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2D Flood Simulation and Development of Flood Hazard Map by using

Hydraulic Model

Article · August 2019

DOI: 10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.424

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Cloud Publications
International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS
2019, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 3096-3105
ISSN 2320 – 0243, Crossref: 10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.424
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Research Article

2D Flood Simulation and Development of Flood Hazard Map by

using Hydraulic Model
1 2 2 3 4
Srinivasa Rao G. , Tushar Surwase , Asiya Begum , Mruthyunjaya Reddy K. , Jagadeeswara Rao P.

1
ISRO Headquarter, Bangalore
2
Disaster Management Support Division, National Remote Sensing Centre/ ISRO, Hyderabad
3
Programme Planning and Evaluation Group (PPEG), National Remote Sensing Centre/ ISRO, Hyderabad
4
Andhra University College of Engineering (AUCOE) Visakhapatnam

Correspondence should be addressed to Tushar Surwase, [email protected]

Publication Date: 5 August 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.424

Copyright © 2019. Srinivasa Rao G., Tushar Surwase, Asiya Begum, Mruthyunjaya Reddy K., Jagadeeswara Rao
P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract A flood is an overtopping of water from channel banks which submerges land which is
usually dry. In India, floods in Godavari and Sabari River are observed several times but 2006 flood
was one of the severe events which affected Khammam district extensively. The present paper
demonstrates the analysis of severe flood of Khammam using hydraulic modeling. For this purpose
HEC-RAS 2D a Hydraulic model was used to simulate the behavior of study area which covers part of
Godavari River and Sabari River in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states. Model provides detail
temporal simulated parameters like depth of water, water elevation with respect to M.S.L and Velocity
of flowing water. SRTM 30m posting, river discharge data, LULC for assigning Roughness coefficient
was used as input to the model. HEC-RAS Simulated flood results were validated with remotely
sensed Radarsat satellite observations. Performance of HEC-RAS model was evaluated according to
the criteria of measure of fitting raster cells with satellite data. Validation results showed that
performance of HEC-RAS model is very effective and can be used by hydrologist or water resources
engineers for planning and development.
Keywords Flood inundation simulation; Godavari; RADARSAT; Sabari; SRTM

1. Introduction

Floods are one of the major natural disasters affecting the South-Asian region. India and Bangladesh
are two from eight South-Asian countries which are reported to be worst affected countries in the
th
world, accounting to be 1/5 of global death count due to floods (Agarwal and Sunita, 1991). In India,
nearly 40 million of land is prone to floods. Floods are frequent phenomena in the country occurring
during monsoon season (June-October), which affects to crop lands, infrastructure as well as lives.
Repetitive flood inundation is threatening human life and property which indeed requires effective flood
risk assessment (Matgen et al., 2007). Prediction of flood inundation is not straightforward since the
flood inundation extent is highly dependent on topography and it changes with time. Flood prediction is
a very complex process in both spatial and temporal contexts whereas the Conventional engineering
methods is time consuming. Application of the hydraulic numerical modelling for flood analysis and
flood plain management is a strategic and essential tool for an integrated flood plain management
 IJARSG– An Open Access Journal (ISSN 2320 – 0243)

(Cheung, 2003; Chang, 2000). Flood risk assessment and management are fundamental steps for
identifying prone risk areas, current hazards, and reducing them in future flood events (Ranzi, 2011).
To propose measures on flood management it needs basic understanding of flood analysis. There are
two approaches of understanding, first is, in situ flood observations (Hagen and Lu, 2011) but in situ
observation are not available all the time, so another one is observing flood by Remote sensing
satellite data (Haq et al., 2012; Chormanski et al., 2011) but it still limits us to know the temporal
behavior in flood event. So, in order to develop flood hazard and risk zone maps and to know the
temporal behaviour of flood event it is essential to simulate the flood inundation by numerical models.
The studies of Flood inundation modelling using hydrodynamic models approach for designing river
engineering and irrigation schemes and mapping flood risks has been carried out by various
researchers worldwide (Werner, 2004; Bates et al., 2005; Patro et al., 2009). There are various
numerical models like HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Corporation- River Analysis System)
developed by US Army of Corps of Engineers, MIKE developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute,
Denmark (DHI, 1997). SOBEK developed at the Delft Hydraulics, Delft have been developed for
floodplain delineation and flow simulation to delineate the floodplain zones and calculate the
associated risk. All these models have capability to solve 1D and 2D equations. For present study
HEC-RAS model is used to simulate flood inundation for study area. HEC-RAS releases new version
5.0 Beta with 2D capability which is a great innovation for futuristic flood studies (MoyaQuiroga et al.,
2015). The study goal is to analyze the 2006 flood event of part of Godavari and Sabari river north
eastern part of Telangana.

Figure 1: Study area along with discharge gauge site

2. Study Area

Figure 1 depicts the Godavari River stretched from Perur to Kunavaram and Sabari River stretched
from Konta in Chattisgarh to Kunavaram in Andhra Pradesh state (2006). The origin of Godavari River
is Brahmagiri Mountain (Western Ghats) in Nashik District; Maharashtra River flows from West to east
and falls into Bay of Bengal 93 km south of Rajahmundry. The river Sabari is a tributary of River
Godavari It merges in river Godavari at Kunavaram, about 40-km from Bhadrachalam town. The
Godavari basin is bounded, on east by Eastern Ghats and on the West by the Western Ghats on the
North by the Satmala Hills, the Ajanta Range and the Mahadeo Hills on the South. Sabari River is 280
0 0 0 0
mm/km. The study area lies in between latitudes 18 38' and 18 25' and longitudes 80 12' and 80
26'. The type of soil observed in the study area are Red sandy loams, clay loams, Alluvial, Sandy
Alluvial, Deltaic Alluvial,

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Coastal sandy loams, Heavy clays and Saline soils (Shodhganga Chapter IV). These soils are low
pervious in nature generating more runoff on surface and hence favouring Inundation. The study area
of Godavari river stretch is about 186.6 km and Sabari river stretch is about 37.07 km. In Khammam
district Mandals (small town) like Kunavaram, Vararamachandrapuram and Kukunuru.

Velerupadu and Boorugumpadu were badly affected and V. R. Puram, Chintoor and some part of
Kunavaram were affected by Sabari River. Flood affects crops, Pakka buildings and 60 villages where
flood water last for eight days. In East Godavari district, mandals like Katrenikona, Mummidivaram,
Inavalli are submerged in Godavari water and near about 40 villages and about 2000 victims were
severely affected (Sewa Bharati, 2006).

3. Data Used

Spatial Hydraulic modeling requires data of two type’s Geographical data and Hydraulic data.
Geographical data such as Digital Elevation Mode (DEM) which gives a description of elevation of an
area, for the study area SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission from USGS) of grid cell size 30 m
(1 arc-second) was used. Hydraulic data deals with the time series Discharge data of Godavari River
at Perur gauge station and for Sabari River at Konta gauge station. Discharge data at an interval of 12
hrs were obtained for flood event from Central water commission (CWC) Hyderabad. For the Perur
and Konta gauge station Daily discharge data is available from 2000. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) of
1:250000 scales derived from Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) data of 56 m grid size were used
in order to assign manning 'n' roughness coefficient. The study simulates flood event from 04 Aug
2006 12.00 hours to 10 Aug 2006 24.00 hours. This time stamp was selected because the study area
was severely affected by flood.

4. Methodology

4.1. DEM Preprocessing

SRTM 30 m DEM is used and clipped to study area extent. DEM Preprocessing is required if DEM
contains null values if any. These null values can be filled by fill and sink hydrology tool. In order
generate geometric statistics; the projection of DEM should be in projected coordinate system, for
present study area WGS_1984 _UTM_Zone 44N Projection was used, where WGS_1984 is a Datum.

Perur

Konta

Kunavaram

Figure 2: Created terrain Figure 3: Terrain with cells Figure 4: Boundary condition

4.2. HEC-RAS Model Setup

The projected DEM is basic input to hydraulic modeling. Model converts DEM into terrain in the form of
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) file. TIN file is a vector representation of DEM Figure 2 shows
terrain created from DEM. Further, study area was defined by 2D closed polygon. The 2D polygon

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area covers probable areas that are liable to inundate. This area can be defined by two methods in
order to minimize optimization of 2D Mesh cells. First method is to define 2D polygon area based on
previous floods extend observed by satellite. Another method is to define polygon by digitizing the 2D
polygon boundary connecting higher elevated areas like hills and mountains. For present study,
second method was adopted as high elevated hills are surrounding to the study area. After Defining
2D Polygon area computational cells area generated. The cells are rectangular in shape and at
boundary it may be rectangular or polygon up to 8 sides. Cell size was kept to be 30 m in order to
enclose DEM cell size. Figure 3 shows 2D polygon with computational cells, these cells are also called
as Mesh.

Further, three boundary condition assigned to study area. Two inflow hydrograph boundary condition
and one normal depth boundary condition. Inflow hydrograph one at Perur gauge site on Godavari
River and one at Konta gauge site on Sabari River. Figure 4 shows the assigned boundary condition to
study area. Similarly Inflow hydrograph at Perur and Konta gauge site for the event obtained from
CWCis shown in Figure 5. The normal depth 0.00032 slope was assigned according to the
topographic conditions of the study area.

Figure 5: Hydrograph at Perur and Konta Gauge site on Godavari and Sabari River respectively

4.3. HEC-RAS Simulations

HEC-RAS 2D 5.0.1 beta version has capability to solve two equations such as Diffusion wave and full
momentum equation. Diffusion wave considers parameters such as Gravity, Friction and Pressure.
Whereas Full momentum equation considers parameter like Gravity, Friction, Pressure, Acceleration,
Turbulent eddy viscosity, Corollis effect. Both equations are derived from Continuity equation. For
present study, Full momentum equation was used to simulate the flood event as all parameters are
considered. The full momentum equation (1 and 2) as shown below for two directional specific flows p
and q.

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Where,

2
p and q are the specific flow in the x and y directions (m /sec), n is the manning’s resistance, s is the
2
surface elevation in (meters), h is the water depth (meters), g is gravitational acceleration (m/sec ), ρ is
3
the density of water (kg/m ), τxx, τyy, τxy are the components of effective shear stress and f is the
Corollis(/sec).

4.4. Model Performance

Model Performance has been evaluated based on measures of fit F 1 and F2 (MoyaQuiroga et al.,
2015; Horrit et al., 2007; Di Baldasarre et al., 2009). It depends on the simulated raster cells that are
fitted with the satellite image. It gives the degree of accuracy of the model, F1 ranging from 0 to 1 and
F2ranging from -1 to 1. The equation of F1 and F2 is given in the equation 3 and 4 respectively.

F1 = ...3

F2 = ...4

Where, A is correctly predicted cells, B is Over-predicted cells and C is under predicted cells. The
value closer towards 1 indicates model performance is better.

4.5. Flood Hazard Map

The flood Hazard was developed for the study area according to the simulated flood depth in
inundated areas. The hazard classification was assigned according to the Japan ministry of land
infrastructure and transport (MLIT) shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Flood hazard classification according to MLIT

Flood hazard Depth (meters) Hazard

H1 <0.5 Very low
H2 0.5-1 Low
H3 1-2 Medium
H4 2-5 High
H5 >5 Extreme

There are five flood hazard classifications H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 according to depth of inundation. H1
hazard (depth less than 0.5 meter) is entitled to be very low as people can evacuate easily on their
feet. H2 hazard (depth 0.5-1 meter) is entitled to be very low, in this zone, evacuation becomes difficult
for adults and infants, animals may get exposed to hazard. H 3 hazard (depth 1-2 meters) is a medium
zone, where people may get drowned but they will be safe in their homes having plinth level to be 0.6
to 1 meter. H4 hazard (depth 2-5 meters) is entitled to high hazard zone where all people in this zone
are not safe in their homes but at the most they may be safe on their roofs. H 5 hazard (depth greater
than 5 meters) is an extreme hazard zone where people are not safe even on their roofs.

5. Results and Discussion

The HEC-RAS model results are in two decimal floating point raster stored in tiff file format. The
simulated results are in the form of flood inundation with depth, velocity, water surface elevation with

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respect to time. Results for desired date and time can be achieved within the simulated period such as
04 Aug 2006 12.00 hours to 10 Aug 2006 24.00 hours at one hour time interval. For present study,
simulated results for 07 Aug 2006 at 08.00 hours was taken into consideration for validating with
RADARSAT satellite image acquired on same date and time Figure 6 shows the RADARSAT image
and its derived flood extent.

Figure 6: Radarsat image during flood event and its derived flood extent on the right

Figure 7: Simulated flood inundation layer

The evaluated measures of fit F1 and F2 by using the GIS tools like Arc-GIS and ERDAS shown in
Table 2.

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Table 2: HEC-RAS model performance based on measures of fit

Sr Correctly Over Under F1 F2 Flood Flood

No. predicted predicted predicted A/ (A+B+C) (A-B)/ observed simulated
cells A cells B cells C (A+B+C) (FO) (FS) FS/FO
1. 142331 42476 49527 0.61 0.43 45272 43579.74 0.96

Since F1 and F2 are closer to 1 indicates the accuracy of model performance which tends to be better
and the ratio of flood simulated to flood observed is 0.96 this means 96 percent of inundated area is
matched. The Figure 8 shows the variation of inundation with respect to time.

Figure 8: Variation of flood Inundation with respect to time and discharge (Figure 5)

The flood hazard Map was developed by considering the extreme inundation (maximum depth)
simulated by the model. The hazard classification was done based on Japan ministry of land
infrastructure and transport (MLIT) shown in Table 1. Figure 9 shows the flood hazard map for study
area.

The depth is classified into five classes from H1 to H5 shown in Figure 9. Many villages on east and
west side of Sabari river and north and south side of Godavari river got affected. Total of 301 villages
affected for study area out of which 36 villages are of extreme category. The villages falling in extreme
category are Chidumurum, Chatti, Kummur, Bojaraigudem, Jallagudem, Markandeyulapeta,
Tallagudem, Regulapadu, Abhicherla, Kuturgutta, Kuturu, Muluru, Bhagvanpuram, Repaka,
Peddarukur, Ravigudem, Chinnaruku, Gundugudem, Chintharajupalle, Waddegudem, S. Kothagudem
on the either side of Sabari River and Rekapalle, Pocharam, Pochavaram, Kukunoor,
Tipurapendamedu, Gommuru, Morampalle, Nagineprolu, Dantenam, Tekulagudem,
Peddagollagudem, Ramachandrapuram forest, Thathakur, Dacharam and Tirumalapuram are on
Either side of Godavari River river. Same villages are also in the H3 and H4 hazard zone category.

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Figure 9: Flood hazard map from maximum simulated depth

6. Conclusion

The HEC-RAS model performance shows better performance when compared to RADARSAT satellite
image. Inundation increases with increases in discharge values as shown in Figure 2. The villages
falling in extreme category H5are Chidumurum, Chatti, Kummur, Bojaraigudem, Jallagudem,
Markandeyulapeta, Tallagudem, Regulapadu, Abhicherla, Kuturgutta, Kuturu, Muluru, Bhagvanpuram,
Repaka, Peddarukur, Ravigudem, Chinnaruku, Gundugudem, Chintharajupalle, Waddegudem, S.
Kothagudem on the either side of Sabari River and Rekapalle, Pocharam, Pochavaram, Kukunoor,
Tipurapendamedu, Gommuru, Morampalle, Nagineprolu, Dantenam, Tekulagudem,
Peddagollagudem, Ramachandrapuram forest, Thathakur, Dacharam and Tirumalapuram are on
Either side of Godavari River are most vulnerable villages as depth simulated in some part of this
villages are greater than 5 meters so people from this villages an event occasion are suggest to move
towards higher elevation such that away from river towards northeast if village are on northern side of
bank of Godavari river and move towards southeast if village are on southern side of bank of Godavari
river. For Sabari river, villages lying on East side of are suggest to move towards east direction and
villages lying on west side of Sabari river are suggested to move towards to the west side away from
river.

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List of Abbreviations

DEM – Digital Elevation Model; CWC – Central Water Commission; MLIT – Ministry of Land
Infrastructure and Transport (Japan); AWiFS – Advanced Wide Field Sensor; LULC – Land Use Land
Cover

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for making the HEC-
RAS freely available. The authors would also like to extent their thanks to NRSC Disaster
management team for their continuous support throughout the study.

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