Anatomy Notes Physiotherapy

6.
1 On the tibia identify:

 shaft
o interosseous border
o soleal line
 distal end
o medial malleolus
o articular surface
o fibular notch
o groove for tibialis posterior
6.2 Orientate the tibia.
6.3 On the fibula identify:

 shaft
o interosseous border
 distal end
o lateral malleolus
o articular surface
o groove for peroneal tendons
6.4 Identify and classify the proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint and describe its movements.
 synovial, mulitaxial, plane
 small range glides in each of the major planes
6.5 Identify and classify the distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint, describe its movements and identify and state the
functions of the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Distal Tibiofibular Joint
 fibrous (a syndesmosis)
 very small movement.
Anterior Posterior Tibiofibular ligament
 anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament – parallel to one another i.e. fibres run downward and
laterally
 movements at the ankle result in shifts in position of the fibula
 moves upward and rotates when ankle in dorsiflexion – very small range movement
 the synovial superior tibiofibularjoint allows these movements to be accommodated
6.6 Identify and describe the specific mechanical functions of the interosseous Membrane
 broad sheet of dense connective tissue that is thinner than ligaments
 connects bones along the length of their shafts.
6.7 Identify the bone groups in the articulated foot:
 tarsals
 metatarsals
 phalanges
6.8 Identify the individual tarsal bones and some of their specific markings:
 calcaneus
o sustentaculum tali
o tuberosity (medial and lateral processes)
o sulcus calcanei ) sinus tarsi
 talus  navicular  cuboid

o sulcus tali ) tarsal canal o tuberosity  medial cuneiform
o head  lateral cuneiform
o body (trochlea)  intermediate cuneiform
6.9 On the metatarsals and phalanges identify:
 base  shaft  head  tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal
6.10 List the bones constituting the medial and lateral arches of the foot
medial long. arch
 calcaneus
 talus
 navicular
 all three cuneiforms
 metatarsals I-III
lateral long. arch
 calcaneus
 cuboid
 metatarsals IV-V
6.11 List the functions of the foot
Absorb weight forces
Ligamentous support
Muscular support
6.12 Describe, demonstrate and deduce the functional significance of the movements of eversion and inversion
 allows adjustment to uneven ground surfaces
 allows foot to be converted from rigid to flexible
 efficiency in gait
6.13 Identify and classify the ankle (talocrural) joint and identify and / or describe its:
 articular surfaces
 tibia – female surface
 inferior (trochlear) surface of the tibia
 medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) articular facets
 talus – male surface
 trochlear of the talus – wider anteriorly
 as ankle moves into dorsiflexion it becomes more stable
 medial and lateral articular facets are non-weightbearing
 attachment of its joint capsule
 attaches to the articular margins of the bones involved
 more extensive anteriorly where it extends onto the neck of the talus
 collateral ligaments provide medial and lateral reinforcement to the capsule
 ligaments
o deltoid
 extensive, triangular in shape
 superficial parts
 tibionavicular
 tibiocalcaneal
o anterior talofibular
 limits plantarflexion
 prevents posterior slide of tib and fib on talus
o posterior talofibular
 limits dorsiflexion
 prevents anterior slide of tib and fib on talus
o calcaneofibular
 limits dorsiflexion
 prevents adduction at ankle
 movements
 classification
 synovial, uniaxial, hinge
 movements
 dorsiflexion 30° plantarflexion 50°, transverse axis
 close packed position

6.14 Describe the specific mechanical functions of
describe the articular Functions of ligament movements
surfaces
1. subtalar joint  facet on under  inversion
surface of the talus  adduction
(female)  supination
 posterior facet on  eversion
upper surface of  abduction
calcaneus (male)  pronation
 interosseous  two bands both
(talocalcanean) ligament anterior to the joint
 run almost vertically
in the space between
talus and calcaneus
2. talocalcaneonavicular  anterior facet on Eversion
joint upper surface of inversion
calcaneus (female)
 sometimes in two
parts
 posterior facet of the
navicular (female)
 maintained by
calcaneonavicular
(spring) ligament
 head and (partially)
neck of the talus (male)
Ball and socket
 plantar calcaneonavicular NB “flat feet”
(spring) ligament Supports the head of
the talus
 bifurcate (medial/
calcaneonavicular)ligament
3. calcaneocuboid  facet on anterior Pronation

surface of calcaneus Supination
 posterior facet of the
cuboid
Plane joint
 plantar calcaneocuboid strengthens the plantar
(short plantar) ligament aspect of the joints of
the foot i.e arch
 long plantar ligament As above
 bifurcate (lateral part/ Stabilises the joint
calcaneocuboid) ligament Connects first and
second rows of tarsal
bones
6.16 For the phalangeal joints list below
describe the articular Functions of ligament movements
surfaces
1. metatarsophalangeal  head of the  flexion and extension
joints of the four lateral metatarsal  abduction and
toes  base of the adjacent adduction
phalanx
 collateral ligaments  limit flexion
 prevent add and abd
in flexion
 plantar ligament  forms part of the
articular surface
 limits extension
 deep transverse  keeps the metatarsal
metatarsal ligament heads together,
particularly important in
weight bearing
 dorsal digital (extensor)
expansion
2. metatarsophalangeal  head of the  flexion and extension
joint of the great toe metatarsal  abduction and
 base of the adjacent adduction
phalanx
 sesamoid bones and In hallusis brevis
their functions tendon, plantar aspect
of big toe Helps
redistribute pressure
over the first metatarsal
3. interphalangeal joints hinge  flexion and extension

 collateral ligaments  limit flexion
 plantar ligament  limit extension
 dorsal digital (extensor)
expansion
6.17 Identify the bony features listed above on X-rays of the leg and foot.
6.18 On a living subject, observe and palpate bony features of the knee on a living subject and (if possible) on the
photographs provided
 tibia
o medial surface
o medial malleolus
 fibula
o lateral malleolus
 calcaneus
o sustentaculum tali
 navicular
o tuberosity
 metatarsals
o heads
o tuberosity of fifth metatarsal

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6.

1 On the tibia identify:

6.2 Orientate the tibia.

6.3 On the fibula identify:

 talus  navicular  cuboid

 close packed position

3. calcaneocuboid  facet on anterior Pronation

3. interphalangeal joints hinge  flexion and extension

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