Solution 2

3.1
The modulated signal is
u(t) = m(t)c(t) = Am(t)cos(2π4 × 103 t)
[ ]
200 250 π
= A 2cos(2π t) + 4sin(2π t + ) cos(2π4 × 103 t)
π π 3
200 200
= Acos(2π(4 × 103 + )t) + Acos(2π(4 × 103 − )t)
π π
250 π 250 π
+2Asin(2π(4×103 + )t+ )−2Asin(2π(4×103 − )t− )
π 3 π 3
Taking the Fourier transform of the previous relation, we obtain
[ ]
200 200 2 jπ 250 2 jπ 250
u(f ) = A δ(f − ) + δ(f + ) + e δ(f −
3 ) − e δ(f +
3 )
π π j π j π
1[ ]
∗ δ(f − 4 × 103 ) + δ(f + 4 × 103 )
2
A 200 200
= [δ(f − 4 × 103 − ) + δ(f − 4 × 103 + )
2 π π
250 250
+ 2e−j 6 δ(f − 4 × 103 −
π π
) + 2ej 6 δ(f − 4 × 103 + )
π π
200 200
δ(f + 4 × 103 − ) + δ(f + 4 × 103 + )
π π
250 250
+ 2e−j 6 δ(f + 4 × 103 −
π π
) + 2ej 6 δ(f + 4 × 103 + )]
π π
To find the power content of the modulated signal we write u2 (t) as
200 200
u2 (t) = A2 cos2 (2π(4 × 103 + )t) + A2 cos2 (2π(4 × 103 − )t)
π π
250 π 250 π
+ 4A2 sin2 (2π(4 × 103 + )t + ) + 4A2 sin2 (2π(4 × 103 − )t − )
π 3 π 3
+ terms of cosine and sine f unctions in the f irst power
Hence,
∫ T
2 A2 A2 4A2 4A2
P = lim u2 (t)dt = + + + = 5A2
T →∞ − T2 2 2 2 2

3.7
1. The spectrim of u(t) is
20
U (f ) = [δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )]
2
2
+ [δ(f − fc − 1500) + δ(f − fc + 1500) + δ(f + fc − 1500) + δ(f + fc + 1500)]
4
10
+ [δ(f − fc − 3000) + δ(f − fc + 3000) + δ(f + fc − 3000) + δ(f + fc + 3000)]
4

1
 2. The square of the modulated signal is

u2 (t) =400cos2 (2πfc t) + cos2 (2π(fc − 1500)t)

+ cos2 (2π(fc + 1500)t) + 25cos2 (2π(fc − 3000)t) + 25cos2 (2π(fc + 3000)t)
+ terms that are multiples of cosines

If we integrate u2 (t) from − T2 to T2 , normalize the integral by T1 and take the

limit as T → ∞, then all the terms involving cosines tend to zero, whereas
the squares of the cosines give a value of 21 . Hence, the power content at the
frequency fc = 105 Hz is Pfc = 400 2 = 200, the power content at the frequency
Pfc +1500 is the same as the power content at the frequency Pfc −1500 and equal
to 21 , whereas Pfc −3000 = Pfc +3000 = 252 .

3.

u(t) = (20 + 2cos(2π1500t) + 10cos(2π3000t))cos(2πfc t)

1 1
= 20(1 + cos(2π1500t) + cos(2π3000t))cos(2πfc t)
10 2
This is the form of a conventional AM signal with message signal
1 1
m(t) = cos(2π1500t) + cos(2π3000t)
10 2
1 1
= cos (2π1500t) + cos(2π1500t) −
2
10 2
The minimum of g(z) = z 2 + 10 1
z − 12 is achieved for z = − 20 1
and it is
min(g(z)) = − 400 . Since z = − 20 is in the range of cos(2π1500t), we con-
201 1

clude that the minimum value of m(t) is − 400

201
. Hence, the modulation index is
α = − 400 .
201

4.

u(t) = 20cos(2πfc t) + cos(2π(fc − 1500)t) + cos(2π(fc + 1500)t)

+ 5cos(2π(fc − 3000)t) + 5cos(2π(fc + 3000)t)

The power in the sidebands is

1 1 25 25
Psidebands = + + + = 26
2 2 2 2
The total power is Ptotal = Pcarrier + Psidebands = 200 + 26 = 226. The ratio
of the sidebands power to the total power is
Psidebands 26 13
= =
Ptotal 226 113

3.14

u(t) = 5 cos 1800πt + 20 cos 2000πt + 5 cos 2200πt

= 20 cos 2000πt (1 + 0.5 cos 200πt) .

2
 1. m(t) = cos 200πt, c(t) = 20 cos 2000πt.

2. modulation index a is 0.5.

3. ratio is 12 a2 = 1
8

3.24
1. Spectrum illustration

2. For KL = 60, when K = 10, L = 6 orK = 6, L = 10, K + L is minimized.

3. For group 1, to modulate the signal [10, 10 + 4K]kHz to [300, 300 + 4K]kHz,
we find fc1 = 290kHZ. Similarly, for group l, fcl = 290+4K(l −1)kHz, where
1 ≤ l ≤ L.

4.4
1. The average transmitted power is 12 1002 = 5000.

2. The peak-phase deviation ∆pmax = kp max |m(t)| = max |4 sin 2000πt| = 4

3. The peak-frequency deviation is given by

1 dϕ(t) 1
∆fmax = kf max |m(t)| = max | | = max | 8000π cos 2000πt| = 4000Hz.
2π dt 2π

4. It can be an FM or PM signal.
For PM, kp m(t) = 4 sin 2000πt; for FM, kf m(t) = 4000 cos 2000πt.

4.6
1. For the narrowband FM signal, ∆fn = 0.1 × 15kHz = 1.5kHz. To achieve
∆f
∆f = 75kHz, the frequency multiplier (the upper one) factor n1 = ∆fn
= 50.
Then, according to fc = (n1 + n2 )f0 , where f0 = 100kHz, we have n2 = 990.

2. The maximum allowable drift of the 100kHz oscillator ∆ = 2

50+990 = 1.923 ×
10−3 Hz.

3
4.19
1. The instantaneous frequency is

f1 (t) = fc + kf m1 (t).

The maximum of f1 (t) is

max{f1 (t)} = 1.5M Hz.

2. The phase of the PM modulated signal is ϕ(t) = kp m1 (t) and the instantaneous
frequency
1 d kp d
f1P M (t) = fc + ϕ(t) = m1 (t).
π dt π dt
Then we have
3
max{f1P M (t)} = 106 + ,
2π
3
min{f1P M (t)} = 106 − .
2π

3. The maximum value of m2 (t) is 1 and it is achieved for t = 0. Hence,

max{f2 (t)} = 106 + 103 = 1.001M Hz.

Since, F[sinc(2 × 104 t)] = 2×10

1 f
4 Π( 2×104 ), the bandwidth of the message is

W = 104 . Thus, using Carson’s rule, we obtain

( )
kf max[|m(t)|]
B=2 + 1 W = 22KHz.
W

6.8
1. PT = 40kW , since the channel attenuation is 80dB, we have PR = 10−8 PT =
4 × 10−4 W If the noise limiting filter has bandwidth B, then the predetection
noise power is
∫ fc + B
2 N0
Pn = 2 df = N0 B = 2 × 10−10 W
fc − B
2
2

In the case of DSB modulation, B = 2W = 2 × 104 Hz, whereas in SSB

modulation B = W = 104 Hz. Thus, the predetection signal to noise ratio in
DSB and conventional AM is
( )
S PR 4 × 10−4
= = = 100 = 20dB.
N i Pn 2 × 10−10 × 2 × 104

and for SSB

( )
S PR 4 × 10−4
= = = 200 = 23dB.
N i Pn 2 × 10−10 × 104

4
 2. For DSB, the demodulation gain is 2, hence
( ) ( )
S S
=2 = 200 = 23dB
N o,DSB N i,DSB

3. For SSB, the demodulation gain is 1, hence

( ) ( )
S S
= = 200 = 23dB
N o,DSB N i,SSB

4. For conventional AM with α = 0.8 and Pmn = 0.2, we have

( ) ( )
S α 2 P mn S
= 2
= 0.126 × 200 = 25.23 = 14dB
N o,AM 1 + α Pmn N i,AM

6.9
1. For FM system, according to B = 2(1 + βf )W , we have βf = 11.5.
( )
S 3 2 PM βf2
= Ac ,
N 2 N0 W {max |m(t)|}2
( )oF M
S A2c a2 PM
= .
N oAM 2N0 W

Then, we have
( ) ( )
S S 3βf2
/ = 2 = 549.1 = 27.4dB.
N oF M N oAM a {max |m(t)|}2

2.
( ) ( )
S 3 βf2 PM S
= ,
N oF M 2 {max |m(t)|}2 N b
( ) ( )
S βp2 PM S
= .
N oP M {max |m(t)|} 2 N b

BWP M 2(βp +1)W

We have βp2 = 3βf2 . Thus BWF M = 2(βf +1)W completes the proof.