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Document Akash PDF

This document contains a student's details and their answers to various questions about nautical charts. It discusses different types of charts like Mercator, coastal and harbour charts. It describes how to check if a chart is reliable by looking at factors like date of survey, scale and distortions. It defines chart datum and drying heights. It provides short notes on geographical range, luminous range and nominal range of lights. It explains what leading lights and sector lights are and their advantages. It also discusses clearing marks, routeing charts, natural scale of charts, importance of using largest scale charts and chart symbols for wrecks, obstructions, seabed, tidal streams, currents, submarine cables and pipelines.

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Ajit Tiwary
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155 views4 pages

Document Akash PDF

This document contains a student's details and their answers to various questions about nautical charts. It discusses different types of charts like Mercator, coastal and harbour charts. It describes how to check if a chart is reliable by looking at factors like date of survey, scale and distortions. It defines chart datum and drying heights. It provides short notes on geographical range, luminous range and nominal range of lights. It explains what leading lights and sector lights are and their advantages. It also discusses clearing marks, routeing charts, natural scale of charts, importance of using largest scale charts and chart symbols for wrecks, obstructions, seabed, tidal streams, currents, submarine cables and pipelines.

Uploaded by

Ajit Tiwary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAME-AKASH KUMAR

REG.NO.-1903710007
COURSE-B.SC(N.S)
BATCH-8
SECTION-A
1.What are the different types of charts?
Ans- Of the types of charts used today, Mercatorprojection charts are the most commonly used navigational charts. Nautical
charts.

Types of chart

A) Gnomonic charts
B) Mercator charts
C) Plan charts
D) Transverse Mercator
E) Polyclinic
F) Coastal charts
G) Harbour charts
H) Routing charts
I) Small scale charts
J) Large scale charts

2. How do you check that your chart is reliable?


The reliability of a chart can be checked by :

A) The date of survey


B) Source of survey
C) Frequency of soundings given on the chart.
D) Scale of the chart
E) Distortion of the chart
F) Plate Dimensions of the chart
G) Projection used
3.Define chart Datum, what are drying heights?
Chart datum-

A chart datum is the water level that depths displayed on a nautical chart are measured from. A
chart datum is generally derived from some phase of the tide. Common chart datums are lowest
astronomical tide and mean lower low water. In non-tidal areas, e.g. the Baltic Sea, mean sea level
is used.

Drying heights-

On a nautical chart, the drying height is the vertical distance of the seabed
that is exposed by the tide, above the sea water level at the lowest
astronomical tide. On admiralty charts a drying height is distinguished from a
depth by being underlined. This article about geography terminology is a stub.

4. Write short notes on: Geographical Range,


Luminous Range and Nominal Range.
Geographical range- Geographical range of a light is the maximum distance at
which a light can be seen at a given time; determined by the elevation of the light and
the height of system of the observer, as affected by the curvature of the Earth.
luminous range- Luminous Range of a light in the range of the light as determined
by the luminosity of light of meteorological visibility providing at that time.

Nominal range- It is range of the light is the luminous range, when the
meteorological visibility in 10 nm. In all charts range of light given is nominal range.

5. What are leading lights and what are its


advantages? What are sector lights?
Leading lights (also known as range lights in the united state ) are a pair of light beacons,
used in navigation indicate a safe passage for vessels entering a shallow or dangerous
channel; and may also be used for position fixing. At night, the lights are a form of leading
line that can be used for safe navigation. The beacons consist of two lights that are separated in
distance and elevation, so that when they are aligned, with one above the other, they provide a
bearing. Range lights are often illuminated day and night.
It’s advantage is
A). The leading lights indicate the safe passage of the ship in a channel.
B). The leading lights help in fixing the position of the ship.
C). The leading lights also helps the navigator in finding the compass error. The (actual) true
transit bearing of the two leading lights is read off the chart and the chart and the compass
bearing of the two lights, when in transit is taken and the difference between the two bearings is
the compass error.
Sector lights- A sector light is a man-made pilotage and position fixing aid that consists of strictly
de-limited horizontal angle light beams to guide water-borne traffic through a safe channel at
night in reasonable visibility. Sector lights are most often used for safe passage through shallow
or dangerous waters. This may be when leaving or entering harbour. Nautical charts (paper and
electronic) give all the required information.

6.What are clearing marks?


either of a pair of landmarks or marks on a mariner's chart lying upon a line
(clearing line) along which a vessel can sail to avoid navigational hazards.

7. What are routeing charts? what information is


available in a routeing chart?
Essential for use in passage planning for ocean voyages, Routeing Charts include routes and
distances between major ports, ocean currents, ice limits, load lines and wind roses. They also
contain expected meteorological and oceanographic conditions for each month of the year.

Information available in routeing chart-

• Iceberg limit and pack ice limit;


• Ice information – maximum ice limits.
• Position of ocean weather ships.
• Recommended tracks and distances.
• Bailie wind rose.
• Areas of low visibility predominant.
• Mean air temperature guide.
• Beaufort wind force of 7 and higher predominant.(TRS).
• Dew point and mean sea temperatures.
• Loadline demarkation limits.
• Scale.
• Loadline for the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Suez

8. What is meant by natural scale of a chart?


Natural scale-It is the ratio between on a unit of length measured on the chart and
corresponding unit measured on Earth’s surface.
Found under the title of a chart.

It is specific for a latitude


It is expressed as a ratio or a factor.
e.g.: 1:200,000
If the distance between two points on the surface of the Earth is 200,000 cm.
In coastal areas, it is normally given for the middle latitude of the chart.

9. Why should we always use the largest scale chart?


As the name suggests they represent a vast stretch of an area on a large
scale thus representing macroscopic features of the same. ... These charts
are preferentially used as reference charts for planning routes and plotting
courses, and from there on courses could be transferred to small scale charts.

10. Write down all chart symbols for wrecks,


obstructions, nature of seabed, tidal stream, current,
submarine cable, submarine pipeline.
Wrecks- This symbol surrounded by dotted lines indicates a wreckage which
may show part of the wreck through the surface of the water. PA stands for
"Position Approximate" which means they don't know exactly where the wreck
is.

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