This document contains 9 questions regarding fluid mechanics concepts and calculations. The questions cover topics such as:
- Pressure measurements using manometers and pressure sensors
- Flow rate calculations using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity principle for devices like Venturi meters and Orifice meters
- Pressure and flow calculations for rotating fluids in centrifuges
- Laminar flow calculations for pressure loss in pipes
- Shear stress calculations for fluid flow between plates
- Density and interface level calculations for liquid separation devices
- Flow rate calculations using differential pressure measurements from Venturi meters and Orifice meters under various conditions.
This document contains 9 questions regarding fluid mechanics concepts and calculations. The questions cover topics such as:
- Pressure measurements using manometers and pressure sensors
- Flow rate calculations using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity principle for devices like Venturi meters and Orifice meters
- Pressure and flow calculations for rotating fluids in centrifuges
- Laminar flow calculations for pressure loss in pipes
- Shear stress calculations for fluid flow between plates
- Density and interface level calculations for liquid separation devices
- Flow rate calculations using differential pressure measurements from Venturi meters and Orifice meters under various conditions.
This document contains 9 questions regarding fluid mechanics concepts and calculations. The questions cover topics such as:
- Pressure measurements using manometers and pressure sensors
- Flow rate calculations using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity principle for devices like Venturi meters and Orifice meters
- Pressure and flow calculations for rotating fluids in centrifuges
- Laminar flow calculations for pressure loss in pipes
- Shear stress calculations for fluid flow between plates
- Density and interface level calculations for liquid separation devices
- Flow rate calculations using differential pressure measurements from Venturi meters and Orifice meters under various conditions.
This document contains 9 questions regarding fluid mechanics concepts and calculations. The questions cover topics such as:
- Pressure measurements using manometers and pressure sensors
- Flow rate calculations using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity principle for devices like Venturi meters and Orifice meters
- Pressure and flow calculations for rotating fluids in centrifuges
- Laminar flow calculations for pressure loss in pipes
- Shear stress calculations for fluid flow between plates
- Density and interface level calculations for liquid separation devices
- Flow rate calculations using differential pressure measurements from Venturi meters and Orifice meters under various conditions.
(a) Why a U tube manometer is not widely used in industries as a pressure sensor
(b)An inclined tube manometer is one of the differential pressure sensors used in pressure measurement, with the help of a diagram explain how it works
c) The figure be1ow shows a fluid of density p rotating in a centrifuge bowl with ‘angular velocity ω; r1 and r2 are the distances measured from the axis of rotation to the free surface and the bowl wall respectively. Show that the pressure drop between the free surface and the wall of the bowl is given by
Question two
(a)Pressure differential flow meters such as Venturi meters are based on the principle of fluids under pressure gaining velocity and loosing head in passing through converging pipes. Using Bernoulli’s equation and the principle of continuity, explain how the pressure and velocity changes can be used to estimate the flow rates in these meters (b)What advantages a Venturi meter has compared to an Orifice meter (c) A centrifuge bowl 250mm ID is turning at 4300r/min. it contains a layer of acetone 50mm
thick.
If the density of the acetone is 791kg/m3 and the pressure at the liquid surface is atmospheric.
What gauge pressure is exerted on the walls of the centrifuge bowl?
Question three
(a)Write short notes about the following as they are applied in fluid mechanics
(i) Uniform flow
(ii) Uniform stead flow
(b)Consider a cylinder of fluid of length L and radius R flowing steadily in the centre of a pipe of radius r as shown below L
r R
Show that when the flow in the pipe is laminar the pressure loss is directly proportional to the velocity and obeys the equation
Where v is the velocity D is the diameter of the pipe
Question four
(a) The figure below shows a triangular prismatic element of fluid within a static fluid Show that
the pressures Px Py and P acting perpendicularly on as EFBA, EDCF and ABCD respectively
show that the pressure is equal and independent of the direction.
𝛿𝑧 B Ps
A 𝛿𝑠
𝛿𝑦
Px F F C F E 𝜃 D
y z 𝛿𝑥
Py
Question five
A venturi meter having a throat diameter d2 of 100 mm is fitted into a pipeline which has a
diameter d1 of 250 mm through which oil of specific gravity 0.9 is flowing. The pressure
difference between the entry and throat tapping is measured by a U-tube manometer, containing
mercury of specific gravity 13.6, and the connections are filled with the oil flowing in the
pipeline. If the difference of level indicated by the mercury in the U-tube is 0.63 m, calculate the
theoretical volume rate of flow through the meter.
Question six
(a) A flat plate is sliding at a constant velocity of 5m/s on a large horizontal table. A thin
layer of oil (of absolute viscosity = 0.40 N-s/m2) separates the plate from the table.
Determine the thickness of the oil film (mm) in order to limit the shear stress in the oil
layer to 1 Kpa assuming the fluid velocity varies linearly with the distance from the table
(b) Assuming that the heavy liquid, of density ρA, overflows the dam at radius rA, and the
light liquid, of density ρB, leaves through ports at radius rB. If both liquids rotate with
negligible friction and the bowl, the pressure difference in the light liquid between rB and
ri must be equal to that in the heavy liquid between rA and ri. Show that
Question seven
(a) A continuous gravity decanter is to separate chlorobenzene, with a density of 1109
kg/m3, from an aqueous wash liquid having a density of 1020 kg/m3. If the total depth in
the separator is 1.2m and the interface is to be 0.6m from the vessel floor, (a) what should
the height of the heavy liquid overflow leg be; (b) how much would an error of 45mm in
this height affect the position of the interface?
(b) A centrifuge bowl with internal diameter of 150mm is turning at 8000r/min is used to
separate chlorobenzene, with adensity of 1109 kgm3, from an aqueous wash liquid having
a density of 1020 kgm3. The free liquid surface inside the bowl is 40mm from the axis of
rotation. If the centrifugal bowl is to contain equal volumes of the two liquids, what should be the radial distance from the rotational axis to the top of the over flow dam for
heavy liquid
Question eight
(a) A Venturi meter is being used to measure flow in a horizontal pipeline of diameter 250
mm which carries water. When the pressure difference between the throat and the
entrance of the Venturi meter is 300 mm on a mercury manometer, determine the
volumetric flow rate in the pipe line. The Venturi meter has a throat diameter of 80 mm
and Venturi coefficient 0.97. The relative density of mercury is 13.6
(b) Calculate the volumetric flow rate of water through a pipe with an inside diameter of
0.15m fitted with an orifice plate containing a concentric hole of diameter 0.10m given
the following data. Difference in level on a mercury manometer connected across the
orifice plate 0.254m, mercury Sg=13.6 and Co =0.60
Question nine (a) Oil flows in a pipe 100 mm bore with a Reynolds number of 250. The dynamic viscosity is 0.018 Ns/m2. The density is 900 kg/m3. Determine (i) The average velocity (ii) The pressure drop per meter length (iii) The radius at which it occurs.
(b) A capillary tube is 30 mm long and 1 mm bore. The head required to produce a flow rate of 8 mm3/s is 30 mm. The fluid density is 800 kg/m3. Calculate (i) The dynamic viscosity (ii) Kinematic viscosity of the oil. END
