102 Fundamentals of Radiology and Imaging

UNIT-1 MCQ (ANS MARK BY BLUE COLOR)
1. The atom is composed of a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of

negatively charged
a) neutron
b) photon
c) electrons
d) none
2. Z is known as the
a) Mass number
b) atomic number
c) mole number
d) both a or b
4 .The radius of an atom is about
a) 0.001nm
b) 0.0001nm
c) 0.011nm
d) 0.01nm
3. Protons and neutrons are commonly referred to as :

a) Nucleons
b) Protons
c) Electrons
d) Betatron
6. The idea of a dense central nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons was

first proposed by
a) Rutherford in 1911
b) WC Rontgen
c) Bohr
d) Coulomb
7. Avogadro’s number:
a) 6.022 × 1023 atoms/g-atom.

b) 299 792 458 m/s (ª3 × 10 power 8 m/s).
c) 1.602 × 10ˉ19 C
d) 0.5110 MeV/c2
8. All are Fundamental units EXCEPT:
a) Length l
b) Mass m
c) Time t
d) Velocity
9. The amount of radiant energy absorbed in a certain amount of tissue is:
a) Rem
b) Red
c) Rontgen
d) Watt
10. The S. I. unit of energy is:
a) Joule
b) Kerma
c) Rem
d) Red
11. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated

by:
a) charges, currents, and changes of the fields

b) vector measurement
c) magnetic fields
d) Momentum
12. Maxwell first used the equations to propose that light is an:
a) current
b) Nuclear phenomenon
c) Megnetic phenomenon
d) electromagnetic phenomenon
The speed of the wave is equal to the product of the
a) frequency and wavelength

b) atom and matter
c) distance and time
d) time and velocity
UNIT-2
1. which is used for increasing the radiating surface of the anode:
a) Boron
b) Radium
c) Sodium
d) Carbon, in the form of graphite
2. the cathode and filament assembly consisting of a filament, made from

a) Iron wire
b) Boron wire
c) Carbon wire
d) tungsten wire
3. Anode disk diameters vary from:

a) 75 to 200 mm
b) 30 to 500 nm
c) 50 to90 nm
d) 75 to 200 nm
4. A second smaller spot is used for:
a) higher resolution
b) high sharpness
c) high contrast
d) high density
5. the heel effect decreases with increase in

a) Window angle
b) Cathode angle
c) anode angle
d) tube angle
6. which is the common material for tube construction since it conforms with
manufacturing requirements:
a) plastic
b) Boro-silicate glass
c) Carbon
d) iron
7. The insulating regions in metal tubes are made from:

a) ceramic material
b) plastic material
c) glass material
d) iron material
8. The glass window of the X-ray tube removes :

a) low energy X-ray photons
b) high energy x ray photons
c) low energy x ray electron
d) high energy x ray electron
9. The inherent filtration is equivalent to about:
a) 0.5 mm aluminum
b) 0.005 mm aluminum
c) 0.00005 mm aluminum
d) 0.50 mm aluminum
10.The heat stored in an anode mass depends on its:

a) Cold capacity
b) heat capacity
c) iron capacity
d) oil capcity
11.For an exposure time of 0.02 s the total heat energy is

a) 30 kW 0.02 6000 J.
b) 30 kW 0.02 600 J.
c) 300 kW 0.02 600 J.
d) 30 kW 0.002 600 J.
12.A rotating anode has an energy dissipation of :

a) 1500 J mmˉ2 sˉ1
b) 1500 Jˉ2 sˉ1
c) 1500 J mmˉ21 sˉ1
d) 15000 J mmˉ2 sˉ1
UNIT-3
1. Films used for radiography usually consist base of a:

a) Polyester
b) Metal
c) Liquid
d) Iron
2. which protects emulsion from mechanical damage:

a) base
b) emulsion
c) halide
d) protective coating
3. Interactions with the atomic nucleus do not occur at

a) photon energies
b) electron energy
c) atom energy
d) neutron energy
4. The processes of X-ray interaction with matter all involve :

a) Pair production
b) Photo electric effect
c) Compton effect
d) Attenuation
5. The maximum field of view which can be obtained with a specific

radiographic system is generally limited by the:
a) Focal spot size.
b) Anode size.
c) Anode angle.
d) Heel effect.
6. The maximum MA which can be used for a single radiographic exposure is

related to the:
a) KV.
b) Exposure time.
c) Focal spot size.
d) All
7. The primary x-ray beam penetration (percent) through a patient can be

increased by increasing the:
a) KV.
b) MAS.
c) Filtration.
d) Beam area.
8. Relatively low KV values are used in some x-ray procedures for the purpose
of:
a) Increasing penetration.
b) Increasing contrast sensitivity.
c) Decreasing patient exposure.
d) Decreasing area contrast.
9. The thickness of an intensifying screen has a significant effect on:

a) Image contrast.
b) Image blurring.
c) Receptor sensitivity.
d) Both a and b
10.Potential sources of blurring within a radiograph receptor include:

a) Light cross-over within the film.
b) Space between the film and intensifying screen.
c) Spreading of light within the screen.
d) All
11.If a radiographic procedure requires 20 mAs for a focal spot-to-receptor
distance (FRD) of 40 in., a FRD of 80 in. would require:
a) 5 mAs.
b) 10 mAs.
c) 40 mAs.
d) 80 mAs.
12.For vascular imaging with iodine contrast media you would expect to get
the best contrast by using:
a) 35 kV.
b) 65 kV.
c) 95 kV.
d) 125 kV.
Unit-4
1. Copper losses in armature of dc generator amount to which of the following

percentage of full load losses ?
a) 5 to 10%
b) 10 to 20%
c) 20 to 30%
d) 30 to 40%
2. Power in a Three Phase Circuit
1. P = 3 VPh IPh CosФ
2. P = √3 VL IL CosФ
3. Both 1 & 2.
4. None of The Above
3.A polyphase system is generated by
1. Having two or more generator windings separated by equal electrical angle.

2. Having generator windings at equal distances
3. None of the above
4. A and C
4.In a three phase AC circuit, the sum of all three generated voltages is _______ ?
1. Infinite (∞)
2. Zero (0)
3. One (1)
5. For a star connected three phase AC circuit.
1. Phase voltage is equal to line voltage and phase current is three times the
line current
2. Phase voltage is square root three times line voltage and phase current is
equal to line current
3. Phase voltage is equal to line voltage and line current is equal to phase
current
6.In a three phase, delta connection
1. line current is equal to phase current

2. Line voltage is equal to phase voltage
4. Line voltage and line current is zero
7.Purpose of capacitor filter in a rectifier is to
A. Convert dc to ac
B. convert ac to dc
C. Filter the output
D. retain frequency
8.Material between conductor and insulator is called
A. metal
B. transmitter
C. insulator
D. compound
9.One that is a pentavalent impurity atom is
A. boron
B. indium
C. gallium
D. antimony
10. Majority carriers in an n - type semiconductor are
A. holes
B. conduction electrons
C. valence electron
D. protons
11. In formula of capacitance C = Aε/d where d represents the
A. plate separation
B. distance between charges
C. displacement
D. direction of charge
12.In double ended differential input input configuration is
A. in phase
B. doubled
C. out of phase
D. tripled
UNIT-1 ONE WORD QUESTION:
1. Radiation may be classified as electromagnetic or?

Particulate
2. Electromagnetic waves can, like all waves, be characterized by their?
Amplitude
3. The speed of the wave is equal to the product of the frequency and the?
Wavelength
4. In diagnostic radiology, the only particulate radiation that needs to be considered is
the?
Electron
5. Radiation is classified as ionizing or ?
non-ionizing
6. Ionizing radiation can?
ionize matter
7. The atom is composed of a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively
charged ?
electrons
8. The proton and neutron have nearly identical?
rest masses
9. Number of protons and number of electrons in an atom is known as?
Atomic number Z
10. According to the Pauli exclusion principle, no two electrons can occupy the?
same state
1. Diagnostic X-ray tubes have high?

Precision
2. The majority of X-ray tubes employ rotating?
Anodes
3. Which has a larger heat capacity than tungsten?
Molybdenum
4. The filament is located within a negatively charged?
nickel cathode
5. The power supply, which heats the filament?
8 to 12 V
6. The cathode cup can also be independently supplied with a?
high negative voltage
7. The available electron density from the heated filament (emission current density)
depends on the ?
filament temperature
8. Dental units and some small mobile X-ray units use which type of anode?
stationary or fixed anode designs
9. Anode the target area itself is made from ?
thin metal alloy (tungsten–rhenium), about 1 mm thick
10. A larger disk diameter increases the?
heat capacity
1. The rotating anode forms part of an which motor?

induction motor
2. The anode rotational speed is?
3000 or 3400 rpm
3. Stationary anode tubes have an energy dissipation of about?
200 J mmˉ2 sˉ1
4. The glass window of the X-ray tube removes?
low energy X-ray photons
5. Increasing the tube current does not influence?
beam quality
6. Which is the common filter material for conventional radiography?
Aluminum
7. Films used for radiography usually consist of a which base ?
polyester base
8. A film emulsion is a mixture of silver halides suspended in which material?
Gelatin
9. The terms ‘free’ and ‘bound’ electrons are used when describing which Interaction?
photon interactions
10. Which type of damage that is apparent during the lifetime of the organism?
somatic
1. A typical X-ray generator derives its power from a single or?

3-phase mains supply
2. Which allows adjustment of input mains voltage?
Input transformer
3. The AC mains supply has a cyclic frequency of?
50 Hz
4. Three types of transformer are commonly found which is known as?
Isolation, step-up and step-down
5. Controlling high frequency generator kilovoltage output (eqn 4.1) is achieved by
altering the frequency by ?
A feedback control signal
6. Slight variations in filament current produce large variations in the which current?
tube current
7. Ion chambers are commonly employed as?
automatic exposure control
8. Which converts half of the AC input signal (positive half cycle) into pulsating DC
output signal?
half wave rectifier
9. capacitor consists of two or more parallel?
conductive (metal)
10. A Capacitor is a passive device that stores energy in its?
Electric Field
LONG QUESTION:
1. The properties of α, β and γ rays.
2. The production of X-rays with a diagram.
3. Draw Any one x-ray circuit with a neat sketch
4. Factors that affect the quality and intensity of X-rays.
5. Heel effect of an X ray tube.
6. Note on characteristic spectrum. Which is the component in the X-ray tube that
changes characteristic spectrum?
7. Photoelectric effect and is its relevance in diagnostic radiology?
8. Note on radiation detection and measurements.
9. Write in detail the working principle of a Personnel Monitoring Devices.
10. Write in detail the construction and working principle of a Stationary Anode X-Ray
tube.
11. Explain the principle of various Radiation Detectors.
12. With diagram explain the Grid Controlled X-ray tube.
13. Write any five properties of X-Rays.
14. Discuss the working principle of Pocket Dosimeter.
15. Write briefly about Characteristic Radiation.
16. Discuss about Photoelectric effect.
17. Define heel effect and its application in Diagnostic Radiology.
18. Discuss the principle of Ionization Chamber.
19. Write briefly about the Properties of alpha rays.
20. Write briefly about ionization and excitation
SHORT QUESTION
1. Define Grid Ratio.

2. Define Half life
3. Write a note Thermionic Emission.
4. Write any three uses of Radiation Survey Meter.
5. Factors affecting the Intensity of X-rays.
6. Define Self Induction.
7. Define Excitation.
8. Define Atomic and Mass Number.
9. Write the uses of Pocket Dosimeter.
10. Define Space charge effect
11. What is advantage of rotating anode over stationary anode?
12. What is Grid factor.
13. Define Rare earth screens.
14. Define Fluorescence.
15. What is focal spot?
16. Define space charge effect.
17. What is the target material used in X ray tube and why?
18. Automatic exposure control.
19. Define Radiographic film.
20. Interaction of gamma rays with matter.
21. Half wave rectifier.
22. Photoelectric effect
23. What is Collimator.

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What are the main components of an atom and their properties?

What are the main components of an atom and their properties?

What are the different types of radiation and their properties?

What are the different types of radiation and their properties?

UNIT-1 MCQ (ANS MARK BY BLUE COLOR)

1. The atom is composed of a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of

4 .The radius of an atom is about

3. Protons and neutrons are commonly referred to as :

6. The idea of a dense central nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons was

a) 6.022 × 1023 atoms/g-atom.

8. All are Fundamental units EXCEPT:

9. The amount of radiant energy absorbed in a certain amount of tissue is:

10. The S. I. unit of energy is:

11. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated

a) charges, currents, and changes of the fields

The speed of the wave is equal to the product of the

a) frequency and wavelength

2. the cathode and filament assembly consisting of a filament, made from

3. Anode disk diameters vary from:

5. the heel effect decreases with increase in

7. The insulating regions in metal tubes are made from:

8. The glass window of the X-ray tube removes :

10.The heat stored in an anode mass depends on its:

11.For an exposure time of 0.02 s the total heat energy is

12.A rotating anode has an energy dissipation of :

1. Films used for radiography usually consist base of a:

2. which protects emulsion from mechanical damage:

3. Interactions with the atomic nucleus do not occur at

4. The processes of X-ray interaction with matter all involve :

5. The maximum field of view which can be obtained with a specific

6. The maximum MA which can be used for a single radiographic exposure is

7. The primary x-ray beam penetration (percent) through a patient can be

9. The thickness of an intensifying screen has a significant effect on:

10.Potential sources of blurring within a radiograph receptor include:

1. Copper losses in armature of dc generator amount to which of the following

2. Power in a Three Phase Circuit

3.A polyphase system is generated by

1. Having two or more generator windings separated by equal electrical angle.

5. For a star connected three phase AC circuit.

6.In a three phase, delta connection

1. line current is equal to phase current

7.Purpose of capacitor filter in a rectifier is to

8.Material between conductor and insulator is called

9.One that is a pentavalent impurity atom is

10. Majority carriers in an n - type semiconductor are

11. In formula of capacitance C = Aε/d where d represents the

12.In double ended differential input input configuration is

UNIT-1 ONE WORD QUESTION:

1. Radiation may be classified as electromagnetic or?

1. Diagnostic X-ray tubes have high?

UNIT-3 ONE WORD QUESTION:

1. The rotating anode forms part of an which motor?

UNIT-4 ONE WORD QUESTION:

1. A typical X-ray generator derives its power from a single or?

1. Define Grid Ratio.

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