GENERATION OF COMPUTER

TEKNIK INFORMATIKA
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH
TANGERANG
Arranged By :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1. Efrizal Rahmat K (17-55-201-234)

2. Brian Indrianto (17-55-201-128)
3. Yudistira Anggana (17-55-201-001)
4. Muhammad Sahril H (17-55-201-120)
5. Mursan (17-55-201-156)
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
(1940-1956)
The first computer systems used vacuum
tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking
up entire rooms. These computers were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using
a great deal of electricity, the first computers
generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions. First generation
computers relied on machine language.
the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. It would take operators
days or even weeks to set-up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and
paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers
are examples of first-generation computing devices.The UNIVAC was the first
commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
The simplest vacuum tube, the diode, contains only a heater, a heated electron-emitting
cathode (the filament itself acts as the cathode in some diodes), and a plate (anode).
Current can only flow in one direction through the device between the two electrodes, as
electrons emitted by the cathode travel through the tube and are collected by the anode.
Adding one or more control grids within the tube allows the current between the cathode
and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. Tubes with grids can be
used for many purposes, including amplification, rectification, switching, oscillation, and
display.
Invented in 1904 by John Ambrose
Fleming, vacuum tubes were a basic
component for electronics throughout the
first half of the twentieth century, which saw
the diffusion of radio, television, radar,
sound reinforcement, sound recording and Vacum Tube

reproduction, large telephone networks, analog and digital computers, and industrial
process control. Although some applications had counterparts using earlier technologies
such as the spark gap transmitter or mechanical computers, it was the invention of the
vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical.
Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963)
The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of
computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread
use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum
tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and
more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still
generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.
From Binary to Assembly

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to

symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions
in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time,
such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers
that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

The development of the integrated The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.

circuit was the hallmark of the third This development made computers
generation of computers. Transistors smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.
were miniaturized and placed on In this generation remote processing,
silicon chips, called semiconductors, time-sharing, multiprogramming
which drastically increased the speed operating system were used. High-level
and efficiency of computers. languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV,
COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this
generation.
The main features of third generation are :
1. IC used
2. More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
3. Smaller size
4. Generated less heat
5. Faster
6. Lesser maintenance
7. Costly
8. AC required
9. Consumed lesser electricity
10. Supported high-level language
Some computers of this generation were :
● IBM-360 series
● Honeywell-6000 series
● PDP (Personal Data Processor)
● IBM-370/168
● TDC-316
Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present)

The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth

generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits
having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In
this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system
were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in
this generation.
 The main features of fourth generation are −
● VLSI technology used
● Very cheap
● Portable and reliable
● Use of PCs
● Very small size
● Pipeline processing
● No AC required
● Concept of internet was introduced
● Great developments in the fields of
networks
● Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were :
● DEC 10
● STAR 1000
● PDP 11
● CRAY-1(Super Computer)
● CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Current and Next)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in

development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the
face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which
interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All
the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
AI includes :
● Robotics
● Neural Networks
● Game Playing
● Development of expert systems to
make decisions in real-life situations
● Natural language understanding and
generation

Some computer types of this generation

are :
● Desktop
● Laptop
● NoteBook
● UltraBook
● ChromeBook
The main features of fifth generation are :
● ULSI technology
● Development of true artificial intelligence
● Development of Natural language processing
● Advancement in Parallel Processing
● Advancement in Superconductor technology
● More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
● Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates