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Design Aspects of Control System

The document discusses objectives and design aspects of process control systems. It aims to provide an overview of process dynamics and control, describe process control systems, explain the objective of process control, and outline general requirements and design aspects. Specifically, it covers input and output variables, different control structures like single-input single-output and multiple-input multiple-output, common process control elements, and prerequisite information for controlling a process, including safety, production objectives, environmental regulations, operational constraints, and economics.

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93 views

Design Aspects of Control System

The document discusses objectives and design aspects of process control systems. It aims to provide an overview of process dynamics and control, describe process control systems, explain the objective of process control, and outline general requirements and design aspects. Specifically, it covers input and output variables, different control structures like single-input single-output and multiple-input multiple-output, common process control elements, and prerequisite information for controlling a process, including safety, production objectives, environmental regulations, operational constraints, and economics.

Uploaded by

mekeilah roma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objectives:

 To give an overview of process dynamics and control


 To learn about process control systems
 To know the objective of Process Control
 To learn the Design Aspects of Process Control
 To learn the General Requirements of a Control System

1. Input Variable – This variable shows the effect of the surroundings on the process. It
normally refers to those factors that influence the process. An example of this would be
the flow rate of the steam through a heat exchanger that would change the amount of
energy put into the process. There are effects of the surrounding that are controllable and
some that are not. These are broken down into two types of inputs.

a. Manipulated inputs: variable in the surroundings can be control by an operator


or the control system in place.

b. Disturbances: inputs that can not be controlled by an operator or control system.


There exist both measurable and immeasurable disturbances.

2. Output variable- Also known as the control variable These are the variables that are
process outputs that effect the surroundings. An example of this would be the amount of
CO2 gas that comes out of a combustion reaction. These variables may or may not be
measured. As we consider a controls problem.

We are able to look at two major control structures.

1. Single input-Single Output (SISO)- for one control(output) variable there exist one
manipulate (input) variable that is used to affect the process

2. Multiple input-multiple output (MIMO)- There are several control (output) variable
that are affected by several manipulated (input) variables used in a given process.

• Cascade: A control system with 2 or more controllers, a "Master" and "Slave" loop.
The output of the "Master" controller is the setpoint for the "Slave" controller.

• Dead Time: The amount of time it takes for a process to start changing after a
disturbance in the system.

• Derivative Control: The "D" part of a PID controller. With derivative action the
controller output is proportional to the rate of change of the process variable or error.*

• Error: In process controls, error is defined as: Error = setpoint - process variable.

• Integral Control: The "I" part of a PID controller. With integral action the controller
output is proportional to the amount and duration of the error signal.

• PID Controller: PID controllers are designed to eliminate the need for continuous
operator attention. They are used to automatically adjust system variables to hold a
process variable at a setpoint. Error is defined above as the difference between setpoint
and process variable.
•Proportional Control: The "P" part of a PID controller. With proportional action the
controller output is proportional to the amount of the error signal.

• Setpoint: The setpoint is where you would like a controlled process variable to be.

1.2 Prerequisite Information Regarding a Process

For the sake of this article it is assumed that a process has already been designed and
that certain restraints and criteria are provided by either a customer, management, or the
government. The goal of this section is to classify the types of criteria that are usually
given. These criteria then become the conditions that the control systems employed must
satisfy. In general, there will be five sets of criteria, often coming from different people
and institutions. By gathering all of these criteria you will be able to describe the control
system. If you do not have a complete list of these criteria you must research the process
to determine these constraints before beginning the step-by-step process below.

Safety

The safe operation of a process is the biggest concern of those working in the plant
and those that live in the surrounding community. The temperatures, pressures, and
concentrations within the system should all fall within acceptable limits, and these limits
can be dictated by either government agencies or company policy.

Production Objectives

The production objectives usually include both the amount and purity of the desired
product. This criterion is generally set by the company or customer.

Environmental Regulations

These come in the form of restrictions on the temperature, concentration of


chemicals, and flowrate of streams exiting a plant. State and federal laws, for instance,
may dictate the exit temperature of a cooling water stream into a lake in order to prevent
harm to aquatic wildlife.

Operational Constraints

Equipment found in the plant may have their own unique limitations, such as
temperature or pressure that require proper control and monitoring. For instance, a
thermocouple may be damaged at extremely high temperatures, thus the location of the
thermocouple must be accounted for.

Economics

In general, a company will operate so that its profits are maximized. The process
conditions that maximize these profits are determined by way of optimization. Many
costs must be considered when optimizing process conditions. Some of these costs are
fixed, or will not change with process variables (i.e. equipment costs) and others are
variable, or do depend on process variables (i.e. energy costs). The overall process is
usually limited by certain factors including availability of raw materials and market
demand for the final product. Therefore, the economics of a process must be well
understood before process changes are enforced.

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