Research Areas of Wired and Wireless Communication

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 Abstract

Many telecom companies are trying to find new ways to optimize their investment in

communication networks while ensuring efficient and safe transmission of information. There is

a range of communication media solutions, with wireless technology and wired solutions, such

as copper and fiber optic cable, being the two most common in use.

The wired network has shown its value in the past but wireless networking has emerged as a

reliable, most effective and favored networking technique presently. Both of these types of

telecommunication media have their pros and cons depending on the technical features. The

wired network has connected the region of the internetwork area and it needs several wires to

connect computers from one system to the other.

Wireless networking, on the other hand, is an open platform allowing all to access the Internet.

Wired and wireless networking have specific specifications including equipment, mobility,

ranges, reliability, and benefits. This paper aims to discuss some basic concepts and theories

related to wired and wireless network telecommunication.

Introduction:

The theory of communication technology is primarily based on the medium of communication

(Wired and Wireless). The advancement of technology and the everyday use of digital

technologies to easily send and receive information and messages are very important to both the

sender and the receiver of every enterprise or community and are now separate from almost

every sector. In Communications Engineering and Computer Terminology, the term "Wired

Technology" refers to a form of communication involving cables or physical media such as

(Coaxial, Twisted-Pair, or Fiber-Optic) for data transmission or communication from source to

destination. It is secure communication, but when an issue arises, especially about wire failure,

no communication would be possible. Wireless technology uses infrared, radio frequency (RF),

microwave, or other forms of acoustic or electromagnetic waves to relay signals or data over a

short or long distance instead of wires, cables, fiber optics or wires. (Ibrahim, Danladi, & Sani,

H., 2016).

Literature Review:

Network:

A network is a system that connects through a communication channel or link. The device it is

linked to is also called Node that can be a scanner, printer, and computer. It can be any form of

device that has the power of sending and receiving the data generated on the network by the

other devices. (Akyildiz, Sankarasubramaniam, & Cayirci,2002) All the network operates on the

protocols (that are the standards set for the network). All the networks should have a

transmission medium and resource.

Importance of a Network:
The importance of using a network is that it provides service, reduction in the cost of equipment,

file sharing between different mediums, sharing of devices such as printers, supporting the

network application and managing the security of resources.

Performance factors of a Network:

 Reliability:

The network has reliability as the network can recover the data if the data is lost due to

the malfunction. It offers precision and can be calculated by the frequency of the network

failure. (Obeidat, & Berkovich, 2008)

 Security

It provides the recuperation facility for the lost data. It helps secure the data against harm

and defends it against external resources. It implies the specific policies to protect the

data and is difficult to get hacked by the other. (Yan, Jian-Wen, & Lin, 2015)

Types of Connections:

There are two types of connection in network telecommunications

 Point to Point

The path between two devices is provided by a point to point connection. The data is

reserved for transmission between those two points. The length of the cable is used.

 Multipoint

Using a multipoint connection, two or more devices are connected via one single link.

The channel shares the capacity in the system collectively

Network Topologies:
The term physical topology applies to the method the network is physically operated, when two

or more devices communicate with each other with the aid of some path, then a topology is

formed. This is a geometric representation of the devices respectively. The types of network

topologies are bus, ring, star, and mesh. (Zhang, J., & Zhou, 2010).

Network Categories:

 LAN:

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It possesses a high bandwidth but covers a limited

distance up to twenty kilometers.

 WAN:

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is a combination of various LANs, having low

bandwidth and covers a large distance.

 MAN:

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network and has a size intermediate between LAN

and WAN accessible within a town.

Wired Network Telecommunication:

The term wired corresponds to any form of a physical medium composed of the cable. The

cables made up of a pair of copper, fiber optics and twisted. Wired network is often used to carry

different types of signals from one medium to another in electricity form. Just one Internet

connection is used in a wired network inside the cable. Only one computer is connected to one

internet cable, and data is exchanged between the various devices using such a same wire

network definition. (Patel, Ghaghda, & Nagecha, 2014)

 Origin:
The first Ethernet (wired) system is built by Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC [11]. It linked more

than a hundred workstations using the length of one kilometer of cable at a speed of 2.94Mbits

per sec.

 Protocols:

Following are the protocols of wired networks:

1. Ethernet:

It is one of a wired network's protocols and is widely used worldwide. Ethernet

utilizes the form of access which is called CSMA / CD (Carrier sense multiple

access/collision detection).

This is essentially a system where every computer must pay attention to the cable

before sending some information/data through the network. Only one by one

relation is built in this. If in a single line there are multiple networks then the

computer must wait until the line is clear after it sends the data to the receiver. If

two devices transmit the data via the cable, they can do this function one at a time.

First, one device receives the sender's data, and the other device has to wait until

the first data transfer is complete and wait for its turn and then try again later. The

second will start after the first receiver receives the data. Because of this collision

often happens and the machine has to wait and it takes a lot of time. But this

collision takes place for a very short time, and it does not affect network

transmission. The Ethernet protocol uses star, bus and tree topology

methodologies. Data can be transferred at a speed of 10Mbps up to 1000Mbps

through the coaxial wire, optical fiber wire. (Gohil, Modi, & Patel, 2013)

2. Fast Ethernet:
 It is another form of the protocol used to improve communication speed and it

introduces the latest standards that have the 100Mbps limit. This is called fast

Ethernet. It includes the network interface tokens, hub and category 5(CAT5),

twisted pair cable and fiber optics Today this Ethernet is commonly used in

school. (Crayford, 1995)

3. Local talk:

Local talk is a wired network protocol built for Macintosh computer by Apple.

The data is transferred through the special pair twisted cable. Using twisted pair

cable it makes a star, tree topologies or linear bus. The transmission speed of

Local Talk is low, 230 kilobytes per second.

4. Token ring:

The token ring protocol was developing by IBM in 1980 middle. The data is

meted out in the variety of token and move spherical within the circle/ring. 2 pc

cannot hook up with every other till the need end the task. After that, it connects

with the opposite system and its application on two,23 computers system and

barely used as a result of its performance is incredibly low and lots of time is

consumed and uncountable bother is there .its speed is 4Mbps 0r 16Mbps. (Pitt,

1987).

5. FDDI:

Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is another protocol of a wired network

that's used to connect 2 or additional LAN. This can be far-flung over a protracted

distance. It's used because of the token ring method. However, it uses the 2 rings

for the transfer of the information. If one system is busy then the other systems
 square measure mechanically activated and transmit the information. Its benefits

square measure high speed and it works on the fiber optic cable at 100Mbps.

(Ross, 1990)

Wireless Network Technology:

Wireless communications is an increasingly growing technology that offers the versatility and

mobility of our world today. Observably, that the cable limitation is one of the benefits for

cabled devices that Wireless has. Other benefits include the formation of dynamic networks, low

costs, and easy deployment. Wireless systems are designed to reduce the time and the different

types of obstacles that the cables make. Wireless technology is the type of computer networking

in which computers are linked wirelessly to various telecommunication devices. This is used for

various purposes such as communication or data transfer etc. The wireless network was also

developed by IEEE in 1947 with a standard 802. Its first communication was of 2 Megabytes and

that time it was not so much advanced and common to all but later with time and creating the

modern version of wireless, it became world popular. The wireless term refers to a system

consisting of infrared waves or electromagnetic waves. All the devices that have antennas or

sensors embedded in them are wireless. This includes the smartphone, remote

television, wireless sensor, laptop, etc. This does not use the wire for the communication or

transfer of the data between two devices. Uses the waves of radiofrequency. Broadband ADSL

and Fiber Optics are also used.

Wireless Protocol Types:

There are mainly three types of wireless protocols:

1. The long-Range wireless protocol which is measured in miles.

2. The medium-Range wireless protocol which is measured in tens or hundreds of feet

3. Short-Range Wireless protocol which measures short-range covering a distance of fewer

than ten feet.

 Long-Range Wireless Protocol:

Long-range protocols are used to transmit the data over a longer distance with ease. This

can be used as a back-haul between two locations such as smartphones etc. GSM (Global

Mobile Communication System) is the most significant cellular network protocol that is

used globally and its communications are between cell phones and mobile phones.

o LTE:

The older generation utilized EV-DO and GPRS for connectivity before the new

smartphone.

Despite that, industry and companies have to invest a lot of money to enhance it

and make it acceptable for 4G. LTE (long-term assessment) to boost the poor data

speeds and other problems that exist with older phones.

o 60 GHz Protocol:

Most of the video running on the device would need 60GHz and use it as well.

This calls for plenty of bandwidth. There are two separate models called WiGig

and HD wireless. This offers video sharing the highest high-quality definition.

 Medium Range Wireless Protocol:

WLAN is typically used for the medium-range protocol that is used to improve or replace

wired LAN communication between the computers. These are all components of IEEE

(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standards 802.11

o Wi-Fi:
 Due to its range and connection to another computer, Wi-Fi is often used

nowadays. It also provides a hotspot facility. In 1990 it became popular for

hardware uses. The Wi-Fi can be regulated according to the range in the setting.

Similar to other wireless network protocols, its speed is lower, but mobile devices

support Wi-Fi and LTE easily and give the user versatility.

o WAP:

The wireless application protocol is designed to standardize a communication

protocol. It's used to offer network protection and privacy. There are other types

of protocols that are WEP and WPA. Both used for safety.

 Short Range Wireless Protocol:

Wireless Personal Area or WPAN network is also known as a short wireless protocol.

What works on the lower frequencies between devices that are just a few feet away from

one another?

Bluetooth is one example of a protocol with a short-range. Its common use is that the

wireless headset can communicate with a cell phone. Infrared data association or IRDA is

older and used by any protocol with a short-range.

o Bluetooth:

The oldest wireless network protocol still widely used a day. It moves the data from

one computer to the next. To function than Wi-Fi and from most other wireless

protocols it requires a lower amount of power. It is a wireless network used within a

short distance. (Eklund, Marks, Stanwood, & Wang, 2002).

o Home Automation Protocols (Wireless):

 This is used to power the lights, home appliances, and devices remotely. Z-wave and

Zigbee are two basic protocols for home automation. They have low data levels and

support low home automation energy consumption. 0.01Mbps for Zwave and

0.25Mbps for Zigbee.

o UWB:

Ultra-Wide Band is also called a wireless optical pulse. It used for a short distance

and has a lower-powered high-frequency band. And take that kind of data that was

bending because of some obstacle, or because of some greater power.

Client:

In a telecommunication network, a client is a telephone/ mobile/computer or a workstation that is

capable of accessing the applications and information of the server.

Server:

A server is a computer program or system providing a service to another computer program and

its user, often known as the client. The actual machine on which a server system runs is often

generally known as a server in a data center. That computer can be a dedicated server, or could

also be used for other purposes. A server program accepts and fulfills requests from client

programs under the client/server programming model, which can often run on the same or other

computers. A provided application in a computer will act as a client with requests from other

programs for services and also as a request server from other programs.

Conclusion:

Wired and wireless technologies are very popular in all day-to-day activities and are available in

the office, in the business, and the home. The technologies were developed for processing,
transmitting and receiving information across networks at very high-speed levels. Networks

Technology has become important for the fulfillment of everyday business tasks and most

companies will be overwhelmed without their networks if they rely heavily on information

technology. High prices, demanding infrastructure, copper theft and more push operators to seek

alternatives to wired approaches. These technologies provide solutions that are long-range,

reliable and affordable.

A wireless network can potentially save millions of dollars in setup fees for a client. Companies

can now store customer details at a very low cost. Networks ' speeds will increase in the future,

as they have in past years. Network costs will continue to decrease and the use of a network will

be critical for increasing organization.

Networks will decline and continue to use a network

Network Diagrams:

Figure 1 Ethernet Network

Figure 2 Wireless Network for 3 users

Figure 3 Wireless Network for 4 users

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