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Analysis Chapter 4

This document provides guidance on analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data that was collected for research. It discusses preparing, organizing, and coding the data to identify themes and categories. It also covers interpreting the data by discussing trends, contradictions, gaps, and limitations in order to draw conclusions and recommendations from the findings.

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112 views4 pages

Analysis Chapter 4

This document provides guidance on analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data that was collected for research. It discusses preparing, organizing, and coding the data to identify themes and categories. It also covers interpreting the data by discussing trends, contradictions, gaps, and limitations in order to draw conclusions and recommendations from the findings.

Uploaded by

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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analysis

Wednesday, September 7, 2016 7:31 AM

Methodology - though you call it KII, it is not a direct face to face interview. Include this in your
methodology. Need an appropriate perspective for your readers.

Color code the KII Transcript according to your categorization.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Data analysis - The attempt to fully and accurately summarize and represent the data that has been
collected. Do analysis first before interpretation. Unsay ning gawas, unsay wala ning gawas pero
strong kaayo sa related literature.

Data interpretation - The part where the researcher discusses… "so what?" OR "what does it mean?" If
this is the data that I got, what happens? What happens? This is when you go back to your chapter
two. You go back to your theoretical framework. It is the theoretical framework that told you this is
the data you have to gather. What does the theoretical framework say?

Quantitative All Yes/No Questions; rating scales, those with pre-set answers, ranking questions;
anything where answers are very simple and pre-determined.

Qualitative - Those that convey concepts; answers to why questions. Think of themes that emerge.

Think about analysis EARLY. Start with a plan. Code, enter, clean. Analyze. Interpret. Reflect - what
did we learn? What conclusions can we draw? What are our recommendations? What are the
limitations of our analysis?

DATA ANALYSIS

Check the trends - where the same information appears in different places

- Do they fit in with what you expect?


- Are they surprising? Are they the result of bias?
- Does this mean that the research uncovered new ideas?

Check the contradictions - Are they the results of?


- Working with different groups?
- Using different methods?

Check the gaps - Where information you see is missing? [What data are you not seeing?]
- Did you forget to collect some important information?

Quantitative Data is presented in a numerical format collected in a standardied manner e.g. surveys,
closed-ended interviews. Analyzed using statistical techniques.

Preparing your Data

- Assign a unique identifier


- Organize and keep all forms [questionnaires, interviews, testimonials]
- Check for completeness and accuracy
- Remove those that are incomplete or do not make sense.

Quickly point the trends, the differences, and contradictions. What immediately follows that is - so
what? Your interpretation.

Data Gathering and Analysis Page 1


what? Your interpretation.

Discussing Limitations

Written reports - be explicit about your limitations.

Oral Reports - Be prepared to discuss limitations.


- Be prepared to discuss limitations.
- Be honest about limitations.
- Know the claims you cannot make.
- Do not claim causation without a true experimental design.
- Do not generalize to the population.

Qualitative Data

- Qualitative data is thick in detail and design.


- Data often in a narrative format.
- Data often collected by observation, open-ended interviewing, document review
- Analysis often emphasizes phenomena as they exist, not following pre-determined hypotheses.

 Look at themes. Appreciate the answers and generate themes from there.

Common Approaches of Techniques

• Cut and paste


• Charting by hand
• Card Index
• Computer-aided Qualitative Data Analysis

 GOAL: To draw from the data a set of key themes which summarize the important categories of
within the data, and to look at how they relate to each other.

CUT TRANSCRIPT AND GROUP THEM TOGETHER.

- Familiarize yourself with the data. Begin to make notes of themes you see arising.
- Read the transcripts again, one by one and line by line.
- Go through the data, making notes in the margins of the text as you go along. Label relevance
of phrases, sentences, or sections.
- Labels can be about actions, concepts, differences, opinions, processes, and other relevant
info.
- EVERY CATEGORY YOU HAVE TO THOROUGHLY EXPLAIN.

What may be relevant?

- It is repeated in several parts of your data source.


- It surprised you.
- The interviewee explicitly states that it is important.
- You have read about something similarly important published reports or scientific articles.
- It reminds you of a theory or a concept.
- Or for any other reason that you think it is relevant.

ARE THE CLUSTERS FORMED SHOWN IN THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK?

Code your data - locating the material in the data with relates to the codes or categories.

Decide which codes are the most important, and create categories by bringing several pieces

Data Gathering and Analysis Page 2


Decide which codes are the most important, and create categories by bringing several pieces
together.

- Go through all the codes created in the previous step.


- You can create new codes by combining two or more codes.
- You do not have to use all the codes created in the previous step. You may drop some.
- Keep those that are important.

THEMES ARE FOUND IN THE ANSWERS OF THE RESPONDENT. Best if themes come from transcripts.
CATEGORIES ARE MADE FROM THE DIFFERENT THEMES. CATEGORIES MANAGEABLE = 12.

Identification of Categories

It is an iterative process.

Reading the Data, Thinking of categories


trying to categorize it which make sense to
you

Qualitative analysis steps

- Label your categories and decide which is the most relevant.


- Describe the connections between the categories.
- The categories and the connection are the main results of your study.
- It is new knowledge about the world… From the perspective of the participants of
the study.

Qualitative analysis steps

- Write your results. Prepare a matrix for your write-up with heading Results and
Discussions.
- Results: Describe the categories and how they are connected. Use a neutral voice
and do not interpret your results.
- Discussions: write your interpretations and discuss your results; interpretations may
be based on:
- Results from similar, previous studies published in relevant scientific journals.
- Theories or concepts and other relevant aspects.

SUGGESTION FOR DEFENSE: ULTRA-FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE THEORETICAL


FRAMEWORK AND THE DATA.

COMMON PITFALL

- Reporting your data in exactly the same order of your questionnaire.


- Simply describing respondents' answers under each heading.

IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT

- It is important in qualitative work to present research findings in context - and


avoid, for example, take out quotes from an interview in such a way as to twist
their original meaning. The context includes not only the words on either side of a
particular statement, but also the situation in which words were produced.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Data Gathering and Analysis Page 3


Data Analysis and Interpretation

Includes:
 Organized by theme
 Description of facts [data].
- Source:
- What you did to get the information regarding each theme.
- How you gathered your data.
- Analysis: How you analyzed your data.
- Interpretation of the facts - What does the data "mean"?
VALIDATION SHOULD BE IN ANALYSIS.
__________________________________________________________________________________
HOW TO PRESENT AND STRUCTURE CHAP 4

OBJECTIVE
- Category
 Theme A - Data and evidence; data and evidence. [the above should be
included in here].

I. What have you learned? Name one theme that emerged from your data.
A. Based on what info? How do you know? What was your source of data?
a. Details.

3. Add interpretation
Include interpretation:
- What does the data mean with regards to that.
- The "so what?" of the theme and data.

REMINDER: ONLY HIGHLIGHT TRENDS, PATTERNS, CONTRADICTIONS

Data Gathering and Analysis Page 4

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