Exponent Function Walid Yahya

Exponential function
Mr. Walid yahya

Radical Notation for a1/n
If a is a real number, n is a positive integer, and a1/n is
a real number, then n
a =a .1/ n
In the expression n
a
• n
a is called a radical sign,
• a is called the radicand,
• n is called the index.

R.5 Evaluating Roots
Example Evaluate each root.
(a) 4 16 (b) 4 −16 (c) 5
−32
Solution
(a) 4
16 = 16 1/ 4
= (2 )4 1/ 4
=2
(b) 4
−16 is not a real number.
(c) 5
−32 = [(−2) ] 5 1/ 5
= −2
Converting from Rational Exponents to Radicals
Example Write in radical form and simplify.
(a) 8 2/3
(b) (−32) 4/5
(c) 3x 2/3
Solution
( 8)
2
(a) 8 2/ 3
= 3
=2 =4
2
(b) (−32) = ( )
4
4/ 5 5
−32 = (−2) = 16
4
(c) 3x 2/ 3 = 3 3 x 2
Review of Radicals
Evaluating n
a n
If n is an even positive integer, then

n
a =a .
n
If n is an odd positive integer, then

n
a =a.
n
Using Absolute Value to Simplify Roots
Example Simplify each expression.
(−2)6
4
(a) 4
p (b) 16m8 r 6 (c) 6
Solution
(a) 4
p = p
4
(b) 16m8 r 6 = (4m 4 r 3 ) 2 = 4m 4 r 3 = 4m 4 r 3
(c) 6
(−2) = −2 = 2
6
Try by your self
Exponential Functions
1 Define an exponential function.
2 Graph exponential functions.
3 Use transformations on exponential functions.
4 Define simple interest.
5 Develop a compound interest formula.
6 Understand the number e.
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
A function f of the form
f (x ) = a ,
x
a  0 and a  1,
is called an exponential function with

base a. Its domain is (–∞, ∞).
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluating Exponential Functions
a. Let f (x ) = 3 . Find f (4 ).
x−2
b. Let g (x ) = −2 10 . Find g (−2 ).

x
x
 1  3
c. Let h (x ) =   . Find h  −  .
 9  2
d. Let F(x) = 4x. Find F(3.2).
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluating Exponential Functions
Solution
a. f ( 4 ) = 3
4− 2
=3 =92
1 1
b. g ( −2 ) = −2 10 = −2  2 = −2 
−2
= −0.02
10 100
3
−
 3 1
3 3
= (9 )
2 −
−1 2
c. h  −  =   = 9 = 27
2
 2 9
d. F(3.2) = 43.2 ≈ 84.44850629

Graphing an Exponential Function with
EXAMPLE 2
Base a > 1 – Exponential Growth
Graph the exponential function f (x ) = 3 . x
Solution
Make a table of values.
Plot the points and draw a smooth curve.

EXAMPLE 2
Base a>1
Solution continued
This graph is typical for exponential functions

when a > 1.
EXAMPLE 3
Base 0 < a < 1 – Exponential Decay
x
1
Sketch the graph of y =   .
2
Solution
Make a table of values.
Plot the points and draw a smooth curve.

EXAMPLE 3
Base 0 < a < 1
Solution continued
As x increases
in the positive
direction, y
decreases
towards 0.
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Let f (x) = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1.
1. The domain of f (x) = ax is (–∞, ∞).
2. The range of f (x) = ax is (0, ∞); the entire graph lies above
the x-axis.
3. For a > 1, Exponential Growth
(i) f is an increasing function, so the graph rises to the right.
(ii) as x → ∞, y → ∞.
(iii) as x → –∞, y → 0.
4. For 0 < a < 1, - Exponential Decay
(i) f is a decreasing function, so the graph falls to the
right.
(ii) as x → – ∞, y → ∞.
(iii) as x → ∞, y → 0.
5. The graph of f (x) = ax has no x-intercepts, so it never

crosses the x-axis. No value of x will cause f (x) = ax to
equal 0.
6. The graph of is a smooth and continuous curve, and it
passes through the points
7. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote for every

exponential function of the form f (x) = ax.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching Graphs
Use transformations to sketch the graph of each

function.
a. f ( x ) = 3x − 4 b. f ( x ) = 3x+1
c. f ( x ) = −3x d. f ( x ) = −3x + 2
State the domain and range of each function and

the horizontal asymptote of its graph.
Solution
a. f ( x ) = 3x − 4
Domain: (–∞, ∞)
Range: (–4, ∞)
Horizontal
Asymptote: y = –4
Solution continued
b. f ( x ) = 3x+1
Range: (0, ∞)
Horizontal
Asymptote: y = 0
Solution continued
c. f ( x ) = −3 x
Range: (–∞, 0)
Horizontal
Asymptote: y = 0
Solution continued
d. f ( x ) = −3 + 2
x
Range: (–∞, 2)
Horizontal
Asymptote: y = 2
TRANSFORMATIONS ON EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION f (x) = ax
Transformation Equation Effect on Equation
Horizontal y = ax+b Shift the graph of
Shift y = ax, |b| units
(i) left if b > 0.
(ii) right if b < 0.
Vertical y = ax + b Shift the graph of

Shift y = ax, |b| units
(i) up if b > 0.
(ii) down if b < 0.
FUNCTION f (x) = ax
Stretching or y = cax Multiply the y

Compressing coordinates by c.
(Vertically) The graph of y = ax
is vertically
(i) stretched if c > 1.
(ii) compressed if
0 < c < 1.
FUNCTION f (x) = ax
Reflection y = –ax Reflect the graph

of y = ax in the
x-axis.
y = a–x Reflect the graph
of y = ax in the
y-axis.
General Exponential Growth/Decay Model
Rate of decay (r < 0),Growth (r > 0)
Amount
after t time
periods
Number of
Original time
amount periods
COMPOUND INTEREST – Growth
Compound interest is the interest paid on both the principal and
the accrued (previously earned) interest. It is an application of
exponential growth.
Interest that is compounded annually is paid once a year. For

interest compounded annually, the amount A in the account after
t years is given by Rate of decay (r < 0),Growth (r > 0)
Amount after t time

periods Number of time
periods
Original amount
EXAMPLE 2 Calculating Compound Interest
Juanita deposits $8000 in a bank at the interest

rate of 6% compounded annually for five
years.
a. How much money will she have in her

account after five years?
b. How much interest will she receive?

EXAMPLE 2 Calculating Compound Interest
Solution
a. Here P = $8000, r = 0.06, and t = 5.
b. Interest = A − P
= $10,705.80 − $8000 = $2705.80.
THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
The exponential function

f ( x) = e x
with base e is so prevalent in the sciences

that it is often referred to as the exponential
function or the natural exponential function.
The value of e to 15 places is

e = 2.718281828459045.
THE VALUE OF e
As h gets larger and larger,
h
 1
1 + 
 h
gets closer and closer to a fixed number. This
irrational number is denoted by e and is sometimes
called the Euler number.
The value of e to 15 places is

e = 2.718281828459045.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph
Use transformations to sketch the graph of
Solution
Start with the
graph of y = ex.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph
Use transformations to sketch the graph of
Solution continued
Shift the graph of
y = ex – 1 two units
up.
CONTINUOUS COMPOUND FORMULA
A = Pert
A = amount after t years
P = principal
r = annual rate (expressed as a decimal)
t = number of years
EXAMPLE 4 Calculating Continuous Compound Interest
Find the amount when a principal of $8300 is

invested at a 7.5% annual rate of interest
compounded continuously for eight years and
three months.
Solution
P = $8300 and r = 0.075. Convert eight years
and three months to 8.25 years.
A = Pe rt
( 0.075)( 8.25)
A = $8300e
 $15, 409.83

Exponent Function Walid Yahya

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Exponential function

Mr. Walid yahya

• a is called the radicand,

• n is called the index.

If n is an even positive integer, then

If n is an odd positive integer, then

(b) 16m8 r 6 = (4m 4 r 3 ) 2 = 4m 4 r 3 = 4m 4 r 3

is called an exponential function with

b. Let g (x ) = −2 10 . Find g (−2 ).

d. F(3.2) = 43.2 ≈ 84.44850629

Graph the exponential function f (x ) = 3 . x

Plot the points and draw a smooth curve.

This graph is typical for exponential functions

Plot the points and draw a smooth curve.

5. The graph of f (x) = ax has no x-intercepts, so it never

7. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote for every

Use transformations to sketch the graph of each

State the domain and range of each function and

Vertical y = ax + b Shift the graph of

Stretching or y = cax Multiply the y

Reflection y = –ax Reflect the graph

Rate of decay (r < 0),Growth (r > 0)

Interest that is compounded annually is paid once a year. For

Amount after t time

Juanita deposits $8000 in a bank at the interest

a. How much money will she have in her

b. How much interest will she receive?

The exponential function

with base e is so prevalent in the sciences

The value of e to 15 places is

The value of e to 15 places is

Use transformations to sketch the graph of

Use transformations to sketch the graph of

Find the amount when a principal of $8300 is

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