WATER TREATMENT PLANT PRODUCT

MONITORING SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

CHANDRU .J
SADAGOPAN .A
SAMUEL .J

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
MEENAKSHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “Water treatment plant product monitoring

system” is the bonafide work of “Names” who carried out the project work under

my supervision.

A.Gowthaman ME,MBA

Industrial Guide

Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd,

Manali, Chennai 600 060.

Abstract:

 Water treatment plant is an industry which treats impure waste water by

removing all the impurities and converting it into clean, reusable water.

 It removes the bulk waste materials like plastic wastes, organic wastes,

suspended solids and micro waste materials like bacteria, unwanted salts,

etc.

 The end product is a clean, reusable water which is transported to various

industries for various applications.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 General 5
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2.2.1 General 19
1.2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 45
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are personally indebted to a number of persons that a complete

acknowledgement would be encyclopedic. First of all, we would love to record
our deep gratitude for our parents for permitting us to take up this course.

My sincere thanks and profound sense of gratitude goes to our respected Chairman
Dr. Jeppiaar, M.A., BL.,Ph.D., for all his efforts and administration in educating us
in this premiere institution . We take this opportunity to thank Directors
Tmt.C.Vijaya Rajeswari , Mr.Sakthi Kumar M.E., and Mrs. Saranya Sree Sakthi
Kumar B.E., and for their kind co-operation in completing this Project.

We would like to express our gratitude to our Secretary and Correspondent,

Dr.P.Chinnadurai, M.A., Ph.D and Head of the Department of Electronics &
Instrumentation Engineering MrsG.Rohini M.E.,(Ph.D) for their guidance and
advice all through our tenure.

We convey our sincere thanks to our internal guide Mr.R.Sivakumar M.E.,(Ph.D)

for his valuable suggestions throughout the duration of the project.

We would also like to thank Mr.A.Gowthaman M.E., M.B.A., Dy. Instrumentation

Manager, Maintenance Department, Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited and
all employees of CPCL for their guidance and technical support they rendered
during the course of the project.
 1. Important Properties of Water

A primary consideration for the operation of the cooling tower system is the water
quality of the make-up source. Differing sources present differing challenges.
Surface water sources include lakes, rivers, and streams, while groundwater
sources consist of wells or aquifers. Depending on the location, surface water
sources will have seasonal variations and can carry high levels of suspended silt
and debris that cause fouling if not removed by pre-filtration systems.

Groundwater sources don’t have the seasonal variations that surface water sources
have, but depending on the geology of the region, they can have high levels of
dissolved minerals that contribute to scale formation or corrosion in the has
become popular and many cooling systems are being supplied reclaimed effluent
or discharge water from other processes. While water reuse is a wise resource
option, consideration should be made regarding the quality of the water and how
that will impact the efficient operation of the cooling system, and the system’s
ability to meet the required cooling demand.
Whether the source water is surface, ground, or reuse, in nature there are a few
basic water quality considerations that should be understood.

1.1 pH

pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+]. Every aqueous

solution can be measured to determine its pH value. This value ranges from 0 to 14
pH. Values below 7 pH exhibit acidic properties. Values above 7 pH exhibit basic
(also known as caustic or alkaline) properties. Since 7 pH is the center of the
measurement scale, it is neither acidic nor basic, it is called "neutral." pH is
defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. It is expressed
mathematically as:
The pH scale is logarithmic (each incremental change corresponds to a ten-fold
change in the concentration of hydrogen ions), so a pH of 4.0 is ten times more
acidic than a pH of 5.0 and one hundred times more acidic than a pH of 6.0.
Similarly, a pH of 9.0 is ten times more basic or alkaline than a pH of 8.0 and one
hundred times more alkaline than a pH of 7.0.

Basically, the pH value is a good indicator of whether water is hard or soft. The pH
of pure water is 7. In general, water with a pH lower than 7 is considered acidic,
and with a pH greater than 7 is considered basic. The normal range for pH in
surface water systems is 6.5 to 8.5, and the pH range for groundwater systems is
between 6 to 8.5. Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of the water to resist a
change in pH that would tend to make the water more acidic. The measurement of
alkalinity and pH is needed to determine the corrosiveness of the water.

In general, water with a pH < 6.5 could be acidic, soft, and corrosive. Acidic water
could contain metal ions such as iron, manganese, copper, lead, and zinc. In other
words, acidic water contains elevated levels of toxic metals. Acidic water can
cause premature damage to metal piping, and have associated aesthetic problems
such as a metallic or sour taste. It can also stain inside the vessels, pipe lines and
cause color staining on drains. More importantly, there are health risks associated
with these toxins.

The primary way to treat the problem of low pH water is with the use of a
neutralizer. The neutralizer feeds a solution into the water to prevent the water
from reacting with the pipe plumbing or from contributing to electrolytic
corrosion. A typical neutralizing chemical is soda ash.
Also known as sodium carbonate, soda ash works to increase the sodium content
which increases pH. Water with a pH > 8.5 could indicate that the water is hard.
Hard water does not pose a health risk, but can also cause aesthetic problems.
These problems include an alkali taste to the water, formation of scale deposits on
compressor and heat exchangers and the formation of insoluble precipitates on
pipes.

According to a Wilkes University study, the association of pH with atmospheric

gases and temperature is the primary reason why water samples should be tested on
a continuous basis. The study says that the pH value of the water is a measure of
the strength of the acidic or basic solution, and provides a full picture of the
characteristics or limitations with the water supply.

1.2 Alkalinity – Alkalinity is the presence of acid neutralizing, or acid buffering

minerals, in the water. Primary contributors to alkalinity are carbonate (CO3 -2),
bicarbonate (HCO3 -), and hydroxide (OH-). Additional alkaline components may
include phosphate (PO4 -3), ammonia (NH3), and silica (SiO2), though
contributions from these ions are usually relatively small.

Conductivity – Conductivity is a measurement of the water’s ability to conduct

electricity. It is a relative indication of the total dissolved mineral content of the
water as higher conductivity levels correlate to more dissolved salts in solution.
Conversely, purified water has very little dissolved minerals present meaning the
conductivity will be very low.

2. Existing System:

Presently the water samples are collected at regular intervals and sent to the central
quality laboratory for measurement. Based on the result provided by the central
laboratory, the dosage pump discharge hand operated valve is operated.

This method has the following disadvantages:

1. Lot of manual work is involved.

2. Time consuming process
3. Possibility of human error
4. Parameter is not measured continuously.
5. Valve is placed at the discharge of a pump, which consumes electrical
energy.
6. Inefficient electrical system.
Proposed System:

The following parameters are to be measured to determine the purity of

the water :
 pH – Measurement of H+ ions in the water.

 Conductivity – Measurement of water’s capability to electric

flow which in turn measures the concentration of different ions

in the water.

 Turbidity – Measurement of Suspended solids in the water and

Clarity.
Schematic Diagram:
Hardware Requirements:
 Arduino MicroController
 pH Sensor
 Electrical Conductivity Sensor
 Turbidity Sensor
 Water Tank
 LCD Display Interface
 pH Buffer Solutions
 Conductivity Buffer Solution

pH Sensor:
A glass electrode is the most successful and ubiquitous electrochemical sensor. It
provides information about the activity of hydronium ions, H3O+, in water.
Because water, which mildly dissociates to H3O+ and OH- ions, is the most
common solvent medium, and chemical reactions in water largely depend on
H3O+ activity, the ability to measure it is essential. And conversely, because
H3O+ activity, or rather, its negative logarithm, the pH, is so easy to measure, pH
is the most commonly monitored and recorded parameter of liquid samples.
A glass electrode is actually a device, not an electrode in an electrochemical sense
of the word. It consists of a glass bulb membrane, which gives it its name and an
electrically insulating tubular body, which separates an internal solution and a
silver/silver chloride electrode from the studied solution. The Ag/AgCl electrode is
connected to a lead cable terminated with some connector that can hook up to a
special amplifier circuit, the pH meter. The pH meter measures the potential
difference and its changes across the glass membrane. The potential difference
must be obtained between two points; one is the electrode contacting the internal
solution.

A second point is obtained by connecting to a reference electrode, immersed in the

studied solution. Often, this reference electrode is built in the glass electrode (a
combination electrode), in a concentric double barrel body of the device.
It is a common misconception that the combination electrode requires only one
lead, fostered because the round coaxial lead to the electrode looks like a single
wire. In any potentiometric measurement, and pH measurement is an example of
one, two inputs, one of which is a reference point, are required. The completed
glass electrode with a reference electrode cell is represented by the electrochemical
shorthand

Ag/AgCl | HCl | glass || probed solution | reference electrode.

The potential difference relevant to pH measurement builds up across the outside

glass/solution interface marked ||. The key functional part, the glass membrane, is
manufactured y blowing molten glass into a thin-walled bulb with a wall about 0.1
mm thick. The bulb is then sealed to a thicker glass or plastic tube, and filled, for
example, with a solution of HCl (0.1 mol/dm3).

In this solution is immersed a silver/silver chloride electrode with a lead to the

outside through a permanent hermetic seal. The filling solution has constant Cl-
concentration, which keeps the Ag/AgCl inner electrode at fixed potential.
Specifications:

 Signal Conversion Board (Transmitter) V2

 Supply Voltage: 3.3~5.5V

 Output Voltage: 0~3.0V

 Probe Connector: BNC

 Signal Connector: PH2.0-3P

 Measurement Accuracy: ±0.1@25℃

 Dimension: 42mm*32mm/1.66*1.26in

 pH Probe

 Probe Type: Laboratory Grade

 Detection Range: 0~14

 Temperature Range: 5~60°C

 Zero Point: 7±0.5

 Response Time: <2min

 Internal Resistance: <250MΩ

 Probe Life: >0.5 year (depending on frequency of use)

 Cable Length: 100cm

Conductivity:

 Conductivity is the measure of the ability of water to pass current through it.

 The measure of this ability is directly proportional to the concentration of

various ions in the water.

 These conductive ions come from dissolved salts and inorganic materials
such as alkalis, chlorides, sulfides and carbonate compounds.

 The basic unit for measurement of conductivity is mho or siemens

 Distilled water has a conductivity range of

0.5 to 3 micromho/cm.

 Conductivity may be measured by applying an alternating electrical current

(I) to two electrodes immersed in a solution and measuring the resulting
 voltage (V). During this process, the cations migrate to the negative
electrode, the anions to the positive electrode and the solution acts as an
electrical conductor.
 A typical conductivity meter applies an alternating current (I) to two active
electrodes and measures the potential (V).
 Both the current and the potential are used to calculate the conductance
(I/V). The conductivity meter then uses the conductance and cell constant to
display the conductivity.
 Conductivity = Cell constant(K) xConductance(G) µs/cm.
Turbudity:

 Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of

individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar
to smoke in air.

 The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.

 Turbidity is caused naturally by growth of phytoplankton or algae. It is also

caused by wastes disposed into the river body by industries, residential
complexes, etc.

 Consumption of turbid water can cause gastrointestinal problems in humans.

 The unit for Measure of turbidity is

Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).

 The value of turbidity measure for

Distilled water is 0.1NTU.

  The Turbidity of the water is measured by measuring the intensity of the
light scattered at various angles by the suspended particles.

 The formula for measure of Turbidity in the water is :

T = Turbidity in NTU (0-10000)

d0, d1, d2, d3 = Calibration Coefficients
I90 = 90 Degree Detector Current
It = Transmitted Detector Current
Ifs = Forward Scatter Detector Current
Ibs = Back Scatter Detector Current

Technical Specifications:

 Operating Voltage: 5V DC

 Operating Current: 40mA (MAX)

  Response Time : <500ms

 Insulation Resistance: 100M (Min)

 Output Method:

 Analog output: 0-4.5V

 Digital Output: High/Low level signal (you can adjust the threshold
value by adjusting the potentiometer)

 Operating Temperature: 5℃~90℃

 Storage Temperature: -10℃~90℃

 Weight: 30g

THE ARDUINO MICRO CONTROLLER HARDWARE

The microcontrollers played revolutionary role in embedded industry after the

invention of Intel 8051. The steady and progressive research in this field gave the
industry more efficient, high-performance and low-power consumption
microcontrollers. The AVR, PIC and ARM are the prime examples. The new age
microcontrollers are getting smarter and richer by including latest communication
protocols like USB, I2C, SPI, Ethernet, CAN etc.

Arduino is a flexible programmable hardware platform designed for artists,

designers, tinkerers, and themakers of things. Arduino’s little, blue circuit board,
mythically taking its name from a local pub in Italy,has in a very short time
motivated a new generation of DIYers of all ages to make all manner of
wildprojects found anywhere from the hallowed grounds of our universities to the
scorching desert sands ofa particularly infamous yearly arts festival and just about
everywhere in between. Usually these Arduinobasedprojects require little to no
programming skills or knowledge of electronics theory, and more oftenthan not,
this handiness is simply picked up along the way.

This microcontroller comes from a company called Atmel and the chip is known as
an AVR. It isslow in modern terms, running at only 16Mhz with an 8-bit core, and
has a very limited amount ofavailable memory, with 32 kilobytes of storage and 2
kilobytes of random access memory. The interfaceboard is known for its rather
quirky design—just ask the die-hards about standardized pin spacing—butit also
epitomizes the minimalist mantra of only making things as complicated as they
absolutely need tobe. Its design is not entirely new or revolutionary, beginning
with a curious merger of two, off-the-shelfreference designs, one for an
inexpensive microcontroller and the other for a USB-to-serial converter,with a
handful of other useful components all wrapped up in a single board. Its
predecessors include thevenerable BASIC Stamp, which got its start as early as
1992, as well as the OOPic, Basic ATOM, BASICX24,and the PICAXE.
The Arduino platform is itself pretty useful for microcontroller projects, but that
alone is not enough topropel the popularity and widespread adoption of the
platform.

Instead of closing the design of theinterface board and development environment,

the entire Arduino project is deeply entrenched in theemerging practice of open-
source hardware. Unlike open-source software, of which Linux is usually theoften-
cited example, open-source hardware seeks collaboration where physical objects
are the outcome.

It engages a distributed model of hardware development with contributors

generally residing in differentparts of the world. Rather than closed systems, open
source projects allow an individual freedom toaccess the source files of a design,
make improvements, and redistribute these improvements to a larger community.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a

reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply

connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. Arduino is the open - source single board microcontroller,
designed to make a process of using electronics in multidisciplinary projects more
accessible. The hardware consists of a simple open hardware design for the
Arduino board with an Atmel processor and on-board I/O support. The software
consists of a standard programming language and the boot loader that runs on the
board.
Arduino hardware is programmed using a wring-based language (syntax +
libraries),

similarto C++ with some simplifications and modifications, and a processing-based

IDE. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means one in Italian
and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version
1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the
latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform.
An Arduino board consists of an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller with
completely components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other
circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors
are exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of
interchangeable add-on modules (known as shields). Official Arduino have used
the mega AVR series of chips, specially the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328,
and ATmega1280. A handful of other processor has been used by Arduino
compatibles.

Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHZ crystal oscillator (or
ceramic resonator in some variants), although some designs such as the Lily pad
run at 8 MHZ and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific
form-factor restrictions. An Arduino microcontroller is also pre-programmed with
a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory,
compared with other devices that typically need an external chip programmer.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are
programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented
varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a simple inverter circuit
to convert between RS-232 level and TTL level signals. Current Arduino boards
are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as
the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino mini and the unofficial board
uno, use a detectable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino
IDE, standard AVR ISP programming is used.) The Arduino board exposes most
of the microcontroller’s I/O pins for use by other circuits.

The controller consists of 8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-

While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1K byte of SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial
programmable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, a 6-channel
ADC (eight channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages) with 10-bit accuracy, a
programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port,

and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU
while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to
continue functioning.

The Power down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In
Power-save mode, theasynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to
maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.

The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except
asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC
conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the
rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low-
power consumption.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory

technology. The Flash Program memory can be reprogrammed In-System through
an SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by
an On-chip boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any
interface to download the application program in the Application Flash memory.
Software in the Boot Flash Section will continue to run while the Application Flash
Section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an
8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel ATMEGA328 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-
flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The ATMEGA328 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system
development tools, including C compilers, macro assemblers, program
debugger/simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and evaluation kits.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or LINUX, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is running
on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything
besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data receives
one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the
software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection
and before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the
auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-
enable it. It’s labeled “RESET-EN”. You may also able to disable the auto-reset by
connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

14 Digital IO pins (pins 0–13)

These can be inputs or outputs, which is specified by the sketch you
create in the IDE.
6 Analogue In pins (pins 0–5)
These dedicated analogue input pins take analogue values (i.e., voltage
readings from a sensor) and convert them into a number between 0 and
1023.
6 Analogue Out pins (pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11)
These are actually six of the digital pins that can be reprogrammed for
analogue output using the sketch you create in the IDE.
The board can be powered from your computer’s USB port, most USBchargers, or
an AC adapter (9 volts recommended, 2.1mm barrel tip,center positive).

If there is no power supply plugged into the powersocket, the power will come
from the USB board, but as soon as you pluga power supply, the board will
automatically use it.
THE SOFTWARE

Software Requirement:

1. Arduino microcontroller programming Software

2. Computer USB interface Software

3. Microsoft office software

Arduino microcontroller programming Software

First download and install the latest version of the software for your particular
operatingsystem. Full installation instructions are available on the Getting Started
page at http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage.

Figure. Arduino software download page

Figure . Installing drivers on Windows.
Opening a Sketch :

Now we can launch the Arduino development environment. This will bring up an
empty window if thisis our first time out. Open an example sketch by navigating to
the File menu ➤New➤ and start entering our project program.
Selecting the Board and Serial Port :

Before we can upload our sample sketch, we need to select the correct board type
and serial port that theboard is attached to on our computer. Setting the correct
board can be done in the Tools ➤ Board menuby selecting Arduino Uno or one of
the other corresponding board names.

Selecting serial port :

Next, we need to choose the correct serial port under the Tools ➤ Serial Port
menu, as shown in Figure. This port should be named COM3, or something
similar, on a Windows PC.
Uploading a Sketch :

Once selected the proper board and serial port, it’s time for the fun part. To upload
a sketch onto the Arduino board, simply hit the Upload button on the toolbar, as
shown in Figure. Theonboard LEDs marked RX and TX will blink furiously and
you will receive a message in the status barthat says, “Done uploading.”

The Arduino development environment contains a text editor for writing code, a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions, and a
series of menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and
communicate with them.

The Arduino 1.0.1 software environment has been translated into 30+ different
languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your operating
system. If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino
software and open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language there is a
dropdown menu of currently supported languages. Select your preferred language
from the menu, and restart the software to use the selected language. If your
preferred language is not supported, the IDE will default to English. You can
return Arduino to its default setting of selecting its language based on your
operating system by selecting System Default from the Editor Language drop-
down.

This setting will take effect when you restart the Arduino software. Similarly, after
changing your operating system's settings, you must restart the Arduino software to
update it to the new default language.

Software written using Arduino are called sketches. These sketches are written in
the text editor. Sketches are saved with the file extension .ino. It has features for
cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback
while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text
output by the Arduino environment including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the current board
and serial port. The toolbar buttons allowyou to verify and upload programs,
create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with
hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the
Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or more #include statements at
the top of the sketch and compile the library with your sketch. Because libraries are
uploaded to the board with your sketch, they increase the amount of space it takes
up. If a sketch no longer needs a library, simply delete its #include statements from
the top of our code.
THE CODE
Benifits:

 Automatic measurement of the water quality parameters

 Less human intervention

 Plant status is updated to the engineer instantaneously through

LCD display.

 Optimize plant performance

 Reduced repair time

 Reduced maintenance costs

Future Work:

 According to the pH level in the water , proportional amount of

buffer solution is added inorder to neutralise the water.


REFERENCES

 Air-cooled Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers, Volume 1 By Detlev G.

Kröger

 Cooling Towers: Principles and Practice By G. B. Hill, E. J. Pring, Peter

D. Osborn

 pH measurement and control by Gregory K. McMillan Instrument Society

of America, 31-Dec-1994 – Science

 Neutralization of waste water by pH control Ralph L. Moore Instrument

Society of America, 1978 - Science

 Handbook of Condition Monitoring by B. K. N. Rao, Elsevier, 1996 -

Business & Econom

 Linear Integrated Circuits, M. Roy Choudhury, New Age Publications,

Third edition, 2007.

 Chemical Process Control, George Stephanopoulos, Pearson,Pearson

Education Publications,2006.

 Electrical & Electronics measurements and Instruments, A.K.Sawhney,

Dhanpat Rai Publications, Seventh edition,2005.

 D. Patranabis, ‘Principles of Industrial Instrumentation’, Tata Mcgraw Hill

Publishing Company Ltd, 1996.

 Protection Analysis Eric William Scharpf, The Instrumentation, Systems,

and Automation Society (May 1, 2002)Year of Publication: 2012

 S. R. Kumbhar, simulation and on-line parameter estimation of DC motor

using computer, M. Phil. dissertation, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 1998.

(India).