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Carver Training and Services Pvt. Ltd. Baramati: 15.13 Starting and Ignition System

This document discusses different types of starters and ignition systems for aircraft engines. It describes electric motor starters, starter-generators, pneumatic or air turbine starters, cartridge starters, fuel-air combustion starters, gas turbine starters, hydraulic starters, liquid monopropellant starters, and air-impingement starters. For each type, it provides details on how they work and lists their advantages and disadvantages.

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101 views30 pages

Carver Training and Services Pvt. Ltd. Baramati: 15.13 Starting and Ignition System

This document discusses different types of starters and ignition systems for aircraft engines. It describes electric motor starters, starter-generators, pneumatic or air turbine starters, cartridge starters, fuel-air combustion starters, gas turbine starters, hydraulic starters, liquid monopropellant starters, and air-impingement starters. For each type, it provides details on how they work and lists their advantages and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

mauryapiae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CARVER TRAINING AND SERVICES PVT. LTD.

BARAMATI

15.13 STARTING AND


IGNITION SYSTEM
TYPE OF STARTER
1. Electric motor starter
2. Electric motor-generator (starter-generator)
3. Pneumatic or air turbine starter
4. Cartridge or solid-propellant starter
5. Fuel-air combustion starter
6. Gas turbine starter (jet fuel starter)
7. Hydraulic motor starter
8. Liquid monopropellant starter
9. Air-impingement starter
ELECTRIC MOTOR STARTER
1. Electric motor starters are 28-V series-wound electric motors, designed to provide high
starting torque. Their use is limited to starting smaller engines because of the very large
current drain (over 1 000 A for some models) and because they are relatively heavy for the
amount of torque they produce.
2. The starter includes an automatic jaw-meshing mechanism, a set of reduction gears, and a
clutch. The straight electric motor starter as a means for starting gas turbine engines has
generally given way to the starter-generator in order to save weight and simplify accessory
gear arrangements.
3. A typical electric motor starting system have provisions for automatically engaging the ignition
units when the starter switch is thrown. If the circuit is so arranged, the ignition system is
constructed so that it may be separately energized for air restarts.
4. The starter system may also be equipped with a relay to "drop" the starter out when a
specified rpm has been reached or the starter load reduced. Some systems incorporate a
timing switch to permit a gradual voltage buildup as the starter gains speed.
ELECTRIC MOTOR
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Self-contained starts possible 1. Limited to starting small
for small engines. engines.
2. Engine may be motored for 2. Relatively heavy for torque
short periods without starter produced.
overheating. 3. Reduction gears necessary.
4. Engaging mechanism necessary.
ELECTRIC MOTOR-GENERATOR (STARTER-GENERATOR)
Example:-Most small gas turbine engines such as the General Electric CJ610, Pratt &
Whitney JT 12 and PT6, Allison T63, Teledyne CAE 169, and the Allied Signal Lycoming
T53, use a starter-generator. This system has the advantage of being lighter than a
separate starter and generator since a common armature is used and it requires no
engaging or reduction gear mechanism.
The engine accessory section also requires one less gear. a splined drive, which usually
incorporates a torsional vibration dampener to protect the drive quill against engine torsional
vibration, connects the starter-generator to the engine.The unit incorporates two field windings.
The series winding is used to develop the low speed, high starting torque necessary to crank the
engine ,while the shunt or parallel winding functions when the unit is acting as a generator. There
are four external connections (A + or shunt field connection; B + or armature positive; C or series
field connection; and E- or armature negative).
The starting electrical load is very high. To limit the tremendous battery drain, some airplane
electrical systems are arranged so that their two 28-V batteries can be placed in series for starting
and in parallel operation for normal generator functions. This placement provides the same amount
of power (volts x amperes) to the starter but with a reduced current flow.
STARTER-GENERATOR
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. One less accessory drive necessary. 1. Limited to small engines.
2. No overrunning clutch, gearbox, or 2. Relatively heavy for torque
engaging mechanism necessary produced. when operating as a
3. Lighter than a single starter and starter.
generator
4. Self-contained starts possible for
small engines
PNEUMATIC OR AIR TURBINE STARTER
PNEUMATIC OR AIR TURBINE STARTER
PNEUMATIC OR AIR TURBINE STARTER
 It requires a supply of high-volume airflow of approximately 40 lb/min [ 18 kg/min] at a pressure
of about 50 psi [345 kPa] . Sources include compressed air from an auxiliary gas turbine engine
carried on board the aircraft or maintained the "start" switch, after which the operation of the
valve and starter is automatic.The same switch is used as a "stop" switch in emergencies.
 As air enters the starter inlet, the radial or axial-flow starter turbine wheel assembly rotates.
The reduction gears contained within the starter convert the high speed and low torque of the
turbine wheel to a relatively low-speed

Air turbine starter are installed in the Boeing 720, 747, KC 1 35, and B52; McDonnell
Douglas DC-8, DC-9, and DC- 1 0; Lockheed Electra; General Dynamics F- 111
AIR TURBINE STARTER
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Its light weight (about 20 to 25 lb) 1. High-volume air supply
[9 to 11 kg] to torque ratio when required
compared with the electric motor
starter and starter-generator. 2. Gearbox needed with self-
2. High torque-to-weight ratio (5 to
contained oil supply
10 times higher than electric 3. Electrical connections and
motor). needed for speed control
3. Engine may be motored at low or
high speed.
4. Can use air from a running engine.
CARTRIDGE PNEUMATIC STARTER
CARTRIDGE PNEUMATIC STARTER
1. Accessory gearbox mounted starter which can use either explosive solid propellent charge or
low pressure , high volume air source similar to the pneumatic air turbine starter.
2. The charge is ignited electrically from the aircraft battery, giving the aircraft a self starting
capability without auxiliary power unit or ground power.
Advantages
 Self-contained starts possible for large engines
 Very high torque-to-weight ratio
 Quick starts and gang possible for military aircraft
 Automatic starts possible
Disadvantages
 Cartridge needed for each start
 Gearbox, clutch, and oil system necessary
 No motoring possible for systems checkout
FUEL-AIR COMBUSTION STARTER
FUEL-AIR COMBUSTION STARTER
1. Accessory gearbox mounted starter which utilizes a high pressure 3000 PSI ,air sources and
combustion process.
2. It is very similar to a small gas turbine engine,
3. Combustion is initiated electrically from the aircraft battery giving the aircraft a self-starting
capability.
Advantages
 Completely self-contained
 High torque-to-weight ratio
 Automatic starts possible
 Engine may be motored for short periods on internal ·air supply at low rpm
Disadvantages
 Relatively complex
 Only two self-contained starts possible
FUEL-AIR COMBUSTION STARTER

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Completely self-contained 1. Relatively complex
2. High torque-to-weight ratio 2. Only two self-contained starts
3. Automatic starts possible possible
4. Engine may be motored for short
periods on internal ·air supply at
low rpm
GAS TURBINE STARTER

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Completely self-contained starts 1. One of the most complex of starter
possible types in that it requires its own starter,
2. High torque-to-weight ratio all of the systems of the main engine
plus an overrunning clutth
3. Long periods of engine motoring
possible
GAS TURBINE STARTER
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Completely self-contained starts 1. One of the most complex of
possible. starter types in that it requires
2. High torque-to-weight ratio. its own starter, all of the systems
of the main engine plus an
3. Long periods of engine motoring
overrunning clutch.
possible.
HYDRAULIC STARTERS
1. Accessory gearbox mounted hydraulic starter motor.
2. It is driven by fluid from an auxiliary power unit mounted hydraulic pump or hand pump and
accumulator arrangement.
Advantages
 Compact in size.
 Can be self-contained for smaller engines
 Can be adapted to function as a pump
 Relatively uncomplicated
Disadvantages
 Requires external power for large engines or for continuous cranking (internal APU may be
used)
LIQUID MONOPROPELLANT STARTER
AIR-IMPINGEMENT STARTER
HAND-CRANK STARTER

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