tion of wants Eagle's law of consumption, Law of Diminishing marginal
utility, Law of Equi-marginal utility, Consumers surplus. Demand-Law
 of demand, Elasticity of demand, Supply - Law of supply, elasticity of
supply, Determination of equilibrium price, types of markets.

Production - meaning of factors of production, Land meaning and its

characterstics, Efficiency of labour division of labour and specialization
- theories of population. Capital - meaning and its classification - capital
formation, Organization - functions of an enterpreneur.

Laws of Returns - different concepts of costs. Cost of production, differ-

ent concepts of costs and revenues, equilbrium of the firm economics of
scale.

Exchange : barter and money, definition, types and functions of money.

Value of money, inflation and deflation.

Distribution : marginal productivity theory of distribution, theories of

Rent, Wages interest and Profit. Tent-recardian theory of Rent. Quasi-
rent. Wages-nomina, real; and minimum wages. Interest - Gross and
net interest. Liquidity preference theory of interest. Profit - Gross and
net profit.

Business organization - sole propertietorship - partnership, joint

stockcompany, co-operative, state enterprise.

Public Finance - meaning and sources of public finance, public expendi-

ture, types of taxes, Cannons of taxation, budget of deficit financing.

5.1.3. Basic Mathematics 2+0

Theory of indices, Logarithms, Exponential functions; algebraic equa-
tions and their solutions linear and quadratic; concepts of permutations
and combination Matrices ad determinants, inverse of a matrix, appli-
cations of matrices and determinants. Concepts of continuity and differ-
entiation of functions of single independent variable. Definition and Dif-
ferentiation of Hyperbolic, Inverse Hyperbolic and Inverse Trigonometric
functions. Successive Differentiation, Leibnitz's Theorem, Maxime,
Mnime, Point of Inflex-ion, Applications to problems in Economics and
Forestry. Mean value theorems and applications. Functions of more than
one variable, partial differentiation. Euler's Theorem for homogeneous
functions. Higher order and mixed derivatives, Total differential, appli-
cations. Implicit and parametric differentiation.

Methods of integration, Integration of rational functions using partial

frections, Definite integrals, Reduction formulae applications to find the
areas, volumes, length of area of a curve, surface area of revolution.

Approximate integration, General Quadrature formulae, Simpsons 1/3

 rule. Simpsons 4/3 rule. Applications to find the areas of irregular fig-
ures.

5.1.4. Computer Science (2+1)

Number System - Decimal. Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number Sys-
tems. Introduction to the General Purpose Computer Systems - Input,
Output Devices, CPU, RAM, Peripheral devices and Storage devices. Dif-
ferent types of Computer systems - Multi user, Local Area Networks,
Wide Area Networks, Internet. Computer Hardware and Software. MS
DOS and Windows operating systems. Problem solving procedures, flow
charts.

Computer languages, compilers and interpreters. Introduction to Basic

language - Language Symbol set, variables, constants, arithmetic, rela-
tional and logical operations, Arithemetic, relational and logical expres-
sions. Arithmetic Statements. Input and Output Statements, Simple
programs in Basic. Flow of control statements. Subscripted variables,
Processing of one and two dimensional arrays. Computations of some
statistical measures on arrays and tables. Matrix operations. Functions
and Subroutines. Writing simple application software in agriculture.

Practical
Demonstration of working of the computer system, MS-DOS, MS-Win-
dows commands and utilities, basic programmes involving I/O state-
ments. Programmes using Looping statements and branching statements,
subscripted variables Arrays and table processing, functions, subrou-
tines. Writing sample software for agricultural problems.

5.1.5. Elementary Statistics (2+1)

Assignable and chance courses, population and sample data and ran-
dom variable. Frequency distributions, relative frequency distributions
and probability distributions. Parameters and statistics. Importance of
mean and variance as centre of gravity and moment of Inertia of data.
Bionomial, Poisson and Normal distributions. Importance of Normal dis-
tribution as error distribution and probability distribution.

Sampling distribution of mean, variance and ratio of variances - Chi-

square, F and 't' distributions. Principles of testing of hypothesis and
tests pertaining to parameters of one or two normal distributions - Chi-
square test of goodness of fit and independence of attributes. Analysis of
variance technique. Testing of hypothesis pertaining to parameters of
more than two normal populations.

Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Complete Block Design,

and Latin Square Design - under fixed, random and mixed effect models.
 Factorial Experiments and split plot design. Simple correlation and re-
gression.

Practical
Random sampling, Frequency distributions. Mean and Variance of data.
Sampling distribution of Mean and Variances. Sampling distribution of
ratio of variances. Fitting of distributions. Tests of Independence of at-
tributes. Tests of Mean and Variance and ratio of variances of two nor-
mal populations. Simple aspects of CRD, RCBD, LSD and split-plot de-
signs. Simple Correlation and Regression.

5.1.6 Plant Biochemistry (1+1)

Chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic ac-
ids, alkaloids and phenolics. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Hexose
monophosphate shunt pathway, photosynthesis, glyoxylate cycle, pro-
tein biosynthesis, nucleic acid biosynthesis.

Enzymes and coenzymes. Biological oxidation, Electron transport chain

and oxidative phosphorylation. Biological nitrogen fixation. Mineral me-
tabolism.

Practical
Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins and
nucleic acids. Quantitative estimation of reducing and total sugars, free
phenols, orthodihydroxy phenols, tannins and soluble proteins by FCR
and burette methods and crude protein by micro-kjeldhal's method.
Titrimetric estimation of sponification and iodine numbers, organic ac-
ids and ascorbic acid.

5.1.7. Agro Meteorology (1+1)

Weather and climate, branches of meteorology.

Layers of atmosphere, Insolation, Solar constant, Sunspot cycle. Air tem-

perature Profiles, energy transformation, stability, instability. Atmos-
pheric pressure, isobars, global pressure and wind belts, cyclones and
anticyclones. Atmospheric moisture, evaporation and condensation.
Clouds and their classification, precipitation types, artificial rain mak-
ing, precipitation characteristics - long time and short time. Hydrologic
cycle. Summer and winter monsoon. Geographical distribution of rain-
fall in India and Karnataka. Cycles in precipitation. Weather forecast-
ing, satellite meteorology, conventional method. Agricultural meteorol-
ogy, agroclimatic classification. Ozone hole and global warming, climatic
change.

Practical
The principles and use of important meteorological instruments used in
 recording weather elements. Plotting and drawing isolines of rainfall,
pressure etc., in Karantaka.

5.1.8. Forest Tribology and Anthropology (2+0)

Contents are listed under the Department of Forest Management

5.1.9. Physical Education /NSS/NCC (0+1)

Physical Education
Meaning of Physical Education, scope and importance. Foundation of
Physical Education: Sociological, Psychological and Physiological. Tour-
naments and competition: Definition, Types of Tournaments: Single knock
- out and consolation, League, combination, challenge or perpetual leader
and pyrami. Physical fitness and Health Education. Construction and
laying out of the track and field, Olympics, Asian and Common Wealth
and national games etc. Yoga and Asanas. Rules of various games: Foot-
ball, Basketball, Kabaddi, Badminton, Table Tennis, Asanas etc. In ad-
dition, other suitable games for girls like Tennikoit, Throw balls etc.
should be arranged.

National Social Service (NSS)

The course aims at evoking social consciousness among students through
various activities, viz. working together, constructive and creative social
work, increasing knowledge about self and community, contribution in
solving social problems, to be skillful in executing democratic leader-
ship, developing skill in program formulation for self employment, re-
ducing gap between educated and uneducated, arousing desire to help
weaker sections of society.

Activities will include improvement in environment, health, family wel-

fare, nutrition status, social status of women etc. The students will also
be involved in program like social service, production oriented programs,
emergencies and disaster management, education and culture.

National Credit Corps (NCC)

Wherever boys/girls battalions are existing or can be established, inter-
ested boys/girls will undergo NCC training as per the all India pattern of
NCC Directorate.

5.2 AGRICULTURAL AND CLOSELY RELATED DISCIPLINES

5.2.1. Agricultural Engineering

Principles of Hydrology, Water Conservation and Watershed
Management (2+1)

Introduction, Hydrological cycle, Rainfall-runoff process, infiltration,

water holding capacity of soils, free water, field capacity, capillary water,
 hygroscopic water, ground water, evaporation & transpiration, runoff
and factors affecting runoff, soil erosion, types of soil erosion, factors
affecting soil erosion, Aquifers, its types, hydraulics of well.

Watershed: definition, delineation of watersheds, watershed manage-

ment, its objectives, component, pre-requisites for soil & water conser-
vation measures. Estimating soil loss, Universal soil loss equation, meth-
ods of soil conservations soil conservation structures, contour bunding,
graded bunding, broad base terraces, bench terraces, waterways, meth-
ods of land levelling, its cost estimation.

Irrigation: Water application methods, borderstrips, checkbasin, sprin-

kler & drip system. Drainage, types of drainage systems, streamflow,
stream gauging, floods & its control measures. Sedimentation,
hydrographs, water harvesting structures.

Practical
Study of hydrological equipment, measurement and analysis of rainfall
data, measurement of irrigation water by various methods, estimation
of runoff. Measurement of evaporation from evaporimeter, infiltration
test on barren soil and forest soil with vegetation. Demarcation of water-
shed, Design and Drawing of different soil & water conservation struc-
tures. Study of surface and subsurface drains. Study of drip and sprin-
kler irrigation systems. Visit to watershed area.

5.2.2. Agricultural Entomology

Sericulture, Apiculture and Lac culture (2+1)
Economic importance of insects and beneficial insects - predators, in-
sect pathogens parasitoids, Insect pathogens, pollinators, weed killers
and scavengers.

Sericulture: History and development of sericulture in the world and in

India; scope and importance. Importance and cultivation practices of
mulberry. Environment for silkworm rearing. Morphology and biology of
cultivated silkworms. Rearing techniques for Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and
Muga silkworms. Marketing and reeling of cocoons.

Apiculture: Importance, history and development of bee keeping. Spe-

cies of honey bees and their distribution. Biology and behaviour of honey
bees. Bee pasturage. Communication in bees. Natural enemies of honey
bees and their management. Starting of bee keeping - precautions, ob-
taining bees, inspection of colony and management of bees. Products
and by-products of Apiculture and their uses.

Lac Culture: Biology and behaviour of lac insect, host plants, lac culti-
vation, natural enemies of lac insect, manufacture of shellac and its
uses.
nnn
Practical
Study of insect predators, parasitoids, pathogens pollinators, weed kill-
ers and scavengers. Study of host plants of mulberry and non-mulberry
silkworms; external morphology, anatomy and life stages of mulberry
silkworm. Preparing rearing house and rearing equipment for silkworm.
Improved rearing techniques for mulberry silkworms. Study of life stages
and rearing techniques for non-mulberry silkworms; grainage techniques
for mulberry and non-mulberry silkworms; natural enemies of silkworms;
defective cocoons and silk reeling techniques. Economics of sericulture.
Study of external morphology and different species of honey bees; bee
keeping appliances and natural enemies of honey bees; life history of lac
insect and their natural enemies; lac products. Visit to cocoon market,
grainage, silk reeling unit and Apiary. Field visits to collect insects.

Note: Each student has to collect twenty five different productive and
beneficial insects and take up rearing of productive insects.

5.2.3, Agricultural Extension Education

Extension Education and Communication Methods (2+1)
Extension Education - meaning, definition, objectives, principles, phi-
losophy and characterstics. Types of education - formal, informal, non-
formal and distance education. History of extension education. Early
efforts in extension education and txtension services in some selected
countries. Extension programmes of ICAR, Agricultural Universities and
Department of Agriculture and Department of Forestry. Approach to for-
est extension. Major elements involved in forest extension. The process
and principles of forest extension. Rural Development: meaning, defini-
tion and objectives. Role of forest extension in rural development. JFPM
its role in forest management. Target oriented rural development pro-
grammes IRDP, CADA, TRYSEM, JRY, SFDA and MFAL.

Communication - meaning, definition and elements of communication.

Basic models of communication. Extension teaching - steps in teaching
and principles of teaching. Extension methods - meaning & Classifica-
tion according to form & use. Study of important individual extension
methods. Planning and use of teaching methods. Factors influencing
the selection and use of extension methods.

Audio-visual-aids-meaning, classification and importance of A.V. aids

in forestry extension. Study of poster, chart, graph, flash card, flannel
graph, chalk board, bulletin board etc., Factors influencing the selec-
tion & use of A.V. aids.

Management and administration: meaning, definition and differences.

Principles and function of management, Voluntary organisation and their
role in forest and rural development. Human Resource Development
 (HRD). Role of extension education in H.R.D. Peoples' participation in
forest and rural development-definition and importance. Motivation for
peoples' participation in forestry programs.

Practical
Study of organisational structure and functions of the Department of
forestry Karanataka State. Visits to - Dept. of Forestry, to Directorate of
Extension, UAS, Dharwad; to taluka panchayat; to an voluntary organi-
sation (NGO). Discussion with foresters at village level. Discussion in
the class on the extension programmes and approaches followed by
Government and Voluntary Organisation (NGO). Visit to a training insti-
tute /KVK.

Distortion of information in the communication process. Lettering prin-

ciples, colouring and drawing techniques. Planning and preparation of
A-V aids on latest recommended forest technologies.

Developing a schedule to collect information from farmers/beneficiaries

about ongoing development programs. Visit to villages to study the pro-
grams implemented by the department of forestry. Class room discus-
sions about the forestry programs and identifying the extension gap/
problems.

5.2.4. Agricultural Microbiology

Soil Micorbiology 2+1
Soil environment, ecological conditions in soil organisms-Bacteria,
Actinomycetes, Fungi, Algae, Protozoas and Viruses. Transformation in
soil-carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur and other mineral trans-
formations. Interactions. Interactions and relationship of soil organisms
and biological equiligrium, rhizosphere, symbiois, parasitism, antibiosis,
succession and climax communities and predation soil enzymes and
soil biochemicals. Study of representative soil organisms and their ac-
tivities.

Practical
Enumeration of different kinds of microorganisms in the soil. Study of
Rhizobium x Legume association, nodulation and isolation of Rhizobium.
Study of Ecto and Endomycorrhiza. Decomposition of leaf litter - study
of Microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling, mushroom cultivation.

5.2.5. Crop Physiology

Principles of Plant Physiology (2+1)
Definition - its significance and utility. Plant-water relations. Plant and
environmental factors affecting absorption and translocation of water.
Role of stomata, factors affecting stomatal conductance, use of anti-
transpirants; drought and its effects on crop growth and yield. Physi-
 ological aspects of micro and macro nutrients and mechanisms of nutri-
ent uptake. Carbon metabolism in plants. Significance of C3, C4 and
CAM photosynthesis and their relationship with crop productivity. Role
of enzymes in plant metabolism. Nitrogen metabolism and crop produc-
tivity.

Plant growth substances: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene,

ABA and other phenolic compounds and physiological significance. Res-
piration and its path ways. Concept of morphogenesis. Photoperiodism,
phytochrome, seed viability and dormancy. Factors affecting
photoperiodicity in plants. Herbicides : mode of action. Post harvest
physiology.

Practical
Standard solutions: Preparation and calculation. Studies on membrance
permeability Absorption and translocation of water. Stomata-types and
characters in different tree species and their behaviour. Distribution of
stomata and measurements of stomatal conductance. Measurement of
transpiration in different tre species. Measurement of transpiration us-
ing steady state Porometer/Lysimeter under field conditions. Plant wa-
ter stress and its measurement. Impact of water stress on physiological
processes. Principles of nutrient solutions and their preparations. Stud-
ies on various deficiency symptoms of nutrients in plants. Estimation of
photosynthetic pigments. Anatomy of C3, C4 and CAM plants. Measure-
ment of photosynthetic rate using IRGA/photosynthesis system. Dem-
onstration of the effect of growth promoters on plants. Demonstration of
the effect of growth inhibitors on plants. Studies on seed dormancy.
Studies on seed viability and seedling vigour.

5.2.6. Genetics and Plant Breeding

Elements of Genetics (2+1)
Brief history of classical and modern concepts of genetics and
cytogenetics. Structural basis of heredity: cell, nucleus, chromosome
structure and functions - chromosomal theory of inheritance; cell divi-
sion-mitosis, meiosis. Gametogenesis and syngamy in plants and ani-
mals. Functional basis of heredity: Mendelian inheritance-Mendel's laws-
mono, di and trigenic ratios; modifications of Mendelian inheritance,
environment, intra and intergenic interactions, polygenic inheritance.
Multiple alleles and complex locus. Linkage, recombination and genetic
mapping, sex linkage and sex determination. Non-Mendelian inherit-
ance: maternal effects and maternal inheritance.

Chemical basis of heredity: Nucleic acids as genetic material, their struc-

ture and function-genetic code, protein synthesis, gene regulation. Vari-
ations in heredity: mutation, structural and numberical variations in
chromosomes, their genetic and evolutionary consequences with exam-
ples from plants and animals.
 Plant microscopic techniques: Microscopy, prefixation-fixation-staining-
squash and smear techniques; preparation of permanent slides of mi-
totic and meiotic stages. Probability and test of significance. Study of
mono, di, trihybrid ratios in segregating populations. Intra and intergenic
interaction, polygenic inheritance. Multiple alleles and complex locus.
Linkage and sex linked inheritance. Study of polytene chromosomes of
Drosophila.

5.2.7. Horticulture
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (2+1)
Scope, opportunities and constraints for the cultivation and maintenance
of Spices, Medicinal Aromatic plants and Orchids in India.

Importance, origin, distribution, area, production, varieties, climatic and

soil requirements, propagation and nursery techniques, planting and
after care, cultivation practices such as training and pruning, nutri-
tional and water requirements, plant protection. Harvesting and process-
ing of under mentioned important species. Extraction, use and econom-
ics of drugs and essential oils. Therapeutic and pharamaceutical uses of
important species.

Spices: Pepper, Cardomum, nutmeg, cinnamom, garcinia, tamarind, all

spice, ginger, turmeric, periwinkle.

Medicinal Plants : Periwinkle, Rauvolfia, Dioscorea, isabgol, senna,

datura, Ammi majus, Belladonna, cinchona, Pyrethrun and other spe-
cies relevant to the local conditions.

Aromatic plants: Citronella grass, khus grass, sweet flag (baje), laven-
der, geranium patchouli, bursera, mentha, musk, ocimum and other
species relevant to the local conditions.

Orchids: Endangered Medicinal and Aromatic plants and Orchids of In-

dia and their conservation.

Practical
Spices and medicinal plants-morphological description, identification,
varieties, collection of specimens from natural habitat. Study of nursery
techniques including training and pruning. Harvesting, curing and
processing techniques. Plant parts used and extraction procedures. Visit
to a near by medicinal/aromatic plantation area; nursery; Ayurvedic
hospitals.

5.2.8 Biotechnology (2+1)

Pre-history and the scientific developments in basic sciences leading to
 modern biotechnology. Scope and importance of biotecnology in agricul-
ture and industry.

Plant tissue culture: The concept of 'cell totipotency' its meaning.

Experimentsleading to the demonstration of cell totipotency in plants -
continuous root, organ and callus/cell cultures - development of nutri-
ent media and growth regulators.

Embryo culture: Mature and immature embryo culture, rescue of abor-

tive hybrid embryos, uses of embryo culture in plant improvement,
germplasm collection and exchange, Callus and cell.

Cultures: Phase properties, induction of callus/cell cultures, their main-

tenance and plant regeneration. Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation
in cultured cells and regenerated plantsand their utility. In vivo selec-
tion, production of secondary metabolites (compounds of medicinal value
in cell cultures. Anther/pollen culture: characteristics of haploid
sporophytes and their uses in plant improvement. Culture of anther/
pollen for the production of haploid and doubled haploid plants.

Protoplast culture: Isolation of plant protoplasts, their properties. Cul-

ture of protoplasts and their uses; somatic hybrids, cybrids. Organelle
and gene transfer using plant protoplasts.

Genetic engineering: Review on genetic material. Central dogma of biol-

ogy, dogma processes and their control. Essentials of PAGE and agarose
gel electrophoresis. Examples of gene regulation in prokaryotes. Gene
cloning: requirements of gene cloning-common enzymes used as mo-
lecular tools. Cloning vectors; ideal vectors - plasmid, phage and other
vectors. Transformation, selection of recombinants and construction of
genomic libraries. Isolation and cloning coding part of eukaryotic genes
- cDNA cloning.

Application of genetic engineering: Genotyping plants and animals. DNA

finger printing and its uses. Disease diagnosis and indexing. Engineered
microbes and production of componds of industrial and food value, phos-
phate solubilization. Expression of eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes and
the production of insulin, growth harmone, etc.

Transgenics: Transgenic plants and animals - Uses and examples.

Biofarming with genetically engineered plants and animals for bioactive
compounds.

Practical
Introduction to basic skills in plant tissue culturing. Protoplast isola-
tion. Electrophoresis, Visits to leading tissue culture laboratories.
5.2.9 Environmental Science
Environmental Science (2+0)
Environment- Definition, meaning, components of environment, Defor-
estation and its effects on ecosystem. Air, Water, Industrial and land
pollution, assessment of these pollution on tree species and animals.

The impact of Man's activity on the natural environment, assessmet of

slash and burn cultivation, encroachment of forests for agriculture, com-
mercial exploitation of forest resources, phases of forest destruction.

From ecology to economy - Man's exploitative interaction with nature.

Tropical forests and their conservation forest cover, deforestation,
desertification, afforestation, social forestry, agroforestry, forest conser-
vation through law, reserve forests, world conservation strategies, na-
tional conservation strategies. Remote sensing and applications in moni-
toring the environment.

Practical
Visits to different industries to assess their effect on pollution, monitor-
ing of pollutants in agricultural ecosystems. Assessment of air pollution
on tree species. Effect of industrial effluents on crop plants and tree
species. Compostng of various wastes using organisms. Evaluation of
plant, animal, microbial communities in terrestrial and aquatic environ-
ment. Adoptive mechanisms in halophytes, mesophytes, hydrophytes
and exrophytes. Studies on vegetation cover and influence over local
environment, purification of industrial effluents and wastes.

5.2.10 Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

(1) Geology and Soil Science (2+1)
Importance and scope of Soil Science, concept and definition of soil,
volme components of a mineral soil. Study of soil forming rocks and
minerals, weathering, soil forming factors and processes. Soil profile -
horizon differentiation and development. Physical properties of soil viz.
texture, structure, PD, BD, porosity specific surface area, Atterberg lim-
its, infilration and hydraulic conductivity, soil aggregation and soil tilth
etc. Soil water - soil moisture classification, soil moisture constants, soil
water movements, soil moisturerelease characteristics. Soil air - its com-
position, means of soil air characterization viz., ODR, Redox potential.
Soil temperature and its importance. Soil erosion classification, factors
affecting erosion and erosion control measures.

Soil colloids - definition, nature and properties of inorgaic and orgaic

colloids, silicate clays - their structure and properties, origin of charges
on soil colloids, caution exchange and anion exchange phenomena in
relation to nutrient availability. Soil reaction - soil pH and its relation to
nutrient availability and plant growth.
Practical
Identification and properties of soil forming rocks and minerals, study of
soil profile in field, soil sampling and preparation of soil sample for analy-
sis, mechanical analysis of soil, determination of BD and PD, determi-
nation of soil moisture by gravimetric method, determination of infiltra-
tion and hydraulic conductivity, determination of aggregate stability.
Determination of soil pH, EC, water sample cations and anions, deter-
mination of exchangeable cations and CEC. Visit to watershed.

(2) Fertility of Forest Soils and Nutrient Management (2+1)

Introduction: Forest soils Vs cultivations soils; Develoment of soil profiles
under different forest ecocystems; Essential nutrients of plants-criteria
of essentiality and classification. Macro and micro nutrients,
theirfunctions and diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies - visual symptoms,
plant tissue analysis, soil tests etc. Humus: Importance of humus; clas-
sification, chemical and biological properties of humus. Nutrient cycling
in forest soils. Geochemicals and biological nutrient cycling - gains and
losses of nutrient elements - nutrient retention and distribution.

Fertilizers: Classification and properties of important nitrogenous, phos-

phatic and potassic fertilizers, carriers of secondary and micronutrients,
behaviour of fertilizers in soil, method and time of application fertilizer
use efficiency in forest soils. Integrated Nutrient Management concept.

Practical
Study of forest soil profiles. Collection and preparation of soil samples.
Determination of pH and EC. Determination of organic carbon content,
N content, available K content of forest soils. Plant analysis for nutrient
contents. Qualitative tests for fertilizers.

(3) Problematic Soils and Wasteland Management (2+1)

Introduction, definition, status and extent of non-arable land. Classifi-
cation of prolematic soils. Acid soils - nature and sources of acidity,
harmful effects of soil acidity on nutrient availability and plant growth,
buffering capacity of soils and its significance, ameleoration of acid soils,
liming and liming materials. Chemistry of acid sulphate soils and Ghazni
lands - thei chemistry and management.

Salt affected soils - classification, formation and properties of salt af-

fected soils. Reclamation of salt affected soils - salt balance, chemical
amendments for alkali soils, Leaching requirement and other manage-
ment practices. Classification of Waste lands, marshy and swampy lands,
rocky hills, rocky plains, fnurrammy soils, sandy soils. Sites with super-
ficial impervious hard pa. Eroded ravines and gullies. Degraded forest
lands, various techniques of afforestation of waste land. Trees species
suitable for different types of waste lands. Afforestation and reclamation
 of mined sites in open area and in forests.

Stabilization of tailing dumps and prevention of dust pollution. Cultiva-

ble waste lands and their afforestation measures. Non-cultivable waste-
lands and afforestation remedies.

Practical
Study of profiles in problematic soils, Active acidity and potential acid-
ity, Lime requirement, characterization of salt affected soils, leaching
requirement, Gypsum requirement. Study of tree species suitable for
different waste lands. Exercises on skeletal soils and their afforestation.
Study of cultivable and non-cultivable waste lands, ravines etc.

(4) Soil Survey, Land Use and Remote Sensing (2+1)

Scope and objectives of soil survey, types of soil survey, Reconaissance
and detail soil surveys. Land evaluation concepts. Land capability and
suitability classification, Land suitability evaluation for different forest
species.

Scope and objectives of forest survey, forest sampling methods, perma-

nent sample plots, sample size allocation models.

Aerial photography and remote sensing - definition, principles, scope,

merits and their interpretation.

Use of remote sensing in forestry: Status monitoring, fire, vegetation cover

classification and mapping, species identification, height and volume
estimation.

Identification of tree species and their forms, stand delineation and for-
est protection, Interpretation of land forms and soils, use of micro level
survey of farm forests, large scale photos in forest inventory, regenera-
tion mapping; sitre selection.

Imagery and image analysis: Visual interpretation of fees and digital image
analysis with the assistance of computers. Introduction to Geographic
Information systems. Computer softwares used in GIS.

Practical
Study of base maps - Cadestral maps and Toposheets of different scale.
Study of aerial photographic-texture and tonal differentiation. Study of
soil maps on different scales and mapping units. Visit to permanent
sampling plots. Exercises on light - Spectral characters, Study of
equipments used in aerial photography, Case studies - Aerial photogra-
phy application in forestry atellite imagery application in forestry, geo-
 graphic information system applications in forestry, Computer software
used in GIS.

5.2.11 Wild life and Rangeland Management

(1) Fundamentals of Wild-life (2+1)
Introduction. Definition of wildlife, free-living, captive, domesticated and
feral animals/cultivated plants. Justifications for wildlife conservation :
uses, values and negative impacts of wildlife.

Brief and broad overview of classification of organisms : Microbes, Plants,

invertebrates and lower vertebrates till division or phylum level with
characters, examples, and abundance of their species in India and world.

Zoogeographic regions and biomes of the world. Notable characteristic

wildlife in different biomes vis a vis zoogeographic regions of the world.
India's uniqueness in biodiversity; reasons. Biology, ecology and distri-
bution of Indian wildlife : Indian fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals. Their evolutionary relations on time scale. Their classifica-
tion till order or families with mention of notable genera and species,
their biology and distinct features, a broad overview of their distribution
in India and adjacent regions, and environmental factors determining
their distribution. Biogeographic classification of India; Notable charac-
teristic wildlife in these biogeographic zones.
Biological basis of wildlife management. Basic requirements of wildlife-
food, water, cover and space. Limiting factors. Habitat interpersion, edge
effect, Management relevance.

Wildlife behaviour: Food habits. Territory, homerange, communication.

Mating systems, breeding behaviour, litter and clutch size. Evolutionary
and behavioural adaptations to environment : prey-predator strategies,
aestivation, hibernation, diapause, camouflage, mimicry etc. Migration
and dispersal. Density related behaviour. Habitat use. Time activity
budget. Management relevance.

Wildlife ecology: Relevance of basic ecological concepts such as foodchain,

foodweb, ecological pyramids, habitat, niche, carrying capacity, density,
r and k selection, wildlife-vegetation relations in space and sucession,
biotic potential and environmental resistance, prey-predator relations,
population dynamics (stable and cyclic), theory of island biogeography
etc. in wildlife management and conservation.
Practical
Identification and study of wildlife in zoo/captivity. Bird watching : use
of field guides and binoculars : preparing check lists. Field study and
 identification of wildlife in different habits; successional relations: pre-
paring checklists. Mapping biogeographic classification and character-
istic wildlife in India. Mapping biogeographic classification and charac-
teristic wildlife in India. Studying wildlife behaviour and adaptations in
field.
(2) Wildlife and Rangeland Management (2+1)
Hisatory of wildlife management and conservation in India; Cultural
background.

Wildlife utilization : Optimum use, ranching and farming, surplus, har-

vesting, Control of wildlife populations, culling, Taxidermy.

Wildlife census: purpose, principles, practices and tools. Inventorying

and monitoring habitat conditions - purpose and techniques. Provision
of water, saltlicks and food.
Wildlife damage control: Mitigating human-wildlife conflicts - fences,
trenches, walls, lure crops, repellents, translocation, compensation, edu-
cation and extension.

Caputre: purpose and planning - trapping, netting, chemical capture

etc. Telemetry: purpose, equipments and techniques. Marking and tag-
ging. Individual identification. Healthcare: common diseases, prophy-
lactic measures.

Captive wildlife: Rules and regulations. Zoos and safari parks. Values
and utilities. Captive breeding for conservation. Central Zoo Authority.

Causes for extinction of wildlife: remote and recent. Rare, Endangered

and threatened biota of India; distribution, status and causes of threat.
Endangered wildlife of the world.

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Salient features. Protected Areas - Na-

tional Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Closed Areas. Schedules. Special projects
for wildlife conservation : Project Tiger, Project Elephant and others.
Introduction and reintroduction of species. Wildlife corridors. Zoning -
core, buffer, tourism and multiple use - in protected areas. Tourism and
interpretation.

Agencies and programmes involved in wildlife conservation - govern-

mental and NGOs; national and international. Red Data Book, catego-
ries of threat. CITES. Education and extension.
Conservation: meaning, principles and strategies; keystone and flagship
species; in situ and ex situ conservation. Conserving Biodiversity and
 natural resources. Biosphere Reserves. Politics - socio-economics - hu-
man ecology, lifestyle, population vis a vis conservation.

Rangeland Management: Introduction, definition and scope. Environmen-

tal factors determining rangelands. Manmacle and natural rangelunds.
Rangelands in different biomes of the world; their characteristics. India
rangelands : Origin, distribution, characteristics, status and manage-
ment.

Ecological concepts relevant in rangeland management. Range inven-

tory, sampling and evaluation. Assessing range conditions: purposes,
principles and techniques. Grazing capacity. Impact of grazing on for-
ests, soils and water.

Range management: Topography, species, density, grazing intensity and

seasons for grazing. Planned grazing systems, Rangeland manipulation
and improvement.

Wildlife and rangelands. Multiple use of rangelands.

Practical
Rapid habitat assessment techniques. Habitat evaluation and monitor-
ing techniques. Visit to protected area and studying management prac-
tices. Studying habitat management and Manipulation techniques. Study
of wildlife damages and techniques to control them. Study of capturing,
marking identifying and telemetry. Study of management practices in
zoo/captivity. Exercises on wildlife census techniques. Study of plants
and rangelands used to different intensities; indicators. Plant, rangeland
and animal conditions as indicators of range quality. Study of planned
grazing systems.

5.3 FORESTRY SCIENCES

5.3.1 Agroforestry
(1) Plantation Forestry (2+1)
Introduction. Definition of energy plantations. Energy and economic
growth. Classification of energy sources. Wood as a source of energy.
Forest as a renewable source of energy. Characteristics of fire wood trees.
Efficient use of fire wood (suitable trees for energy planting). Chulahs
and wood stoves. Wood energy conservation methods. Non-conventional
energy sources. Biogas. Energy savings in industry and houses. Agricul-
tural residues as fuel. Integrated energy planning. Cowdung burning -
problem and remedies. Block plantation. Strip plantations. Tree species
suitable for different agroclimatic zones.
Practical
Study of important fuel wood tree species; different high density energy
plantations; Block plantations; energy consumption pattern in rural and
urban areas; different chulahs and stoves, design and construction; Astra
Chulah and its impact; Biogas plants. Visits to nuclear power static;
wind energy station. Energy consumption survey in rural areas among
small farmers, marginal farmers, big farmers and agricultural labour-
ers. Determination of calorific value, moisture content and ash content
of fuel woods and agricultural residues.

(2) Social and Agro-forestry (2+1)

Social forestry - Definition, concept, and objectives. Components of So-
cial Forestry: timber, firewood, fodder and fibre - present needs and
f u t u r e demands. Afforestation of river banks, canal banks, main chan-
nels, tanks and reservoirs, railway lines, highways, avenues, sandy coasts
and deserts. Command area and Canal lands. People's participation in
social forestry programmes. Forestry extension - role of industries, banks,
voluntary agencies, rural youth and women, and students in afforesta-
tion. Peoples' movement - organizations involved in social forestry pro-
gramme.

Urban forestry- Definition. Climate ameleoration. Polution control meas-

ures. Trees suitable for urban forestry, landscaping and architectural
areas. Control of epiphytes in buildings. Afforestation in picnic corners,
museum and historical places. Management and maintenance of rec-
reation forests. Tourism and forestry.

Farm forestry - definition, history. Farm woodlots. Drland and wetland

farm forestry. High density plantations.

Agroforestry : Indian agriculture - its structure and constraints, land

use planning. Agroforestry: definition, objective, different agroforestry
systems - wind breaks shelterbelts, contour bund planting, stream and
river bank planting, multipurpose hedge planting, etc. Rain interception
by trees altering local microclimate, tree crop interaction. Multipurpose
trees species, desirable characters of trees in agroforestry. Tree row di-
rection in agroforestry and management. Economics of agroforestry.

Practical
Study of the following : fuel wood and fodder species suitable for social
forestry; moisture and temperature variations in agroforestry systems;
light measurements under tree and open areas; effect of various tree
species on other components of agroforestry; agroforestry practices by
farmers under dryland, assured rainfall, high rainfall, hilly regions, and
irrigation situations; block and strip plantations; shelterbelts; crown
measurement of different tree specieS; multipurpose trees on live bunds;
 wind breaks in agroforestry systems. Surveying shelterbelts and their
effects on crop productivity. Economic analysis of data from agroforestry
studies; forest nursery management. Visit to Kisan nurseries.

Note: Presentation and submission of report on Agroforestry.

5.3.2 Forest Biology

(1) Dendrology (3+1)
Scope of dendrology, importance of tree taxonomy in forestry. Under-
standing of vegetative morphology in identification of woody flora of for-
ests. The forms of tree stems, twigs, general form of woody trunk and
deviations like buttresses, flutes, crooks, etc.

Floristics and procedures. Herbarium techniques, collection processing

and preservation of plant material. General study of herbarium, aboretum,
and xylariums. Description of the plants in scientific terms, study of
spot characteristics of plants. Systematic identification of seeds, seed-
ling, trees, and wood in field.

Study of following families as survey of forest resources. Dilleniaceae,

Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Guttiferae, Dipterocarpaceae, Malvaceae,
Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Anacardiaceae,
Sapindaceae, Leguminosae, Combretaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Myrtaceae,
Lythraceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Apocynanceae,
Verbenaceae, Lauraceae, Santalaceae, Euphorabiaceae, Ccisuriaceae,
Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Cupressaceae Taxaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae,
Arecaceae.

Geographical distribution of important Indian native trees, exotic trees.

Endemism, Allelopathy with respect to Indian forest flora. Moderen trends
in Dendrology.

Practical
Morphological description of plant parts, and method of collection of
plants. Technique of preparing herbarium sheets. Study of woody flora
covered in the theory.

(2) World Forestry System (2+0)

Geographical distribution of forests and their classification, critical ex-
amination of the world forest resources, productivity potential and in-
crement of world forests.

Survey of areas and economically most important forest species of tropi-

cal forests, laurel and thorny forests; forest resources and forestry prac-
tices in different regions of the World - Western Europe, North America,
 Central Africa, Australia, Central America, Russia, Japan, and China;
special problems of exploration of tropical forests.

The general problems of forest development and economy: special prob-

lems regarding industries in the developed and developing countries.
The management of national parks and preservation of endangered spe-
cies. The tribal population of the World.

Recent trends in forestry development in the world, International For-

estry Organizations.

(3) Tree Physiology (2+1)

Definition and scope; growth and development. Growth movements.
Physiological functions and processes in trees. Environmental effects on
growth and development of tree species. Plant phyllotaxis and their im-
portance in translocation. Light use efficiency in forest species - canopy
structure and the plant light environment. Radiation interception. LAl.
Photosynthetic efficiency and source sink relationship. Long distance
transport in plant water relations, photosynthesis; Factors affecting pho-
tosynthesis and respiration. Studies on seed dormancy, viability and
vigour in tree species. Role of trees in dealing air pollution. Plant resist-
ance to air pollution; green house effect. Physiological changes associ-
ated with senescence and abscission. Allelopathy in trees.

Practical
Measurement of growth in seedlings, linear growth in tree species.
B i o m e t r i c m e a s u r e m e n t s of plant growth. Estimation of
evapotranspiration. Measurement of water use efficiency in trees. Pat-
tern of light interception in different canopy architecture. Meausrement
of light use efficiency in tree species using plant efficiency analysis and
light quantum sensors. Growth as influenced by different spectral bands
in visible light. Source-Sink relationship in plants. Study of translocation
in plants. Effect of growth promoters, retardants on plants. Use of bio-
cicles in tree species. Studies on senescence in tree species. Regulation
of senescence in tree species using agrochemicals.

(4) Forest Ecology and Biodiversity

Historical development of ecology as a science. Concept of levels of bio-
logical organization. Ecosystem: classification; distribution. Forest envi-
ronment: Major abiotic and biotic components and their interaction.
Nutrient cycling. Energy, trophiclevels, food webs, ecological pyramids
and energy flow.

Poplation ecology: Definition of population, population dynamics and

carrying capacity. Preparation of life tables and its importance in forest
management.
 Community ecology: Species interactions. Ecotone. Ecological succes-
sion: terminology, basic conepts, climax vegetation types, methods to
study; effects of forest management on succession. Island Biogeogra-
phy. Autecology of important tree species.

Biodiversity and Conservation: meaning, levels of study, distribution of

diversity in life forms, hotspots of biodiversity. Measurement of diveristy:
diversity indices. Management of biodiversity. Principles of conservation
biology; Ex situ and In situ methods of conservation. Genetical and Evo-
lutionary principles in conservation. Concept of rarity in plants. IUCN
classification of rare/endangered plants. Biosphere concept. Conserva-
tion efforts in India and worldwide.

Practicals
Estimating productivity of a site. Sampling techniques in Ecology. Ef-
fects of fire on forest ecosystem. Study of population dynamics using
model systems. Preparation of life tables. Allelopathic interactions in
forestry species. Study of spatial dispersion among plants. Study of plant-
pollinator interactions as model system for species interactions. Study
of forest composition. Niche analysis. Computation of diversity indices.
Measurement of diversity of plants and insects in a nearby forest. Study-
ing succession in field and water bodies. Visit to different ecosystems.
Use of GIS (Geo information system) for biodiversity and conservation.

(5) Tree Seed Technology (2+1)

Introduction. Seed and its importance - Afforestation activity and seed
requirements in India and Karnataka-Exchange of tree seeds-Forestry
seed Research - Role of seed technology in tree production.

Tree seed production techniques, identification of areas-seed orchards,

maintenance of genetic purity-isolation and rouging Seed source-spe-
cies, provenance and stands. Selection of seed tree-genotypic and
phenotypic selection, plus tree, pure stand, elite seed tree, isolated tree
and their location. Locality factors.

Seed collection-planning and organizing, collection methods, factors af-

fecting seed collection, seed maturity and tests. Seed processing: ex-
traction, drying, blending, cleaning, grading, treating, bagging, labeling
and storage.

Storage: Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, precautions while handling of

recalcitrant seeds, natural longevity of tree seeds, factors affecting lon-
gevity, storage conditions, methods and conainers.

Seed testing: sampling, mixing and dividing-determination of genuine-

ness, germination, moisture, purity, vigour, viability and seed dormancy.
 Breaking of seed dormancy. Different viability and vigour tests, seed
pelleting, seed health.

Classes of tree seeds. Certification and marketing procedure in tree seeds.

Practical
Identification of seeds of tree species. Seed maturity tests. Study of seed
sampling equipments. Physical purity analysis. Determination of seed
moisture. Seed germination test, Hydrogen peroxide test. Tetrazolium
test for viability. Seed vigour and its measurements. Methods of break-
ing seed dormancy in tree species. Testing for membrane permeability.
Study of seed collection equipments. Planning of tree seed collection.
Seed Collection. Seed extraction. Visit to tree seed production area and
seed orchard. Visit to seed processing unit/testing laboratory. Visit to
nursery.

(6) Principles of Tree Breeding and Improvement (2+1)

Introduction - definitions forest genetics, tree breeding, history of tree
improvement, justification for tree improvement programme, its relation
with other disciplines of forest management; activities, advantages and
limitations of tree improvement.

Forest reproduction and natural variation: sexual and asexual repro-

duction. Causes and kinds of variability, variation in natural stands,
concepts-evolutionary forces and levels of genetic variation; conserva-
tion and utilization of forest tree genetic resources- principles and strat-
egies.

Species and provenance selection. Introduction of exotic species. Quan-

titative genetics and selection. Selection procedures and techniques in
tree improvement. Progeny trials; Seed production and seed orchards -
establishment, evaluation, maintenance and utility.

Selection and breeding for resistance to diseases, insects, and adverse

environments. Breeding for wood properties and for agroforestry objec-
tives. Hybrids in tree improvement; mutation and polyploid breeding, in
vitro techniques; achievements made in important tree species suitable
to tropical conditions.

Vegetative propagation and tree improvement. Seed technology and cer-

tification. Economic considerations, planning and strategies of a tree
improvement program.

Practical
Seed collection and handling of forest seeds. Techniques of selecting
superior trees in natural stands and plantation. Floral biology and con-
 trolled crossing techniques. Establishment and management of seed
production areas and seed orchards. Seed orchard designs. Visits to
seed production areas, seed orchards, clonal banks, species and prov-
enance trials and forest nursery of State Department. Different breeding
methods - flow chart. Separation of total variation into its components.
Estimation of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of valuation.
Micropropagation techniques.

(7) Ethnobotany (2+1)

Definition and scope of Ethno-Botany Ethnic Diversity, Ethnic commu-
nities of India. Contribution of ethnic communist to Ethno-Botany.
Ethnobotanical documentation of traditional herbal medicines. Refer-
ences on progressive use of medicinal plants in veclic, medival and mod-
ern period. Few important plants that were used in olden clays to cure
common ailments like boils, blister, cold, cough, asthama, jaundice, dia-
betes, head aches, plants used as tonic, aborti facient.

Methodology of study of traditionally used medicinal plants; the part of

plant used as active medicine, texture, morphology of the plant part,
purpose of the use, either single, or with other plants, animal or other
material etc. Collection of information regarding persons collecting the
traditional medicinal plants. Ethno-Botany of following medicinal plants:
(may be modified based on the local needs).

Aswagandha - (Withania sornnifera) Shatavari, (Asparagus), Vidang

(Embelia ribes) Gorakhmundi sphaceranthus sp. Nag-Kesar (Mc.ssua ferrea)
Phalas Butea Kivanch (Mucunapruriens), Hareetaki (Tenninalia chebula)
Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) Amla (Phytanthus emblica) Brahmi - Centelk
asiatica, Madhuvanshini (Cymnema silvestre) S o n a m u k h u (Cassia
aiigusetifolia), Amaltas 9Cassia fistula,/, Jyotisinati, fCalastrus paniculatusj
Indraja 9Holarrhena antidysenteriea) Dikamali (Gardinia guiunifera)
Jalaneem (Becopa jnonisi) Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) Neem
(Azadirachta indica).

Practical
Visits to meet amilies Ethnic tribes survey. Collection of plant materials
used in local health tradition.

5.3.3 Forest Engineering

(1) Survey, Mapping and Land Development (2+1)
Objectives, Principles and types of surveying. Scope of surveying in for-
estry, Units of measurements, different typesof scales, chain surveying,
traversing, triangulation survey stations and their seleclion. Base line,
check and tile lines. Instruments used in chain surveying. Ranging of
survey lines chaining on plain and sloppy area. Offsets, their lypes, book
entry, obstacles and errors in chaining, cross staff surveying.
 Chain and Campass surveying: Chain and Compass traversing, Tes of
meridian and bearings and their measurements of angles between two
lines, primatic compass, surveyor's compass, local attraction and its
correction. Computation of interir angels, plotting of a compass traverse.

Plane table surveying: Its objectives, advantages and disadvantages, plane

table and its accessories, orientation, methods of plane table surveying,
Radiation, Intersection, Traversing and resection, two point and three
point problems.

Leveling: Definitions, terms used in leveling, Dumpy level and its ad-
justments, booking, staff reading, calculating the reduced levels by line
of collimation method and rise and fall method.

Topographical surveying: methods of contouring characteristics and use

of contours, maps and map reading, principles of map reading, copying,
enlargement and reduction of maps., computation of area and method
of computation.

Practical
Scales, lettering and conventional signs, field work of chain surveying,
ploOtting of chain surveying, chain and compass traversing, field work,
computation of included angles, plotting of chain and compass survey.
Plane table survey . Study of dumpy level, profile leveling and its plot-
ting, field work of dumpy level survey. Contou survey field work and
plotting countour map.

(2) Forest Mensuration (2+1)

Introduction - definition, objectives and scope. Units of measurement,
standard of accuracy implied in their expression. Measurement of single
tree - object, place of measurement, standard rules governing measure-
ment at breast height. Measuring diameter and girth. Calipers, girth
tapes, comparison between tape and caliper. Diameter and girth classes.
Measurement of upper stem diameter and instruments used like Ruler,
Finish Parabolic caliper, Relaskop, Pentaprism. Bark thickness, bark
volume. Crown Measurement - Crown diameter, crown height, crown
surface area, crown volume. Height measurement - direct and indirect
methods. Methods of height measurement employing geometrical and
trigonometric principles, errors in height measurement. Measurement
of cross sectional area, basal area, leaf area, sawn timber area. The form
of the tree, form factors. Volume estimation of felled trees. Volume esti-
mation tables - general and local volume tables. Biomass measurement.
Determination of age of trees. Tree growth measurements - object, in-
crement growth rates. Determination of increment - stump analysis.

Measuring tree crop - Measuring diameters in field, basal area per hec-
 tare using sample plots basal area by relaskop, wedge prism. Height
measurement of crop. Stand volume tables.

Forest inventory : Definition, object, kinds of enumeration. Sampling:

advantages. Kinds of sampling. Random sampling: simple, stratified,
multi stage, multiphase samplings. Non-random sampling: Selective,
systematic and sequential samplings. Sampling design, size and shapes
of sampling units. Point sampling: horizontal and vertical point sam-
pling.

Practical
Knowledge of technical terms used in Forest Mensuration, Units of meas-
urement, Instruments used in Forest mensuration utilities, Estimation
of bark volume, crown volume, timber estimation, stump analysis, prepa-
ration of volume tables, Estimation of farm factor, stand volume.

5.3.4. Forest Management (2+0)

(1) Forest Tribology and Anthropology
Anthropology-meaning-definitions, nature and scope of Anthropology.
History and development of Anthropology. Branches of Anthropology.
Concepts - Culture, Society, Community, Groups and Institutions. Con-
cept of race, criteria of racial classification; major races of India and
world.

Social Institutions:- family - forms and functions. Marriage - forms and

Functions. Kinship - decent, residence, terminology and usage. Economy
- types Forms of Exchange. Religion, magic and science.

Meaning, definitions, and characteristics of Tribes. History of Indian

Tribes. Tribal Demography. Tribal / Social and Political organization.
Tribal Law & Justice. Tribal taboo and Totamism.

Ethnographic profiles of Indian Tribes: racial, linguistic and socio-eco-

nomic characteristics. Problems of tribal peoples - land alienation, in-
debtedness, lack of educational facilities, shifting cultivation, migration.
Forests and tribals unemployment, agricultural labour, special prob-
lems of hunter / gatherer and other minor tribes.

The problems of culture - contact, impact of urbanization and industri-

alization. Economic and psychological frustrations. Social 81 Cultural
changes.

Role of Forestry in economic development of Tribal Community - forest

ecosystem, cottage industries. Role of Tribals in forest protection, devel-
opment and conservation. Tribals' welfare and Social Forestry. Wildlife,
Tribals and co-operative movements.
 History of tribal administration, The constitutional safe guards for the
scheduled tribes, polices, plans, programmes of tribal development and
their implementations. The response of the Tribal people to the State
sponsored projects. The different approaches to tribal problems the role
of anthropology in tribal development.

(2) Forest Management Policy and Legislation (2+1)

Introduction - definition and scope. Peculiarities of forest management.
Principles of forest management and their applications. Object of man-
agement, purpose and policy. Sustained and progressive yield concept
and meaning. General definitions and management and administrative
units, felling cycle, cutting sections and conversion period. Rotations:
definition, kinds of rotations, choice of rotations, conversion period and
length of rotations. Normal forest: definition and concept, even aged and
uneven aged, models. The actual growing stock and its increment distri-
bution of age gradations.classes in regular, irregular forests and coppice
systems. Estimation of growing stock, density, quality and increment.
Yield regulation: general principles of even aged and uneven aged forest
crop. Yield regulation based on area, volume, area and volume, incre-
ment and number of trees. Application and control of various methods
of yield regulations in the forests of India. Working plan - definition,
objects and necessity.

Forest Policy - definition, necessity and scope. Legal and institutional

approaches to forest resources management. National forest policy. For-
est law/legal definition, Indian penal code, general principles of crimi-
nal law, legal principles of punishment, criminal procedure code. Indian
evidence act applied to forestry matters. Objects of special forest law.
Indian forest Act general provisions and detailed study. State Forest
acts and rules. Legal organization of forest service.

Practical
Visiting plantations of different age gradations, recording growing stock
and working out increments. Visiting natural forests and enumerating
the stock and testing one of the methods for yield regulation. Study of
various units adopted in forest management. Study of various records
and forms maintained in the office of the RFO. Study of procedures for
seizure of property. Visit to forest department and courts to observe
penalty procedures. Preparation of First Information Report and Enact-
ment Report. Study of Working Plans of forests; preparation of a work-
ing plan for one of the areas in a range.

(3) Marketing and Trade of Forest Produce (2+1)

Basic concepts of demand, supply of forest produce, derived demand,
demand and supply schedules, types of markets for timber and non
 timber forest produce, market locations of timber and non timber forest
produce and their features. Demand forecasts.

Price determination in timber and non-timber forest produce.

Economic features of specialized markets in terms of degree and type of

competition in buying and selling, price spread, costs of marketing func-
tions involved like precommercial thinning, commercial thinning, har-
vesting, hauling, sawing, transportation, treatment of wood, carpentry,
and other processing activities involved in teakwood, rosewood,
mathwood, pulpwood, sandalwood, veneers - type and degree of compe-
tition in market for services of saw mill and other intermediate wood
processing industries, price spreads across different channels of mar-
keting.

Economic features of specialized markets in terms of degree and type of

competition for bamboo, canes, lac, gums, resins, hides and skins. For-
est based medicinal plants, trees, and other non-timber forest products.

Economics of gathering medicinal plants from forests, economics of

processing medicinal plants.

Domestic demand and trade in timber and non-timber forest products.

International demand and trade in timber and non-timber forest pro-
duce. Market inefficiencies in timber, non-timber forest produce and
measures to check in efficiencies.

Essentials of World Trade Organization, GATT, Dunkell proposals, Intel-

lectual Property Rights and Patenting.

Practical
Library review of studies on marketing and trade of - timber forest pro-
duce (teak, rosewood, Terminalia spp. Pteracarpus etc.); Non-Timber
Forest Produce (NTFP such as bamboo, canes, eucalypts etc.); forest
based medicinal plants. Visits to timber produce and NTFP markets to
collect price data and quantity sold and to observe auctions and compe-
titions. Analysis of price and quantity data of timber forest produce,
NTFP for examining trend - seasonal, cyclical, secular variations. Visit
to markets of forest based medicinal plants. Study of buy back arrange-
ments in forest based medicinal plants trade. Valuation of timber and
NTFP (existence value, use and option values, intrinsic value etc). Devel-
opment of hypotheses to study the marketing of forest produce. Presen-
tation of results on analysis of price and quantity. Economics of processing
pulp to paper/polyfiber; wood to plywood/veneers.
5.3.5. Forest Protection
(1) Forest Protection (2+1)
Introduction: Susceptibility of forests to damage, need of forest protec-
tion. Damages by human agency, encroachment, shifting cultivation
faulty management. Indirect and direct mesures to control the dam-
ages.

Forest fires - nature and classification of forest fires, factors affecting

fire spread. Beneficial and harmful effects of fire on soil, water, air, veg-
etation and wildflife. Fires as natural process in Forests. Techniques
and application of prescribed/controlled burning. Detection of forest fires.
Measures to control forest fires. Fire fighting devices.

Damage by wild animals and domestic animals and their control. Forest
grazing, advantages and disadvantages of forest grazing rotational and
controlled grazing, different methods of control against grazing and brows-
ing animals.

Damage by small animals like snails, slugs, mites, centipedes, milli-

pedes and isopedes and their management.

Damage by weeds, climbers, lianas, epiphytes and phanerogamic para-

sites. Methods to control them including biological control.

Damage by adverse climatic factors like snow, frost, hail, heavy rain and
avalanche. Damage by drought, water logging, shifting sands, lightening
and storms. Damage by non infectious agents like calcareous soils, rocky
areas. Damage by air pollutants, toxic gases and their management.

Practical
Visit to dams and hydroelectric projects to estimate the losses due to
submergence and rehabilitation. Preparation of different types of tree
guards and their economics. Study on damage by domestic animals.
Preparation of cattle-proof trenches and cost involved. Construction of
different types offences and their economics. Fire line preparation. Study
on fire fighting devices, watch towers, fire resistant species. Effect of fire
on forest floor. Study on damage caused by different types of weeds,
climbers and epiphytes, loranthus and dodder (cuscuta) and their man-
agement. Method of rodent control. Collection and extent of damage by
small animals.

(2) Forest Pathology (2+1)

History of forest pathology in India and the world. Classification of tree
diseases. Role of microbes and fungi in natural forest ecosystem. Broad
classification of pathogens causing tree diseases. Important character-
istics of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Important orders and fami-
 lies of Hymenomycetes with a special reference to Aphyllophoraceae and
Agaricaceae that contain members causing tree diseases. Distribution,
economic importance, symptoms, etiology and management of diseases
of important forest species like Teak, Dalbergia Sp. Acacia sp. Neem,
Cassia, Sal, Albizia, Terminalia, Mango, Jack, Pines, Deodar, Eucalyp-
tus, Bamboo, Casuarina, Rubber, Sandal wood, medicinal and aromatic
plants, trees grown in different agroforestry systems, non-infectious dis-
eases. Biodegradation of wood in use. Types of wood decay-gross char-
acters of decay, sapstain, different types of rots in hardwoods, softwoods
and their prevention. Graveyard test and decay resistant woods.

Plant parasitic nematodes - importance, morphology, brief classifiction,

diseases caused by them in tree species and their management.
Principles of forest disease management- Definition and scope of dis-
ease management in forestry. Importance of disease cycle and economic
threshold in disease management. Principles of disease management
such as exclusion, cultural, chemical biological and immunization. Na-
ture of disease resistance. Fungicides and their use in nurseries and
plantations. Integration of cultural, chemical, biological and host resist-
ance in effective disease management. Meristem and tissue culture tech-
niques in disease management.

Practical
Collection, observation and preservation of diseased specimens and
pathogenic structures, symptoms, signs and diagnosis of nursery and
tree diseases. Preparation of different culture media and isolation of air
borne/ soil borne tree pathogens. Measuring tree diseases. Symptoms,
etiology and control of diseases/disorders of important tree species like
Sandalwood, Teak, Dalbergia, Eucalyptus, bamboo, Cassia, Semul and
Terminalias, Rubber, Casuarina, Neem, mango, Albizia, Sal, Subabul
Acacia, Jack, Lagerstroemia, Anogeissus, Emblica. Studies on wood de-
caying pathogen. Tree seed Pathology. Use of bio-control agents and
Mycorrhizae in disease management. Tissue culture technique in forest
pathology. Study of morphology, extraction and important symptoms
caused by Plant Parasitic nematodes. Visit to nurseries and plantations.

Note: Each student has to submit 25 disease specimens of forest tree

species.

(3) Forest Entomology and Nematology (2+1)

History and importance of Forest Entomology in India. Methods and
principles of pest management - mechanical, physical, silvicultural, le-
gal, biological and chemical. Classification of insecticides and their mode
of action. Principles and techniques of Integrated Pest Management in
forests.
 Classification of forest pests: types of damages and symptoms; factors
responsible for out-break of pests. Survey methodology for forest pests.
Nature of damage, and management of major insect pests of forest seeds,
forest nursery and standing trees; timber yielding species of natural
forest such as Tectona, Dalbergia sp., Sal, Albizia sp., Sandal, Ailanthus,
Gmelina, Terminalia, Deodar, Pines. Plantation forest species such as
Eucalyptus, Bamboo, Casuarina, Neem Acacia; Fruit yielding trees such
as Emblica, Ber, Eugenia, Tamarina. Insect pests of freshly felled trees,
finished, timbers and their management.

Practical
Study of symptoms and types of damages caused by forest pests. As-
sessment of insect population/damage in forest plantation. Study of in-
secticides, their formulations and their mode of action. Preparation of
spray fluid; precautions while handling pesticides. Study of plant pro-
tection appliances. Study of predators, parasitoids and pathogens of forest
pests. Pheromones, hormones and growth regulators in forest pests
management. Study of insect pests of forest seeds, forest nurseries and
standing trees of different species. Study of insect pests of freshly felled
trees and finished products. Field visits to collect different insect pests
of forests.

5.3.6. Forest Utilization

(1) Wood Anatomy (2+1)
Introduction to wood Anatomy. Outlines of plant body, the axis and ap-
pendages of shoots. Meristems. Promeristem, Primary meristem, sec-
ondary meristem. Simple tissues, parenchyma collenchyma,
sclerenchyma and the vascular tissues.

Parts of primary body : typical stems and roots of dictos, monocots. The
secondary growth in woody plants. Mechanism of wood formation in
general, and with special reference to typical dicot stem.

Formation of early and late wood, and growth rings. Transformation of

sapwood to heartwood. The macroscopic features of wood, sapwood,
heartwood, pith, growth rings, wood rays, resin in gum-canals.

Elements of wood - Cell walls. The structure and arrangement of simple

pit, bordered pits. Prosenchymatous elements, trachcids, vessels, fibers.
Parenchymatous elements, parenchyma and rays. Impregnation and
infiltrations in wood, (resin canals, gum-canals, latex canals, silica, cal-
cium salts etc.). Physical properties of wood, colour, hardness, weight,
texture, grain and lusture.
Abnormalities in wood deviation from typical growth form, grain devia-
tion, false and discontinous growth rings. Reaction wood.
 Disruption of continuity of inner wood^ shakes, included bark, resin
pockets pith flecks, knots, (live and dead knots).

Practical
Study of stems on primary growth with reference to typical dicots and
monocots. Study of wood formation in typical dicot stem. Study of vas-
cular bundles in monocots. Parts of the logs (woody trunks), and the
three distinctive surfaces of wood (i.e. cross, radial and tangential planes).
Classification of woody plants into soft woods, and hardwoods, study of
physical features of wood. Study of gross features of wood. Study of
anatomical features of wood, pores or vessels, different types. Study of
soft tissue in timbers and their different types distributions. Study of
wood rays, and their different types. Study of the non porous woods,
their physical and anatomical description. Study of infiltration and in-
clusions in wood.

(2) Wood Science and Technology (2+1)

Wood as raw material, kinds of woods-hardwood, softwood, bamboos
and palms, merits and demerits of wood as raw material, the physical
features of wood. Mechanical properties of wood like tension, compres-
sion, bending, shearing, cleavage, hardness, impact resistance, nail and
screw holding capacities. Suitability of wood for various end-uses, based
on mechanical and physical properties. Electrical and acoustic proper-
ties of wood.

Wood water relationship - shrinkage, swelling, movement, fibre satura-

tion point, equilibrium moisture contact. Wood seasoning - merits, prin-
ciples and types - Air seasoning, klin seasoning, chemical, seasoning,
refractory classes of timbers, kiln schedules. Seasoning defects and their
control. Wood preservation - principles, processes and need. Types of
wood preservatives (water soluble, oil based etc.). Classification of tim-
bers based on durability. General idea about fire retardants and their
usage. Non-pressure methods - steeping, dipping, soaking open tank
process, Boucherie process. Pressure methods - full cell process, empty
cell process.

Wood machining, Sawing - techniques, kinds of saws - cross cut saw,

edging saws, endless saws, hand saws, and circular saws, bow saws,
Saw milling -, selection of timber for the proper end use, breaking down
of logs, plain sawing, quarter sawing. Wood working, tools used in wood
work. Dimensional stabilization of wood by surface coating method, bulk-
ing method by regulation of resins and polymers.

Practical
Types of wood as raw material, other wooden raw materials, parts of
logs. Wood conversion and saw milling. Estimation of moisture content
 and density of wood. Seasoning of timber - air seasoning, kiln season-
ing. Seasoning defects and their remedies. Testing mechanical proper-
ties of wood. Wood working - tools and operations; types of joints in
wooden members, wooden fasteners, dowels; turning and carving. Pol-
ishing and finishing of wood. Surface coatings - lacquering, application
of wood primers. Wood preservatives. Methods of wood preservation-
chemical treatment and fire retardant treatments.

(3) Logging and Ergonomics (2+1)

Definition and scope of logging. Brief reference regarding, logging plan
and execution. Survey and demarking the area for logging and estima-
tion of produce available for extraction. Implements used in logging op-
eration, traditional and improved tools. Season for felling, felling rules
for trees. Methods of felling trees. Conversion of available timber from
individual trees and measurement and description of converted mate-
rial. Methods of minor transport of timber on road, by carts, dragging,
skidding, overhead transport, rope ways, skylines, and Donald portable
gravity rope way. Transport by water, floating, rafting and booms.

Storage of timber, temporary and final storage for display and disposal,
land depots, depots with permanent establishments. Depot management,
lay out of an idean timber depot.

Dumping, sorting, grading of timber in the depots for display and dis-
posal. Systems of disposal of timber. Cost of time, cost of produce, log-
ging operations.

Practical
Survey and demarcation of area, permanent boundary marks, marking
tree for logging. Information procedures regarding handing over, taking
over before starting actual logging. Equipments, implements, tools used
in logging. Planning and execution of logging. Maintaining records and
registers in logging. Felling rules. Conversion to logs, poles, fire wood,
pulpwood etc. Measurement of logs, poles and fire wood. Transport of
logs. Transit permits. Visit to dumping yard. Sorting of logs, poles. Stack-
ing logs, poles and firewood in depots. Lotting of the stacks for display.
Visit and recording of lots for auction sale. Final disposal.

(4) Wood porducts and Utilization (2+1)

Pulp and paper industry. Introduction and raw material; pulping-me-
chanical, chemical, semi-chemical and semi-mechanical; pulp bleacing;
stock preparation and sheet formation; Types of paper; manufacture of
rayon and other cellulose derived products. Composite wood - plywood,
fiberboard, particle board, hardboard - manufacture, properties and uses.
Adhesives used in the manufacture of composite wood. Imporved wood -
definition, types of improved woods, impregnated wood, heat stabilized
 wood, compressed wood, chemically modified wood. Destructive distilla-
tion of wood. Sacharification of wood chemistry and processes.

Practical
Study of different types of papersw, paper boards, improved wood, ply-
wood, fiber boards particle boards, and hard boards. Visit to paper in-
dustry to study pulp and paper making; to rayon industry, plywood in-
dustry to study the manufacturing processes; to other wood based in-
dustries, wood distillation unit and industrial plantations.

Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Indian forest Utilization (Vol-I).

FRI, Dehradun.

(5) Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products (2+1)

Introduction: methods of collection of Non-Timber Forest produces (NTFP).
Essential oils - introduction, methods of extraction, classification of In-
dian essential oils, storage and uses. Non-essentiaql oils- nature, occur-
rence, methods of extraction of oils from seeds. Important oil yielding
trees. Gums and Resins. The occurrence and origin of gums in plants.
Properties of gums. Important Indian gums and their uses. Resins and
oleoresins - sources. Formation of resins in plants, classification of res-
ins, and uses of resins. Tans and Dyes - nature and kinds of tannins.
Dyes - Classification and sources of dyes. Beedi leaves - sources, collec-
tion and processing. Fibers and Flosses. Cutch and Katha - sources,
extraction and uses. Drugs. Spices. Poisons and Bio-pesticides.

Practical
Study of gums and resins and their collection; tans and dyes and their
sources; fibers, flosses and their collection from nearby forests; trees
yielding drugs, spices, poisons and bio-pesticides and their collection
from nearby forests. Visit to nearby forests to study important oil yield-
ing trees; to gardens of KFD to study medicinal plants; to nearby extrac-
tion units.

5.3.7. Silviculture
(1) Principles of Silviculture (2+1)
Definition of forestry - stages of forestry development and its influence
on forestry today. Definition of silvics and silviculture. Study of locality
factors like climatic, edaphic, physiographic and biotic in relation to
forest.

Classification of climatic factors the role played by light, temperature,

rainfall, snow, wind, humidity and evaporation in relation to forest veg-
etation. Edaphic factors influence of biological agencies parent rock, to-
pography etc., on the soil formation. Soil profiles - physical and chemi-
 cal properties, mineral nutrients, nutrient cycling, soil moisture and their
influence on forest production.

Biotic factor-influence of plants, insects, wild animals, man and domes-

tic animals on vegetation. Tree growth - photosynthesis, respiration,
translocation and transpiration. Cambium development, growth rin'gs,
effect of environment on cambial development. Shoot and crown devel-
opment. Flowering, fruiting and seed production. Root growth distribu-
tion and biomass.

Stand dynamics - Plant succession, competition and tolerance Stand

development - structure, composition and dbiomass. Forest types - ob-
jects and basis of classification of forest types. Brief description of the
groups, sub groups and forest types of India in general and Karnataka
in particular.

Practical
Visits to different forest sites. Study of locality factors of diverse loca-
tions. Study successional stages, retrogression, climax formation, com-
position of different vegetation types. Vegetation analysis - methods,
standardization of sampling techniques, quadrat, transect & point sam-
pling methods. Assessment of vegetation-abundance, Density, canopy
corer, basal cover, importance Value Index. Study of vegetation profiles
& drawing profile diagrams. Assessment of establishment and perform-
ances of various plantations of economic species. Study of soil profiles
under both artificial and natural stands & root distribution of various
species.

(2) Practices of Silviculture (2+1)

Classifications of forests in the context of locality conditions operating
within them and their management. Forest regeneration, natural, artifi-
cial (plantation forests) and mixed regeneraton. Plantation forets: plant-
ing survey, planting plan, plantation records, maps, ecological aspects
for the choice of tree species, Site preparation, planting tools and plant-
ing, direct seeding, gap filling, afforestation of dryland, wetland adverse
sites and taungya. Enrichment planting; fertilizer application, nursery
crops, cover crops. Tending; control of climbers and undesirable trees,
weed management, pruning and lopping. Thinning- thinning of irregu-
lar corps, increments felling, improvement felling. Fire- prescribed burn-
ing. Conflicts between afforestation and cattle ranching.

Practical
Acquaintance with technical terms used in the course. Visit to nursery
and study the practices adopted and tools used in the nursery. Working
out survival percent. Introduction to stand composition and structure.
Collection of seeds. Seed treatment, packing and storage. Introduction
 to thinning laboratory. Collection of data from naturally regenerated stand
collection of data from artificially regenerated stand. Analysis of data of
both stands. Marking of trees for thinning. Study of fertilizers and their
use in stand management. Introduction to site preparation and use of
weedicides in forest Management. Observation on site preparation and
Enrichment planting.

(3) Silviculture of Trees and Shrubs (2+1)

The origin, distribution, general description, economic value, phenology,
silvicultural characters, regeneration methods, cultural practices, rota-
tion yield other management practices trees such as: Tectona grandis,
Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo. Dalbergia latifolia, Acacia catechu,
Acacia auriculiformis, Lagerstromia lanceolata, Casuarina equisetifolia,
Terminalia cranulata, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Terminalia paniculata,
Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Ceiba
pentandra, Bombax malabaricum, Cassia siamea, Gmelina arborea,
Derris indica, Eugenia jambolano, Prosopis juliflora, Shorea robusta,
Adina cardifolia, Switenia mahogany, Albizia lebbek, Santalum album,
Pterocarpus santalinus, Azadirachta india, Ailanthus excelsa, Anogeissus
latifolia, Hardwickia binata, Depterocarpus indicus, Chukrasia tabularis,
Hopea parviflora, Michelia champaka, Mangifera indica, Poeciloneuron
indica, Artocarpus hirsuta, Mesua ferrea, Kydia calicina, Gardenia sp,
Vitex negunda, Vateria indica, Bamboo and canes.

General information on Indian Pines with emphasis on tropical pines

like: Pinus roxburghii, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus petula, Pinus inesularis.

Practical
Study of Phenology and morphology of root, stem, bark, leaves, flowers
of trees. Study of natural regeneration, nature of association and struc-
tural features of trees under different ecological conditions. Study of
specific nursery practices of important species. Study of cultural prac-
tices adopted. Productivity of different tree species raised under differ-
ent localities. Phenology & morphology, cultural practices, yield under
natural and plantation conditions.

(4) Experimental Techniques in Forestry (2+1)

Development of forestry research in India. Modern trends and concepts
in forestry research, aims and objectives of forestry research. Important
national and international institutes on forestry research and their man-
dates. Introduction to scientific methodology.

Measurement and scaling techniques. Measures of central tendency and

dispersion, introduction to distributions. Tests of Significance - 'z' test,
T test and 'F' test.
 Principles of field experimentation: Replication, randomization and local
control. Comparison between field and forestry experimentation. Design
and analysis: Completely randomized design, Randomized complete block
design, Latin square design and split-plot design, normalization of data.
Concept of factorial experiments, Sampling - Concept of population and
sample, advantages of sampling and methods of sampling.

Models in Agroforestry research. Site selection, size, layout and shape of

the plot arrangement of blocks in traditional forestry and Agroforestry.

Instrumentation in forestry research (for soil analyses, plant analyses).

Development of a research plan. Research palnning in Forestry in India.
Scientific literature search / retrieval and scientific writing.

Practical
History of Scientific though. Scientific methodology. Organizational pat-
tern of ICFRE, ICAR, SAUs. Exercises on basic concepts in Statistics;
tests of Significance. Principles of Field experimentation. Layout and
analysis of problems on CRD, RCBD, LSD and Split-plot designs. Prob-
lems on factorial experiments. Exercises on data standardization. Meth-
ods to estimate vegetational diversity. Modern instruments used in for-
estry. Visit to established field trials/experimental plots. Exercises on
Scientific writing.

Each student has to select a problem in the field of forestry and conduct
the experiment, collect data, analyze, submit a report and present a
poster.

(5) Silvicultral Systems (2+0)

Silvicultural system - definition, modern silviculture, classical silvicul-
ture, classification and detailed study of the following systems:

Clear felling system (including clear strip and alternate strip system);
shelterwood system; uniform system; the group system; the strip
shelterwood system; the wedge system; the irregular shelter wood sys-
tems; the coppice of two rotation system; the shelter wood coppice sys-
tem; coppice selection system; selection system; coppice with standard
system; coppice with reserve system; pollard system and culm selection
system in bamboo.

4.3.8. Work Experience in Forestry Program (0+20)

The students will spend one full semester working with State Depart-
ment of Forests, Forest industries, Plantation industries to gain first
hand experience in their chosen field.