Cebu Doctors’ University

College of Nursing
Mandaue City

ELECTIVE 1
Concept of Family: The Parents
Group 2

Submitted by:
Ms. Consuegra, Ma. Beatrice
Ms. Cubero, Maria Abigaile
Ms. De los Reyes, Wensie
Mr. Donque, Lorenzo
Ms. Eduave, Nina Isobelle
Ms. Emnace, Rheanne Kyla
Mr. Florida, Miguel-Anton

BSN-3A

Submitted to:
 Mrs. Maria Lilia Tiongco
Objectives:
After 4 hours of sharing-discussion, the Level III students will be able to:

1. define the following terms:

1.1 family 1.6 violence
1.2 handicapped 1.7 annulment
1.3 disabled 1.8 separation
1.4 situational crisis 1.9 divorce
1.5 adoption

2. discuss the family as a unit:

2.1 the parents
2.1.1. Developmental tasks of parents-to-be: mothering and fathering
2.1.2. Mercer’s theory and Rubin’s Theory
2.1.3. Behavior and needs of expectant mothers
2.1.4. Mothering role
2.1.5. Fathering role

2.2 identify selected situational crises affecting parental assumption of their role:
2.1.6. Single parenthood
2.1.7. Birth of handicapped child
2.1.8. Adopting a child
2.1.8.1. RA 8043 (An Act Regulating Inter-Country Adoption)
2.1.8.2. RA 8552 (An Act Regulating Domestic Adoption)
2.1.9. Annulment or Separation or divorce
2.1.9.1. Impact on children
2.1.10. Hospitalization or death of a spouse

3. elaborate on the effects of a working mother or absentee parents

1. define the following terms:

Family
- two or more persons related by marriage, blood, birth or adoption
- basic unit of society
Handicapped
- having a condition that restricts one’s ability to function physically, mentally and
socially
Disabled
- condition that makes an individual unable to perform activities of daily living
Situational crisis
- unexpected crisis in response to an external event or conflict
- usually transient and brief
Adoption
- legally taking in a child and raising them as their own
Violence
- behavior intended to physically hurt individuals
Annulment
- legal procedure that involves secular and religious legal systems in which
considers the marriage null and void
- marriage seen as if it never existed in the first place
Separation
- moving apart from each other
Divorce
- legal procedure that terminated the marriage of two individuals
- marriage ended is still valid
 2. discuss the family as a unit:
2.1 the parents
2.1.1. Developmental tasks of parents-to-be: mothering and fathering

Infancy and Early Childhood

Assist the child in :

● Learning to walk
● Learning to take solid foods
● Learning to talk
● Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
● Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
● Forming simple concepts of social and physical reality
 ● Learning to relate emotionally to parents, siblings, and other people.
● Learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing a conscience.

Middle Childhood

Assist the child in :

● Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
● Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism
● Learning to get along with age-mates
● Learning appropriate masculine or feminine social role
● Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating
● Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
● Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values
● Achieving personal independence
● Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions

Adolescent
Assist the child in :

● Developing coping behaviors

​

● Developing strategies for resolving conflicts

● Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes
● Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
● ​Achieving individual independence from parents and other adults

● Selecting and preparing for an occupation

● Preparing for marriage and family life

Early Adulthood

● Accept adult’s chosen life-style and assist with necessary adjustments relating to health
● Recognize the person’s commitment and the function of competence in life.
● Selecting a mate
● Learning to live with a partner
● Starting a family
● Rearing children
● Managing a home
 ● Getting started in an occupation
Middle Age

● Achieving adult civic and social responsibility

● Establishing and maintain an economic standard for living
● Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
● Developing adult leisure-time activities
● Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person
● Accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes of middle age
● Adjusting to aging parents

2.1.2. Mercer’s theory and Rubin’s Theory

Maternal Role Attainment Theory

● Defined as an interaction and developmental process occurring over time, in which the
mother becomes attached to her infant, acquired competence in care-taking tasks
involved in the role, and expresses pleasure and gratification in the role.
● defined a process of binding or being attached to the child andMaternal Role Identity or
seeing oneself in the role and having a sense of comfort about it. (Rubin)

Concepts
● Maternal identity is defined as having an internalized view of the self as a mother
(Mercer, 1995).PERCEPTION OF BIRTH EXPERIENCE A woman’s perception
of her performance during labor and birth is her perception of the birth experience
(Mercer, 1990)
● FAMILY Mercer and colleagues define family as “a dynamic system which
includes subsystems-in-individuals (mother, father,fetus/infant) and dyads
(mother-father, mother-fetus/infant, andfather fetus/infant) within the overall
family system.
● FAMILY FUNCTIONING Family functioning is the individual's view of the
activities and relationships between the family and its subsystems and broader
social units.STRESSStress is made up of positively and negatively perceived life
events and environmental variables.
● MOTHER-FATHER RELATIONSHIP The mother-father relationship is the
perception of the mate relationship that includes intended and actual values,
goals, an agreement between the two. The Maternal attachment to the infant
develops within the emotional geldof the parent’s relationship.
● FLEXIBILITY Roles are not rigidly fixed; therefore,who fills the roles is not
important(Mercer, 1990). “Flexibility of children attitudes increases with increased
development …., Older mothers have infants and to view each situation in
respect to the unique
 ● SELF-CONCEPT (SELF-REGARD) Mercer (1986) outlines self-concept, or
self-regard, as “The overall perception of self that includes self-satisfaction,
self-acceptance, self-esteem, and congruence or discrepancy between self and
ideal self“.

2.1.3. Behavior and needs of expectant mothers

❖ Mood Swings
❖ Feeling anxious, excited
❖ Women may start tidying and
❖ planning, sometimes to excessive proportions
❖ Ambivalence towards pregnancy
❖ Mothers often worry about their body image
❖ Changes in sexual desire

2.1.4. Mothering role

❖ Learning how to take care of her infant with competence & assurance
❖ Learn to accept and adapt to the strains and pressures of motherhood
❖ Share roles with her husband
❖ Maintaining a healthy & satisfying relationship with her husband
❖ Nurturing their children
❖ Provide opportunities for child’s development
❖ Making satisfactory adjustments to the practical realities of life
❖ Exploring, identifying and developing the satisfying sense of being a family

2.1.5. Fathering role

❖ Adjusting from the expected and unexpected pressure as a young father
❖ Learning essentials of baby and child care
❖ Encouraging child’s full development
❖ Conforming to the new regimens designed as the most healthful for the family
❖ Maintaining stable and satisfying relationship with his wife
❖ Fathers availability or presence must be known to the child
❖ Earning for the family’s income for the child to have resources
❖ Becoming a family man in the fullest sense of term
❖ Ensure the family’s safety and protection
2.2 identify selected situational crises affecting parental assumption of their role:
2.1.6. Single parenthood
Single parenthood​: a parent who raises their children alone without the
presence, support, or responsibility of a spouse or the children’s other
parent

Reasons for Single Parenthood

● Teen pregnancy
● Divorce
● Death of spouse
● Career-oriented parent
● Never married
● Surrogate parent

Situational Crises
● Children
- Less supervised by adults
- More conflicts with parents
- Two times more likely to get divorced in adulthood
- More likely to: drop out, be teen parents, participate in
violent crimes, join gangs, or go to prison
- Loneliness (feeling absence of the parent not present in life;
feeling incomplete)
- Practical problems of everyday living (ex: mother not present
in life to guide daughter through puberty)
● Parents
- No partner to share in disciplining, decision-making and
financial responsibility
- Inconsistent reinforcement
- Financial instability (ex: low income)
- Loneliness
- Difficulty in balancing work and parent schedule

2.1.7. Birth of handicapped child

Handicapped child​: having a physical or mental disability

Situational Crises
● Increased levels of stress (ex: when child throws a fit)
● Struggling to find affordable child care
 ● May alter decisions about having more children
● Difficulty in balancing work and child responsibilities
● May take a toll on physical and mental stress since the parent must
watch their child at all times

2.1.8. Adopting a child

2.1.8.1. RA 8043 (An Act Regulating Inter-Country Adoption)
2.1.8.2. RA 8552 (An Act Regulating Domestic Adoption)
2.1.9 Annulment or Separation or Divorce
● Divorce​ is a legal action between married people to terminate their
marriage relationship. It can be referred to as dissolution of
marriage and is basically, the legal action that ends the marriage
before the death of either spouse.
● Annulment:​ A legal ruling that erases a marriage by declaring the
marriage null and void and that the union was never legally valid.
However, even if the marriage is erased, the marriage records
remain on file. Note that a religious annulment is not a legal
dissolution of a civil marriage.

2.1.8. 1 Adopting a child

2.1.8.1. RA 8043 (An Act Regulating Inter-Country Adoption)

Inter-country adoption in the Philippines is governed by Republic Act (R.A.) No. 8043 or the
Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995. The law aims to place every neglected and abandoned child
with an adoptive family. Preference is given to Filipino adoptive parents as can be seen from the
law's restrictive stance towards adoption of Filipino children by alien prospective adoptive
parents (PAP). The law allows inter-country adoption to alien (PAP) only if it shown that the
same is for the best interests of the child. R.A. No. 8043 is in accord with the Hague Convention
on the Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Inter-Country Adoption, to which
the Philippines is a State Party.

2.1.8.2 RA 8552 (​An Act Regulating Domestic Adoption)

It is hereby declared the policy of the State to ensure that every child remains under the care of
his/her parent(s) and be provided with love, care, understanding and security towards the full
and harmonious development of his/her personality. Only when such efforts prove insufficient
and inappropriate placement for adoption within the child's extended family isavailable shall
adoption by an unrelated person be considered. In all matters relating to the care, custody and
adoption of a child, his/her interest shall be paramount consideration in accordance with the
tenets set forth in the United Nations (UN)Convention on the Rights of the Child; UN Declaration
on Social and Legal Principles Relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children with Special
Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption, Nationally and Internationally; and the Hague
Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption.
Towards this end, the State shall provide alternative protection and assistance through foster
care or adoption for every child who is neglected, orphaned or abandoned.

2.1.9.1 Impact on children

○ When parents divorce, the effects of divorce on children can

vary. Some children react to divorce in a natural and
understanding way, while other children may struggle with
the transition. The effects of divorce on children can vary
based on age and temperament.
○ Poor Performance in Academics:​ Divorce can leave
children distracted and confused. The more distracted
children are, the more likely they are to not be able to focus
on their school work.
○ Loss of Interest in Social Activity: ​Children whose family
is going through divorce may have a harder time relating to
others, and tend to have less social contacts. Sometimes
children feel insecure and wonder if their family is the only
family that has gotten divorced.
○ Difficulty Adapting to Change​: New family dynamics, new
house or living situation, schools, friends, and more, may all
have an effect.
○ Emotionally Sensitive: ​Feelings of loss, anger, confusion,
anxiety, and many others may come from divorce. It can
leave children feeling overwhelmed and emotionally
sensitive. Children need an outlet in order to process their
emotions.
○ Anger/Irritability: ​In some cases, when children feel
overwhelmed and do not know how to respond to the effects
they feel during divorce, they may become angry or irritable.
Children processing divorce may display anger at their
parents, themselves, their friends, and others.
○ Feelings of Guilt​: Children often wonder why a divorce is
happening in their family. These feelings of guilt are a very
 common effect of divorce on children, but also one which can lead
to many other issues. Guilt increases pressure, can lead to
depression, stress, and other health problems.
○ Introduction of Destructive Behavior: ​Research has shown that
children who have experienced divorce in the previous 20 years
were more likely to participate in crimes, rebelling through
destructive behavior which harms a child's health, with more
children reporting they have acquired smoking habits, or
prescription drug use.
○ Loss of Faith in Marriage and Family Unit​: Research has also
shown that children who have experienced divorce are more likely
to divorce when in their own relationships. Some research
indicates this propensity to divorce may be two to three times as
high as children who come from non-divorced families.

2.1.10 Hospitalization or death of a spouse

● As numerous research studies have demonstrated the death of a spouse is a major

source of life stress that often leaves people vulnerable to later problems, including
depression, chronic stress, and reduced life expectancy. While the grief process usually
takes weeks or months to subside, a small minority of bereaved persons experience
symptoms for much longer. In many cases, these symptoms can resemble other
psychiatric conditions such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) to the point that it is
almost impossible for mental health professionals to tell them apart. Research also
suggests that widowed spouses who were highly dependent on their spouses are more
likely to develop problems with anxiety afterward.
● The grief of losing a spouse or partner affects not just emotional and mental health, but
physical health as well. Numerous studies show that the surviving spouse or partner is
likely to develop health problems in the weeks and months that follow, such as heart
attack or stroke. The researchers offered several possible reasons for the cardiovascular
decline. These include stress-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and blood
clotting. There is also a tendency after such a profound loss for the surviving spouse or
partner to disregard his or her own health and become resigned to dying.

2.1.10. Hospitalization or death of a spouse

3. elaborate on the effects of a working mother or absentee parents

●Concerns that mothers' increasing labour-market participation means that

they are becoming more rooted in their work life and more 'work-centred'
at the expense of their family responsibilities were not borne out.
●Mothers' increasing labour-market participation is seen as having
far-reaching effects on family relationships. Some see these effects as
detrimental, whereas others are more optimistic.

●The mother's employment provided skills and resources that meant they
could meet their children's emotional, developmental and material needs
better.

●Their relationship with their partner was enhanced because they shared the
financial burden of providing for their family and had more common
interests.

●Mothers had some problems switching off 'bad' work feelings. Some who
had to bring home work resented the time they spent on this.

●Some fathers felt their partner lacked time for being a couple and paying
attention to their children.

●Some also regarded the transference of the mother's workplace ethos and
skills - and workplace-generated stress - into the home as intrusions into
family life.

●Some argue that it makes mothers think of themselves as self-sufficient

individuals rather than as someone who prioritises their home life and
family relationships.
 Bibliography

Duvall, E. M., & Miller, B. C. (1985). ​Marriage and Family Development​ (6th ). New
York, NY: Harper & Row.