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Computer Communication Networks: Assignment

The document is a response to an assignment question about the exposed node problem in wireless networks. It provides two examples of the exposed node problem occurring and describes the problem as a transmitter being prevented from sending packets to a receiver that is out of range due to interference from a neighboring transmitter. A solution discussed is using synchronized RTS/CTS to help solve the problem, and directional antennas to reduce interference. The exposed node problem does not occur in cellular networks due to power and distance controls between cells.

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Ramsha Jahangir
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53 views

Computer Communication Networks: Assignment

The document is a response to an assignment question about the exposed node problem in wireless networks. It provides two examples of the exposed node problem occurring and describes the problem as a transmitter being prevented from sending packets to a receiver that is out of range due to interference from a neighboring transmitter. A solution discussed is using synchronized RTS/CTS to help solve the problem, and directional antennas to reduce interference. The exposed node problem does not occur in cellular networks due to power and distance controls between cells.

Uploaded by

Ramsha Jahangir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER COMMUNICATION

NETWORKS
ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY:
RAMSHA JAHANGIR KHAN
16-TE-100
SUBMITTED TO:
DR MUDASSIR ALI

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING


UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,TAXILA
QUESTION:
What is exposed node problem? Also state a suitable solution?

ANSWER:
Exposed Node Problem:
In wireless networks, the exposed node problem occurs when a node is prevented from sending
packets to other nodes because of a neighboring transmitter.

Example 1:
Consider an example of four nodes labeled R1, S1, S2, and R2, where the two receivers (R1, R2)
are out of range of each other, yet the two transmitters (S1, S2) in the middle are in range of each
other. Here, if a transmission between S1 and R1 is taking place, node S2 is prevented from
transmitting to R2 as it concludes after carrier sense that it will interfere with the transmission by
its neighbor S1. However note that R2 could still receive the transmission of S2 without
interference because it is out of range of S1.

Diagram:

Example 2:
Consider the below wireless network having four nodes labeled A, B, C, and D, where the two
receivers are out of range of each other, yet the two transmitters (B, C) in the middle are in range
of each other. Here, if a transmission between A and B is taking place, node C is prevented from
transmitting to D as it concludes after carrier sense that it will interfere with the transmission by
its neighbor node B. However note that node D could still receive the transmission of C without
interference because it is out of range from B. Therefore, implementing directional antenna at a
physical layer in each node could reduce the probability of signal interference, because the signal
is propagated in a narrow band.
The exposed terminal analogy is described as follows:
 B sends to A, C wants to send to another terminal D not A or B
 C senses the carrier and detects that the carrier is busy.
 C postpones its transmission until it detects the medium as being idle again
 But A is outside radio range of C, waiting is not necessary
 C is “exposed” to B

Diagram:

Solution:
Synchronized Nodes:
IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS mechanism helps to solve this problem only if the nodes are
synchronized and packet sizes and data rates are the same for both the transmitting nodes. When
a node hears an RTS from a neighboring node, but not the corresponding CTS, that node can
deduce that it is an exposed node and is permitted to transmit to other neighboring nodes.
Unsynchronized Nodes:
If the nodes are not synchronized (or if the packet sizes are different or the data rates are
different) the problem may occur that the sender will not hear the CTS or the ACK during the
transmission of data of the second sender.

Node:
The exposed node problem is not an issue in cellular networks as the power and distance
between cells is controlled to avoid it.

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