Introduction of AV aids

Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce
learning ( Burton )

Visual aids are any instructional device that can be seen. But not heard .Audio aids are any
instructional devices that can be heard but not seen .AV aids cab be broadly divided into 2 types
these are projected and non projected aids .

Purposes of AV aids:
 Antidote to the disease of verbal instructions .

 Best motivation

 Clear images.

 Variety of stimulation.

 Opportunities to handle and manipulate.

 Retention.

 Capture attention

 Realism

 Meeting individual differences.

 Reinforcement to learner

 Positive transfer of leaning

Characteristics of AV aids:
 They should be meaningful and purposeful

 They should be accurate in every aspect

 They should be simple.

 They should be cheap

 They should be improvised as for as possible

 They should be up to date

 They should be easily portable

 They should be according to the mental level of the students

 They should motivate the learners

Introduction of charts:
 A chart is a graphical presentations of data in which the data is represented by symbols
,such as bars in bar chart and lines in line chart ,or slice in in a pie chart . A chart can be
represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and
provide different information.

Definition
 It defined as combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for orderly and
logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas.

Purposes:
 To show the relationship by means of facts and figures

 To show continuity in process.

 For presenting the material symbolically

 For showing development of structure

Preparation of charts:
Materials required

 Prepare charts are sheets of thick white or light coloured papers .

 Fibre tipped round point and chisel point colour markers .

 Drawing aids .

 Adhesives

 Pencil and erasers

 Content that shown on chart and other needed articles

Before making a chart:

One should plan the content in terms of the objectives and decide the layout

The layout should be balanced and should use the space effectively

Principles:
 The size of the chart , the size of letters and the contrast of display materials should be
such that it is readable by the farthest viewer .

 Standard chart paper in size 90x60 cm. and 70x55 cm is suitable for most purposes.

 The size of letters for the captions ,labels and keywords written on chart should be
between 2 and 3 mm .

 The thickness of the lines should be between 2 and 3 mm.

 Light coloured chart paper should be used eg. Yellow ,green and white are better suited
for dark coloured pens . Eg. Black ,blue , red , orange .

 Simple hand –drawn charts with non decorative lettering are more effective than
elaborately drawn.

 One chart should convey just one idea or one principle .

 Chats crowded with information are less effective .

Preservation of chart:
 Cover the chart with brown paper or old newspaper

Types of chart:
 Narrative chart

 Tabulation chart

 Chain chart

 Bar chart

 Pie chart
  Flow chart

 Evolution chart

 Pull chart

 Line chart

 Tree chart

1.Tabulation chart:

The process of placing classified data into tabular form is known as tabulation a table is
symmetric arrangement of statistical data in rows and columns .rows are horizontal and
columns are vertical arrangements .

 To tabulate information is to organize it into tables .

 Tabulating is a way of processing information or data by putting it in table .

 It refers to a table , or chart ,with rows and columns . When tabulating make calculations.

 There 4 types of classification qualitative , ordinal , quantitative ,and chronological

A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular
bars with heights or length proportional to the values that represents .

 The bars can plotted vertically or horizontally .A vertical chart is sometimes called a
column chart .

 One axis of chart shows the specific categories being compared , and the other axis
represents a measured value .
 3. Narrative chart:

 Narrative charts use a text generation server to generate a natural language summary of
and insight chart .

 Narrative charts can have a maximum of 1024 data points . This limit is imposed by the
web FOCUS narrative charts server and will be removed in a future release .

4. chain diagram:

Chain diagram are visualizations that show the relationships between events and tasks
and how the event affect each other .

Event chain methodology is the next advance beyond critical path method and critical
chain project management
5. Pie chart:

A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic which is divided into slices to illustrate
numerical proportion .

 In a pie chart the arc length of each slice is proportional to the quantity it represents .

 Pie chart are very widely used in the business world and mass media .

It can replaced by bar chart ,dot plot etc

6. flow chart:

 A flow chart is diagram that represents of workflow or a process .

 It can also be define as a diagrammatic representations of an algorithm , a step by step

 A flow chart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds , and their orders by connecting
the boxes with arrows .
7. evolution chart:

 This is the presentation of how any species is evoluted .

 For Eg . human evolution chart .

8. line chart:

 A line chart or line plot or line graph or curve chart is a type of chart which displays
information as a series of data points caleed markers connected by a straight line
segments .

 It is a baisic type of common chart in many fields .

 Tree chart is a type of graphic organizer that shows how items are related to one another .

 Tree chart combines the probabilities , decisions , cost and payouts of decisions and
provide the a strategic answers .
 How to use charts effectively:
 Students should be involved in the preparation of charts.

 Charts should be so large that every detail depicted should be visible to every pupil in the
class wherever be is sitting .

 Teacher should make sure that there is provision for hanging the chart at a vantage point .

 A chart should be carefully stored and preserved for use in future .

 A teacher should have pointer to point out specific factors in the chart

 Straight pins, staples ,paper board clips ,may be used .

 Charts should be carefully stored and preserved for use in future .