ASIAN CIVILIZATION MOHENJO DARO

 INDIA
 CHINA

FACTS ABOUT INDIA

India is officially known as the Republic of India.

India has the second largest population in the
world, with over 1.2 billion people (1,205,073,612 as GREAT BATH
of July 2012).

India is the seventh largest country by total area.

India belongs to the continent of Asia, it is
bordered by the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Burma, China, Nepal, and Pakistan.

Because of India's location, it experiences periods

of heavy rain called Monsoon

ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS STRUCTURES

OF IVC IS THE

INDUS VALLEY PEOPLE PIONEERED SEVERAL

TECHNIQUES IN METALLURGY AND HANDICRAFTS.

THE MOST PRECISE ANCIENT RULER IS FROM THE

INDUS VALLEY.

CIVILIZATION INDUS VALLEY PEOPLE HAD

KNOWLEDGE OF DENTISTRYTHE PEOPLE OF
INDUS VALLEY WERE PEACEFUL AND PROBABLY
FACTS ABOUT Indus Valley Civilization EGALITARIAN. THE REASON FOR THE COLLAPSE
OF INDUS VALLEY.
FIRST RECORDED NOTE OF THE RUINS OF THE
A BRITISH ARMY DESERTER MADE CIVILIZATION. CIVILIZATION IS NOT KNOWN YET THE
INDUS SCRIPT
IT IS THE LARGEST OF THE FOUR GREAT ANCIENT The Indus Scriptis a collection of symbols which
CIVILIZATIONS AND PROBABLY have been found on artifacts from the Harappan
Civilization.
THE OLDEST INDUS VALLEY CITIES WERE More than400 distinct symbolshave been found on
ENGINEERING MASTERPIECES OF THE TIME. seals, tablets, ceramic pots etc. Despite repeated
attempts, the
writing system of the Indus Valley Civilization has
not been deciphered yet. The Rosetta Stonehelped
in deciphering the script of Ancient Egypt but no
such object, on which there is another script along
with the Indus Script, has been discovered till now.
 ◦The Rig Veda was written more than 3800 years
ago, making Hinduism one of, if not the oldest
religion in the world

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

◦The primary purpose was always to protect the
Chinese Empire from the Mongolians and other
invaders. Most of the current Great Wall we see
today was built in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
and is approximately 6000km long.
UNTOUCHABLES ARE IMPURE BARBARIANS

BUDDHISM CONFUCIUS
◦The Basic Teachings of ◦Confucius (or Kongzi) was a Chinese philosopher
Buddha which are core to who lived in the 6th century BCE and whose
Buddhism are: thoughts, expressed in the philosophy of
 The Three Universal Truths; • Confucianism, have influenced Chinese culture
 The Four Noble Truths; right up to the present day. ... Chief among his
 The Noble Eightfold Path. philosophical ideas is the importance of a
In reincarnation, the individual may recur virtuous life, filial piety and ancestor worship.
repeatedly. In rebirth, a person does not
necessarily return to Earth as the same The Yellow River — “Mother River of
entity ever again. He compares it to a leaf growing China”
on a tree. ◦The Yellow River or Huang He is the "mother river
When the withering leaf falls off, a new leaf will of China". Its basin was the center of Chinese
eventually replace it. It is similar to the old leaf, politics, economy and culture for over 2,000 years.
but it is not identical to the original leaf. Buddhism It is the second-longest river in China (after the
is a philosophy of life expounded by Gautama Yangtze), and sixth longest in the world.
Buddha ("Buddha" means "enlightened one"), who Quick Facts
lived and taught in northern India in the 6th century
B.C. Chinese name: 黄河 Huánghé /hwung-her/ 'Yellow
The Buddha was not a god and the philosophy of River'
Buddhism does not entail any theistic world view. ◦Source: the Bayankala Mountains, the Plateau of
The teachings of the Buddha are aimed solely at Tibet, western central China
liberating sentient beings from suffering. ◦Mouth: Dongying, Shandong, 500 km SE of Beijing,
on the Bohai Gulf
HINDUISM ◦Claims to Fame: world's muddiest major river,
The goal of life in Hinduism is to attain salvation, or "China's cradle"
moksha ◦Length: 5,464 kilometers (3,398 miles)
◦Hinduism actually believes in only one god, but in ◦Suited for: Culture and history enthusiasts, and
many forms nature lovers
◦Hinduism is the 3rd largest religion in the world, ◦The name "Yellow River" comes from the huge
after Christianity and Islam amounts of
◦Hinduism believes in a circular rather than a "yellow" loess sediment it carries when flowing
linear concept of time through the Loess Plateau. It is the world's major
river with the most excessive siltation.
◦
◦ The Yellow River is 5,464 kilometers (3,398 miles) Darwin, himself an agnostic, was accorded the
long, stretching west–east 1900 km (1,180 miles), ultimate British accolade of burial in Westminster
and meandering north–south 1,100 km (684 miles). Abbey, London.
◦ Its basin area is 752,443 km2 (290,520 mi2), Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is widely held notion
containing about 200,000 km2 (77,000 mi2) of that all living organisms are related and have
arable land and over 100 million people. descended from a common ancestor
◦ The average flow rate of the Yellow River is 1,800
cubic meters per second. Its biggest tributary is Charles Darwin’s facts
the Wei River which flows past Xi'an. He is most famous for his work on natural
◦ The upper reaches, about 3,500 km (2,000 mi), selection, the idea that all species of life have
includes the upland swamps and pastures of the evolved over time from common ancestors.
Tibetan Plateau and gorges in foothill country to Not only did Darwin develop the idea of natural
the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia. selection, he also presented compelling evidence
◦ The middle reaches, about 1,200 km (700 mi) from from his detailed research which included a five
Hekou Town to Zhengzhou, occupies plain and hills year voyage on the HMS Beagle. On this voyage,
in China's Loess Plateau region, where huge Darwin visited ecologically diverse regions such as
amounts of sediment are suspended. Brazil, Chile, Australia, the Falkland Islands and
◦ The lower reaches, from Zhengzhou to the Bo the Galapagos Islands.
Sea, is about 800 km (500 mi). Due to sediment His 1859 book ‘On the Origin of Species’, detailed
accumulation, the riverbed is several meters much of his research on natural selection, it
above the cities and farmlands, forming the world- contained a large amount of evidence to back up
famous "above ground river". his ideas and became a landmark work in the field
of evolutionary biology.
China's Sorrow
The Yellow River is also called "China's Sorrow". What is evolution?
Each year, over 1.6 billion tons of soil flows into the The basic idea of biological evolution is that
Yellow River, which causes the continual rise and populations and species of organisms change over
shift of the riverbed. Before damming, it was time.
extremely prone to flooding, and had
caused millions of deaths, including the deadliest DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
disaster in human history. The widely held notion that all living organisms are
◦Between 608 BC and 1938 AD, the Yellow River related and have descended from one common
changed course 26 times, and flooded over 1,500 ancestor
times. Complex Creatures are believed to evolve from
more simplistic ancestors naturally over time.
CHARLES DARWIN (DAWRWINIAN)
Charles Darwin, in full Charles Robert Darwin, Natural Selection
(born February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution.
England—died April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent), English Organisms that are more adapted to their
naturalist whose scientific environment are more likely to survive and pass
theory of evolution by natural selection became on the genes that aided their success. This process
the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. causes species to change and diverge over time.
Darwin at first shocked religious Victorian society Natural selection is one of the ways to account for
by suggesting that animals and humans shared a the millions of species that have lived on Earth.
common ancestry.
 and ecclesiastical acceptance of his deeply radical
idea, he did not present his theory on evolution
until 1858 when he made a joint announcement
with British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who
was about to go public with a similar concept to
Darwin’s. The next year, Darwin published his
seminal work, “The Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection.”

He dined on exotic animals.

Darwin not only studied an eclectic menagerie of
animals from around the globe, he ate them as
well. As a student at Cambridge, he formed the
Gourmet Club, also known as the Glutton Club, for
STEPS IN NATURAL SELECTION the purpose of dining on “birds and beasts, which
There are 4 key steps in natural selection. were before unknown to human palate.” Darwin
1. Variation in trait - The population will have ate hawk and bittern but couldn’t choke down a
different characteristic which will help it survive. brown owl that was served. While
2. Reproduction and competition - The organisms circumnavigating the globe on HMS Beagle, Darwin
will compete with each other to survive and continued his adventurous eating by snacking on
reproduce so that they can pass down their trait to armadillo, ostrich and puma (“remarkably like veal
the offspring. in its taste,” he described).
3. Heredity - what certain traits are passed down.
The trait that benefits the organism's survival will 50 years old It was not until he was 50 years old,
be the most likely passed down. in 1859, that Darwin finally published his theory of
4. result - What certain traits are selected that will evolution in full for his fellow scientists and for the
help the organism's in its survival. public at large. He did so in a 490 page book
entitled On the Origin of Species
TRIVIAS ABOUT DARWIN’S THEORY OF
EVOLUTION Darwin suffered from chronic illnesses.
Darwin was born on the same day as Abraham After returning from his trip around the world,
Lincoln. Darwin began to suffer from exhaustion, eczema
Both Darwin and Lincoln were born on February 12, and chronic bouts of nausea, headaches and heart
1809, but in much different settings. While palpitations that would persist for the rest of his
America’s 16th president was born in a rude log life. Some speculate that during his travels Darwin
cabin in the Kentucky wilderness, Darwin was born may have contracted a parasitic illness called
in a grand Georgian house on an estate Chagas disease that can eventually result in
overlooking the River Severn and the medieval cardiac damage, which ultimately caused Darwin’s
market town of Shrewsbury, England. death.

He waited more than 20 years to publish his Freudian revolution

groundbreaking theory on evolution. Freudianism, like Darwinism, may be called
Darwin’s five-year voyage around the world on revolutionary in that it not merely introduces fresh
HMS Beagle, which ended in 1836, provided him conceptions into a particular field of inquiry but in
with invaluable research that contributed to the some measure affects all our thinking, bringing
development of his theory of evolution and natural about a general revolution of ideas.”“ One
selection. Concerned, however, about the public important feature of Freudianism is that it explains
this very fact, that it exhibits the protection of Structural model of the psyche
customary views by a pretended assimilation of ID, the unconscious realm of primitive instincts
new ones as conforming to a regular mechanism and desire for immediate gratification. Dominated
of defense.” by pleasure principle
- John Anderson, 1952 “I want it now”.

Sigmund freud EGO, also known as ‘Conscious self’, formed to

Father of Psychoanalysis channel socially unacceptable urges of the id.
May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939 Operated based on reality principle
Psychoanalysis and Psychosexual Stages “I need a bit planning to get it.”

He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of SUPEREGO, the unconscious realm of higher
psychoanalysis, a movement that popularized the morality. It is the one who suppresses any urges
theory that unconscious motives control much or desires of the id
behavior. “You can’t have it. It’s not right.”

Abandoned hypnotism in favor of free association Psychosexual stage

and dream analysis in developing what is now Sigmund, believed that personality develops during
know as “the talking cure” early childhood. According to him, childhood
experiences shape our personalities and behavior
Freud has been influential in two related but as adults.
distinct ways, he simultaneously developed a He believed that each of us must pass through a
theory of the human mind and human behavior, serious of stages during childhood, and that if we
and a clinical technique for helping unhappy lack proper nurturance and parenting during a
people. stage, we may become stuck, or fixated, in that
stage.
Psychoanalytic theory Children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on
States that the unconscious forces act to a different area of the body called erogenous zone
determine personality and behavior which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
Thoughts and behaviors arise from stress genital zone
produced by unconscious motives and unresolved
childhood conflicts
Defense Mechanism relieve anxiety

FREUD’S CONCEPTION OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE

 Alfred adler
Striving for superiority and motivation toward self-
realization

Erik erikson
Personality develops in a series of predetermined
stages.
Social experience affects personality throughout Mesoamerican Civilization
the entire lifespan Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
Psychosocial stages Was an Italian explorer and navigator. In 1492, he
sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in the
Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the Niña ships
alongside, hoping to find a new route to India.

Between 1492 and 1504, he made a total of four

voyages to the Caribbean, Central America, and
South America and has been credited and
blamed for opening up the Americas to European
Colonization.

What is Mesoamerican Civilization

The complex of indigenous cultures that developed
in parts of Mexico and Central America prior to
Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th
Carl jung century.
Unconscious conflict are critical in formulating In the organization of its kingdoms and empires,
personalities the sophistication of its
Archetype- images or thoughts that have similar Monuments and cities, and the extent and
meaning to all human being refinement of its intellectual accomplishments, the
Mesoamerican civilization, along with the
comparable Andean civilization farther
south, constitutes a New World counterpart to
those of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China.
Geographic of Mesoamerica the Olmec greatly influenced other cultures'
Geographically and culturally, Mesoamerica development in the region. It's looked to as a
consists of two strongly contrasted regions: mother culture of the region.
highland and lowland. The Mexican highlands are
formed mainly by the two Sierra Madre ranges that The Aztec
sweep down on the east and west. Lying athwart self name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl speaking people
them is a volcanic cordillera stretching from the who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a
Atlantic to the Pacific. The high valleys and large empire in what is now central and
landlocked basins of Mexico were important southern Mexico. The Aztecs are so called from
centre's of pre-Spanish civilization. In the Aztlán (“White Land”), an allusion to their origins,
southeastern part of Mesoamerica lie the partly probably in northern Mexico. They were also called
volcanic Chiapas–Guatemala highlands. The the Tenochca, from an eponymous ancestor,
lowlands are primarily coastal. Tenoch, and the Mexica, probably from Metzliapán
(“Moon Lake”), the mystical name for Lake
Particularly important was the littoral plain Texcoco.
extending south along the Gulf of Mexico,
expanding to include the Petén-Yucatán Peninsula, Under the ruler Itzcóatl (1428–40), Tenochtitlán
homeland of the Mayan peoples. formed alliances with the neighbouring states
of Texcoco and Tlacopan and became the dominant
power in central Mexico. Later, by commerce and
The Civilization under of Mesoamerican conquest, Tenochtitlán came to rule an empire of
The Olmec 400 to 500 small states, comprising by 1519 some
The first great civilization of Mesoamerica is 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 people spread over 80,000
the Olmec. The Olmec were the first complex square miles (207,200 square km). At its height,
society in the region. Their name comes from what Tenochtitlán itself covered more than 5 square
the Aztecs refer to them by: 'The Rubber People', miles (13 square km) and had upwards of 140,000
or in the language of the Aztecs, 'The Olmec'. The inhabitants, making it the most densely populated
Olmec did in fact grow rubber trees and harvest settlement ever achieved by a Mesoamerican
rubber. civilization.

The Olmec inhabited a small area of about 125 by Aztec state was a despotism in which the military
50 miles in what is today southern Mexico from arm played a dominant role. Valour in war was, in
around 1400 BCE to about 400 BCE. The dates vary fact, the surest path to advancement in Aztec
amongst research. The Olmecs emerged greatly society, which was caste- and class-divided but
because the area they inhabited was a nonetheless vertically fluid. The priestly
great natural habitat. There was good soil and and bureaucratic classes were involved in the
plenty of water. The area's river system made for a administration of the empire, while at the bottom
similar environment to places like the Nile and the of society were classes of serfs, indentured
Indus River Valleys. servants, and outright slaves.

Olmec developed the first written language and The Maya

numbering system in Mesoamerica. The Olmec The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican
built cities and acquired great wealth. They left civilization
amazing artifacts, like this jade mask and this giant developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its
head, which is just one of the many enormous logosyllabic
heads left by the Olmec in the region. Being the script—the most sophisticated and highly
first civilization of its kind in Mesoamerica, developed writing
system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for • Forming of Terraces along the Slopes of
its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and Mountain Valleys
astronomical system, flourished with their great • Plots of mud and soil placed on top layers
cities from about 250 CE until around 1400. of thick water vegetation aka “Chinampas
They covered southern Mexico, Guatemala and • Irrigation Techniques
Honduras. They had a highly developed written
language and mathematics, plus they had an Aztec Mayan Calendar
amazing knowledge of astronomy. Their cities
were amazing urban centers. They included
amazing pyramids, like this from Tikal, one of the
largest sites left of the Maya.

Mesoamerican Civilization contributed in terms of

agriculture.
They cultivated cacao, corn, beans, tomato, squash
and chili.
Domestication of turkey and dogs for gathering The Wheels
and hunting The three wheels on the calendar include the Long
Count, The Divine Calendar and Civil Calendar
They have a method of farming called
THREE SISTERS The Civil Calendar
Is a 365 day solar based year . It is divided into 18
months each with 20 days one month at the end
has only 5 days called UAYEB.

The Divine Calendar

Based off a 260 a day religious cycle. It consists of
20 period. Each containing 13 day is named from
the 20 periods. These days are the religious days
of the mayan.

The Long Count Calendar

Calculates long term events unlike the other 2
calendars this calendar is not cyclical.
Cacao is considered as culturally important This calendar lasts 2,880,000 day or 7885 days.
because of it was used in rituals and trade Mayan believe that after this period the world
currency. would be destroyed

Mesoamerican rubber ball and textile. The date of Mayan Calendar is determined by civil
and divine calendar
Ball Game These align the sacred year with solar year. This
mark specific times in the cycles.
Cultivation Techniques By Mesoamerican Farmers 52 years for the calendar for full cycle.

• Combination of Crop Rotation and Slash- The long count calendar is based counted from the
and-Burn Technique original date
It is used from series of counting principles
Baktun, Katun, Tun, Unial and Kin Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
He is a German Lutheran theologian and
Kin – 1 day to 19 mathematician. Sought to prove Copernican model
Unial – 20 day or 1 solar month correct.
Tun – 18 Unial ( months) counts up to 19
Katun – 20 tun, count up to 19 He saw Copernican model as representing God in
Example of long counts is the center of the universe with his creation
12.18.14.9.6 surrounding him. He believed that God created the
12 bakun, 18 katun, 14 tun, 9 unial, 6 kin universe using the language of geometry. Used the
The last date in the calendat 13.0.0.0 this was the 5 regular solids with equal sized faces to hold up
so called “END OF THE WORLD “ in mayans. the celestial spheres. That explained why there
were only 6 planets. TOTALLY WRONG, but he
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION believed in it until he died.
 Rise of Astronomy
 Kepler's Law’s
 Scientific Revolution  KEPLER’S FIRST LAW- Planets orbit
the Sun in elliptical paths with the
Contributor during the Copernican Sun at one focus
revolution  KEPLER’S second LAW (Law of
AREAS- A line connecting the Sun
Clauduis Ptolemy and a planet sweeps out equal
He was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, areas in equal times. This means
geographer, and astrologer. that a planet moves fastest when it
 Ptolemic Model - This model supported the is closest to the Sun.
belief that the Earth was the center of the  KEPLER’S third LAW (THE harmonic
Universe and the moons and planets law)- P2 = a3 where
rotated in circles as they went around P = orbital period in years
Earth. a = semi-major axis in Astronomical
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) Units (au)
He is a Modern European scientist and the Father An au = average distance between
of Astronomy. Earth and Sun ~ 93,000,000 miles or
150,000,000 Km.
 Observed night sky from an observation Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
tower. He is an Italian Philosopher, Astronomer, and
 Trying to solve the calendar problem. Mathematician and the Father of Physics. In 1610 he
 Suggested a Sun centered Universe in a wrote The Starry Messenger in which he published
book titled “De Revolutionibus”, which was his observations.
not published until the year he died.
NOTE: He was well educated and had read Greek Galileo’s Telescopic Discoveries
astronomy. Craters on Moon- Moon is NOT perfect
It has craters and mountains
HELIOCENTRIC Sunspots- Sun is NOT perfect. It has dark spots
The Sun is the center of the universe. The Sun may rotate, which implies the
Earth may rotate.
Moon’s of Jupiter- January 7-15, 1610 magnitude (strength) of the force applied in
These moon’s do not revolve around the the direction of the force.
Earth or the Sun!  Newton’s tHIRD LAW (INTERACTION)- For
They form a miniature solar system of their every action there is an equal and opposite
own. reaction.
F1 = -F2
Phases of Venus m1a1 = -m2a2
Forces act in opposite directions on
different objects.
Forces act in opposite directions on
different objects.

Newton’s Gravity
The Universal Law of Gravitation:
1. Every mass attracts every other mass.
2. Attraction is directly proportional to the
product of their masses.
3. Attraction is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their
Galileo Galilei’s Observations centers.
Studied balls rolling down inclined planes. Center of Mass
The only way to determine the mass of a planets is
The smoother and more polished the surface the to observe a moon orbiting it.
farther the ball rolled. The only way to determine the mass of the stars is
to observe double stars orbiting each other.
Therefore, balls rolling down infinitely smooth
surfaces roll infinitely far. Mass is not equal to weight.
Counter to Aristotle! Weight is force of gravity acting on a mass.
• F = ma = mg.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • W = mg.
He developed the Laws of motion and idea of • W = (1.0kg)(9.8m/s2)
= 9.8N.
gravity to get Edmund Halley off his back. Derived
Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion using laws
of motion and gravity.

Newton's Law OF MOTION

 Newton's FIRST LAW (inertia)- A body

at rest will remain at rest, and a body in
motion will remain in motion, unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
 Newton’s SECOND LAW
(ACCELERATION)- An acceleration is
caused by an unbalanced force acting on an
object and is directly proportional to the