Tafila Technical University

Faculty of Engineering
The department of Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory 3
Instructor: Eng. Audai A.Al-kailah

Name: Mohammed N.Abu-jowdeh

Third Experiment
Tim of the Lab. : 2pm – 5pm
Date of Experiment :03/3/2019

STRENGTH
OF
MATERIAL
LABORATORY
Impact Test
 Table of content
Objectives: ...................................................................................................................2
Introduction : ...........................................................................................................2
Experimental setup: ...............................................................................................6
Experimental procedure:……………………………………………………..…...………………………..…..6

Experimental Results & Discussion:…………………………………………………..…………………8

Conclusion::………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……10

References::……………………………………….…………………………………….……..…….…11

Objectives:

1. To determine the toughness of metals by an impact testing machine.

2. To observe the behavior of metals under high strain rate loading (impact
loading).

3. To examine the difference between the toughness and the impact fracture of
the same tested metal in cold worked or in annealed conditions.

Introduction :
As it had been mentioned in previous experiment, that the area under the stress strain curve can be
used as a measure of the toughness, but this property is usually measured by the impact tests. The
most commonly used tests are the Charpy test and the Izod test.

Both tests can be carried out by the same machine, which is shown in Fig. 3.1.
The heavy pendulum of the machine is released from its stopper and allowed to strike the test

specimen at the bottom of its swing. A proportion of the pendulum’s energy is absorbed in

fracturing the specimen, this absorbed energy to facture the specimen indicates the toughness of

the material, and it can be measured in joules directly from the scale of the machine. After

fracturing the test specimen, the pendulum will rise to a height lower than the height the

pendulum was, before pulling the stopper and releasing it. Knowing the weight of the pendulum,

and the difference between the pendulum heights before releasing the pendulum and its

maximum swing height after fracturing the specimen, the absorbed energy for fracture can also

be determined. But it is better to get the value of the lost pendulum’s energy in fracturing the

specimen directly as indicated by the pointer on the scale of the impact testing machine. In the

Charpy test the specimen is tested as a simply supported beam and the edge of the pendulum

strikes at mid-span directly behind the milled notch. An Izod test specimen is tested in cantilever

mode. The specimen is firmly clamped in a vice with the prepared notch levels with the edge of

the vice. The impact blow is delivered on the same side as the notch. Both specimens with their

supporting ways and their dimensions for the Charpy test and Izod test are shown in Figs. 3.2 and

3.3 respectively. The impact tests have the advantage of revealing the tendency of the metal to

brittleness that is not revealed by the slow strain of the tensile test.

The Top view

 The Side view

Fig. 3.3. Izod test and test specimen dimensions.

(a) Notch details.

(b) Section through the specimen (at notch).

(c) Position of the specimen in the machine rise, and the distance between the center of the notch
and position of the striking pendulum.

Brittle fracture is usually a clean fracture with little deformation, and it will show a granular
structure. The ductile fracture usually shows fibrous structure. In very ductile materials the fracture
will not be complete; the specimen bends over, showing slight tearing from the notch.

A compression between charpy and Izod test :

1. In the Izod method, the test material was placed in a vertical position, while in the Charpy
method, the test material was placed horizontally.

2. The notch in the Izod test is facing the striker, fastened in a pendulum, while in the charpy test,
the notch is positioned away from the striker.

3. In the Charpy method, there are two kinds of notches, the V-notch and the U-notch, while in the
Izod method, there is only one kind of notch.
Direction of Notch-Face: – The notch of the test material faces the hammer/striker fastened to the
pendulum in Izod Test. But, in case of Charpy Test, the face of the notch is away from the striker.

Type of Notch:– In impact resistance testing, there two types of notches generally, V-Notch and U-Notch.
In Izod Impact Test, only V-Notch is used but in Charpy Impact Test V-Notch as well as U-Notch both can
be used.

Size of Specimen: – The dimension or size of the specimen used in the Izod Test is 75mm x 10mm x
10mm. On the other hand, the dimension of the specimen used is 55mm x 10mm x 10mm in Charpy Test.

Type of Hammer: – The hammers used as a striker in both of the Izod and Charpy Impact Test are
different from each other. In Izod Test, Farming Hammer is used and in Charpy Test, Ball Pin Hammer is
used as a striker.

Striking Point: – The point at which the striker strikes or attacks during the experiment/test is also
different in both of the tests. In Izod Impact Test, the striker attacks or strikes at the upper tip of the test
material/specimen. But in case of Charpy, it strikes at the middle point (in the notch) or center of the
specimen.

Material Tested: – Only metals can be tested by Charpy Test but Izod Test can be used for testing impact
resistance of both metals and plastics.

Face of compression Izod impact test Charpy impact test

Position of specimen Vertical Horizontal

Direction of notch-face In front of hammer Away from hammer

Size of specimen V-notch V-notch and U-notch

Type of notch 75mmX10mmX10mm 55mmX10mmX10mm

Type of hammer Farming hammer Ball-pin hammer

Striking point Upper tip of specimen Center of specimen

Material Tested Metal and plastics Metal

Experimental setup:

 Testing apparatus: (An impact testing "Machine")

- For the charpy and Izod : Is the same apparatus but different in the :

{Type of hummer – specimen shape – specimen's set in the apparatus}.

 Materials : should make tow specimen of any one from the materials.
{ Cast Iron – Aluminum - Annealed Mild Steel }

 Specimens :

- For the charpy test :

the dimension of the specimen used is 55mm x 10mm x 10mm and the type of hammer that we
use "Ball-pin hammer" and the set of the specimen is horizontal on the side which make the notch
on the same direction with the move of hammer.

*Not: the notch could found in tow shape {U.𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒄𝒉-V.𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒄𝒉}.

- Type of hammer : - specimen's set:

Simply supported beam

 - For the Izod test :

the Izod Test is 75mm x 10mm x 10mm and the type of hammer that we use "Farming hammer"
and the set of the specimen is vertical on the side which make the notch on the oppose direction
with the move of hammer.

- Type of hammer : - specimen's set:

Cantilever beam
Experimental procedure:

The procedure differs slightly in the Charpy test and in the Izod test, but the following general procedure
steps can be applied on both of them.

1. Select at least two types of metal for the tests.

2. Use two standard impact test specimens, one of them is cold worked and the other is annealed from each
metal.

3. Put and arrange the test standard specimen on the impact testing machine, according to the sketches
show in Fig. 3.2 or Fig. 3.3, depending on the type of impact test required.

4. Release the pendulum of the impact-testing machine, and record the amount of energy indicated by the
pointer on the scale of the machine immediately after the pendulum has struck the specimen, and before it
swung back again.

5. Tabulate the recorded absorbed energies of the fractured specimens, according to the types of test, type
of metal and type of treatment of the specimens (cold worked or annealed).

6. State the differences in absorbed energies caused by different treatment (cold working or annealing) for
each type of tested metals.

7. Compare between the absorbed energies when the same metal of the specimens, having the same
treatment (cold working or annealing), tested by the two impact testing methods.

8. Examine the fracture of all specimens, and compare between these fractures according to:

a. The type of the metal.

b. The condition or treatment of each type of metal.

c. The type of the impact test.

Experimental Results & Discussion:
- Experiment Reading:

Test Type Material

Cast Iron Aluminium Annealed Mild
Steel
Reading 6J 21 J 35 J
Charpy Test
Fracture shape Clean & Non-clean Non-clean &
granules & fibrous fibrous

Reading 15 75 J more than 128 J

Izod Test
Fracture shape Clean & Non-clean Non-complete
granules & fibrous & tear

Pendulum Friction = 1 Joule.

- The value of toughness for each :
Toughness = Reading – Pendulum friction

T "Izod impact test" T "Charpy impact test"

cast Iron 15 5

Aluminium 75 20
Annealed Mild Steel 128 34

- The shape of fracture :

Mild Steel (Izod

Cast Iron Aluminium
test)
Fracture
Shape
 A compression between the material from where the plasticity due to the shape of fracture :

- There are three kind of fracture :

1.clean & granules : in this state the material didn't give plastic deformation result of the
instantaneous change in the organization of the molecules because of the crush then separated in
a sharp shape and this is an advance of the brittle " brittle material" .

2.Non.clean & fibrous : that is mean the material give a deformation but because of the
phenomenon "high strain rate" the deformation is happened in a small way and this shape is an
advance on ductility "ductile material".

3.Non.complete and tear : that mean the specimen is give a relatively high deformation to allowed
the hammer to passage without rupture the specimen ; in this case the material is assumed as
"very ductile material"

That's make It :

cast Iron : brittle - Aluminium : ductile - Annealed Mild Steel : very ductile

# As we say that there is a read in Izod test [more than 128 J] that is mean the energy
which exist in the hammer is not enough To rupture the material
{ the Toughness of the material is more than or higher the net sheds energy coming from the hammer}.

# the reads in Izod is higher than the charpy because of the different in volume of the specimen.
 Conclusion:
 In the Tension & compression Test we was Find the “Modulus of toughness” As The Area under
the curve and this value was get the unit (N.mm/𝑚𝑚3 ) produce from a constant increase in load;
but In this test we wont to find The “dynamic Toughness” of the materials mean it’s toughness due
to a sudden-load [the collision of the hammer with the specimen] occurs on this material. And the
energy that lost from the hammer after passage in the specimen is the toughness of this material.

 This test is describes terms of the strain as a “high strain rate” the rate of strain is very fast to
reach the failure because of the fracture is happened simultaneously.
The reason of unification the shape of specimen -regardless the load and what respect to its
concentration- is to compare between the toughness of the materials that is when the volume is
constant the ironically will be on the amount of resistance of each material to Absorb the energy
to reach the failure point “this process is happened instantaneously”, the toughness we could
consider it as a scale of the cohesion of the molecules but from it I can’t determine it terms of the
“plasticity” and in these tow test I depend on the fracture shape ; and that brings us to the next
two conclusions;
 Can’t compare in the toughness of material in from kind of test with other (toughness tests).
 the reads in Izod is higher than the charpy because of the volume of the specimen.
 There are three kind of fracture :

1.clean & granules : in this state the material didn't give plastic deformation result of the
instantaneous change in the organization of the molecules because of the crush then separated in
a sharp shape and this is an advance of the brittle " brittle material" .

2.Non.clean & fibrous : that is mean the material give a deformation but because of the
phenomenon "high strain rate" the deformation is happened in a small way and this shape is an
advance on ductility "ductile material".

3.Non.complete and tear : that mean the specimen is give a relatively high deformation to allowed
the hammer to passage without rupture the specimen ; in this case the material is assumed as
"very ductile material"

 Toughness "J" is the amount of what the material Absorb from energy to reach the failure .
 Modulus of Toughness "J/𝒎𝒎𝟑 " is the necessary amount of energy to shed on one unit of volume
from the material to fracture "Area under stress-strain curve" ; that’s mean If I wont to find the
amount of energy that shed on a specific volume of material in the piece of machine that lead to
fracture it => by multiplying the volume which the load will concentrated on it with its modulus of
toughness , and based on this value I'll chose the kind of material and it's dimension of the piece
"design"[critical point].

 There is many type of test to measure the toughness of material but to unification the results and
make it standard it be commonly use charpy & Izod tests.
 The value of toughness don't enter the design process It is just to insert the toughness of material.

References:
R.C.Hibbeler-Mechanics of Materials 8th Edition | Fiqah Saiful - Academia.edu

www. mathalino.com / Engineering math review

www.nde-ed.org/ Nde research center

www.azo.com/ Azo materials