1.

For the simple bar shown in the figure determine the displacements, stress & reaction
solution of the bar is 500mm2. Length is 1000 mm, & the young’s modulus E= 2×105
N/mm2 take load P=1000N.

Fig: Bar with point load

2. For the tapered bar shown in the fig determine the displacement, stress and reaction in
the bar. Take A1 = 1000mm2 & A2 = 500mm2 and E = 2×105 N/mm2 .

Fig: tapered bar.

3. Determine the Nodal displacement and maximum stress in a 1D stepped bar made of
steel and aluminum subjected to point load and thermal load with boundary conditions
as shown.
T o =200C & T f =800C
E steel = 2e5N/mm2
E Al = 0.7e5N/mm2
Area of steel, A steel = 1000mm2
Area of aluminum, A al = 500mm2
Thermal expansion (α)
α steel =11.7e-6 / 0C
α Al =23e-6 / 0C
Fig: Stepped bar made of steel and aluminum
Load, P=-5e5N
subjected to point load
4. For the simple bar shown in figure determine then displacement, stress caused due to
self weight. Give length of the bar is 0.5m, Cross section Area of the bar is 0.1m2,
=7848 kg/m3 and young's modulus 2×1011 N/m2.

Fig: Simple Bar

5. Two bar truss shown in fig. Determine the nodal displacements and the stress in each
member.Take A= 0.01m2 , E = 210×109 Pa.

Fig: two bar element truss

6. Consider the four trusses shown in fig: it is given that E = 2×105N/mm2 and area A=
100mm2 for all the elements. Determine the deformation, maximum stress and the
reaction forces in the truss system.
 Fig: Four bar element truss

7. 2m long cantilever with rectangular section (60mm×90mm) is subjected to concentrated

load of 4KN at the free end of the beam. Determine the deflection, maximum stress due
to bending, bending moment and shear force. Take E=200GPa.

Fig: Cantilever Beam

8. 2m long cantilever with rectangular section (60mm×90mm) is subjected to UDL of
4KN/m at the throughout the beam. Determine the deflection, maximum stress due to
bending, bending moment and shear force. Take E=200GPa.

Fig: Cantilever Beam

9. Determine the maximum stress for a rectangular plate of 50mm×80mm with hole of
10mm diameter in the centre is loaded in axial tension. Thickness of the plate is 10mm.
Take E = 200 GPa.

Fig: Rectangular Plate with Hole

10. Calculate the stresses and displacement for the plate shown below. Let the load be P =
100N applied at equal distance from both ends at 125mm and E = 3e7 N/mm2.

11. . Simple Modal Analysis of a cantilever beam as shown below. Objective is to get the
frequency
uency and different modes of vibration.

E = 2×1011 N/m2, I = 8.33×10-6 m4, Area A = 0.01 m2, Density = 7830 Kg/m3.

Fig: Cantilever Beam

12. Determine the Modal deflections for the truss system shown below (E = 200GPa,
A = 3250 mm2).
 Fig: Truss System

13. Simple harmonic analysis of a cantilever beam as shown below. E = 206800 × 106 N/m2,
I = 8.33×10-10 m4,  = 7830 Kg/m3.

Fig: Cantilever Beam

Problem:
For the simple bar shown in the figure determine the displacements, stress
and the reaction. The cross section of the bar is 500mm2, length is 1000mm,
and the Young’s Modulus is E = 2X105 N/mm2. Take load P = 1000N.

Results:

Deformation at fixed end = 0

Deformation at mid section = 0.005mm
Deformation at free end where the load is acting = 0.01mm
Stress in the Bar = σ = 2 N/mm2
Reaction Force = R1 = -1000N
The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
Comparison between Ansys and Theoretical results

Ansys Theoretical

Deformation 0.01mm 0.01mm

Stress 2 N/mm2 2 N/mm2

Reaction -1000N -1000N

For the tapered bar shown in the fig determine the displacement, stress and
reaction in the bar.
Given A1 = 1000 mm2 and A2 = 500 mm2. E = 2X105 N/mm2.
The Tapered bar is modified into 2 elements as shown below with
modified area of cross section.

(1000 + 500) / 2 = 750 mm2

A1 = (1000 + 750) / 2 = 875 mm2

A2 = (750 + 500) / 2 = 625 mm2

The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
Stress
Reaction Loads
Result comparison

Ansys Theoretical

Displacement 2.57e-3 mm 2.143 e-3 mm

Stress 1.6 N/mm2 1.6 N/mm2

Reaction -1000N -1000N

Determine the Nodal displacement and Maximum stress in a 1D
stepped bar made of steel and aluminum subjected to point load and
thermal load with the boundary conditions as shown.
To = 200C and Tf = 800C,
Esteel = 2e5 N/mm2
EAl = 0.7e5 N/mm2
Area of steel, Asteel = 1000mm2
Area of aluminum Aal = 500mm2
αsteel = 11.7e-6/0C
αaluminum = 23e-6/0C
The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
Results Comparison

Ansys Theoretical
Deformation 0.7553mm 0.7554mm

Stress 114.90 N/mm2 114.92 N/mm2

 PROBLEM A,
L,
For the simple bar shown in figure determine the displacement,
strain, stress caused due to self weight. Given length of the bar is E
0.5m, Cross Section Area of the bar is 0.1m2, ρ=7848 kg/m3 and
Young’s Modulus 2x1011 N/m2 . ρ

Analytical Solution:
ρgl 7848x9.81x0.5 x
Displacement in the bar at any section ux = x=
2E 2x2x1011
7848x9.81x0.52
Displacement in the bar at the free end x=0.5 is = = 4.812x10-8
2x2x10 11
 1
Finite Element Analysis Solution:

Q1
1
Discretize the given structure with two 1-D bar element of

2
equal length le= 0.25 m

Q2
Elemental Stiffness Matrix for a 1-D Bar Element of uniform

2
cross section is given by EA +1 -1

3
[ke] =

Q2
le -1 +1 1 2
2x1011x0.1 +1 -1 1
Then the Elemental Stiffness Matrix Element 1 is given by[k1] =
0.25 -1 +1 2
2 3
2x1011x0.1 +1 -1 2
Then the Elemental Stiffness Matrix Element 2 is given by[k2] =
0.25 -1 +1 3

+8 -8 and [k ] = 1010 +8 -8
Then we have [k1] = 1010 2
-8 +8
-8 +8
1 2 3 1 2 3
8 -8 0 1 8 -8 0 1

Then the Overall Stiffness Matrix 2 is given by [Ko] = 1010 -8 8+8 -8 2 = 105 -8 16 -8 2

0 -8 8 3 0 -8 8 3
 ρΑgle 1
The elemental load vector due to body force is given by [fb] =
2 1
Then the Elemental load vector in the element 1 is given by
1 = 962.36 1
[fb1] = 7848x9.81x0.1x0.25
1

2 1 1 2

Similarly Elemental load vector in the element 2 is given by = 962.36 1 2

1 3
1 1
Then the Overall Nodal Force Vector due to self weight will be {Fo}= 962.36 2 2
1 3

Characteristic equation for the over all problem is given by [Ko] {Q} = {Fo}

1 2 3
Apply the boundary conditions. Since at node 1 the
8 -8 0 1 Q1 1
bar is fixed hence Q1=0, Then by elimination
1010 -8 16 -8 2 Q2 962.36 2
approach eliminating the first row and column in the
0 -8 8 3 Q3 1
characteristic equation we have
 8 -8 0 Q1 1 16 -8 Q2 2
Then we 1010 = 962.36
1010 -8 16 -8 Q2 962.36 2 -8 8 Q3 1
0 -8 8 Q3 1 Solving we get Q2 = 3.61x10-8mm and Q3 = 4.81x10-8mm
Solution for the displacements are Q1= 0, Q2 = 3.61x10-8mm and Q3 = 4.81x10-8mm
DETERMINATION OF OTHER UNKNOWNS
For the Element 1 q1 = Q1 = 0 and q2 = Q2 = 3.61x10-8 mm
Displacement in an element is given by {U} = [N]{q}
q1 q2 In which [N] = [ N1 N2 ] is the Shape function matrix
1 2 ξ {q} = q1 is unknown nodal displacement vector
ξ= -1 ξ=0 ξ=+1
q2
(1-ξ) (1+ξ) 2.5x10-3(1+ξ)
in which N1= and N2= are the shape functions of 1-D Bar Element.
2 2
(1-ξ) (1+ξ)
Thus {U} = N1q1 + N2q2 = (0) + (3.61x10-8) U(ξ)=1.805x10-8(1+ξ)
2 2
Displacement any where with in the element is given by U(ξ)=1.805x10-8(1+ξ)
Thus U(-1) = 0 at node 1 and U(+1) = 3.61x10-8 mm at node 2
 1
Strain {ε} = [B] {q} But [B] = [ -1 1] Thus {ε} = 1 [ -1 1] q1
le le q2
1
{ε} = [ -1 1] 0
0.25 = 1.444x10-7 (Tensile)
3.61x10 -8

Stress {σ} = [D] {ε} = E ε = (2x1011)x(1.444x10-7) = 2.888x104 N/mm2 (Tensile)

For the Element 2 q1 = Q2 = 3.61x10-8mm and q2 = Q3 = 4.61x10-8 mm

Displacement in an element is given by {U} = [N]{q}
q1 q2 In which [N] = [ N1 N2 ] is the Shape function matrix
1 2 ξ {q} = q1 is unknown nodal displacement vector
ξ= -1 ξ=0 ξ=+1
q2
(1-ξ) (1+ξ)
in which N1= and N2= are the shape functions of 1-D Bar Element.
2 2
(1+ξ)
Thus {U} = N1q1 + N2q2 = (1-ξ) (3.61x10-6) + (4.81x10-8) = 10-8(4.21+0.6ξ)
2 2
Thus the displacement any where with in the element is given by U(ξ)=10-8(4.21+0.6ξ)

Thus U(-1) = 3.61x10-8 mm at node 1 and U(+1) = 4.81x10-8 mm at node 2

 1
Strain {ε} = [B] {q} But [B] = [ -1 1] Thus {ε} = 1 [ -1 1] q1
le le q2
1 3.61x10 -8
{ε} = [ -1 1] = 4.8x10-8 (Tensile)
0.25 4.81x10 -8

Stress {σ} = [D] {ε} = E ε = (2x1011)x(4.8x10-8) = 9600 N/mm2 (Tensile)

Reaction forces are determined from the eliminated row of the characteristic equation
of the system i.e.
Q1 0
Thus 10 [8 -8 0] Q2 = R1 Thus R1=1011[8 -8 0] 3.61x10-8
11

Q3 4.81x10-8

R1 = -28.88x103 N
1 2

3
1

3 4

6
1

2
 2

4
 3
1

5
 5
4
Exit the Menu

3
1

Enter the coordinates and apply until

all the coordinates are given
2,3

4
 2
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Pick the points
where the lines
are to be created

3
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Pick the line using

the curser till all are
completed

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 1

2
 2
1

Pick the required

line for
discretizing

3
 1

Observe the details which has to be decided for the

element type, Material constant and Real constant
 4
After creating the
mesh. To check go to
plotctrls
1 >Number>highlight
the node number and
element numbering
and then press ok.
You can observe the
elements and node
3 are numbered.

2
1

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where the
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conditions are to
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 1

Apply the boundary condition and then exit

1

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1
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3
 1

After solution is done go to Postprocessor to

view the results
 2

3
1
 COMPARISON

SOLUTION FOR THE DISPLACEMENTS

FEM Manual Calculated Solution ANSY Solution
Q1= 0 Q1= 0
Q2 = 3.61x10-8mm Q2 = 3.61x10-8mm
Q3 = 4.81x10-8mm Q3 = 4.81x10-8mm
Two bar truss shown in fig. Determine the nodal displacements and the stress
in each member.
Take E = 210 X 109 Pa, Area A= 0.01m2
q1 = q2 = q5 = q6 = 0
q3 = 0.048 X 10-3 m
q4 = -0.182 X 10-3 m
σ = E ε = 210 X 109 X 0.048 X 10-3
=10.08 X 106 N/m2
The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
Result comparison

FEM Theoretical

Displacement 0.188 X 10-3 m 0.182 X 10-3 m

Stress 10 X 106 N/m2 10.08 X 106 N/m2

Consider the four bar truss shown in fig. It is given that E = 29.5 X 106 N/m2
and area A = 1 m2 for all the elements. Determine the deformation, maximum
stress and the reaction forces in the truss system.

Results:

Deformation = -22.25 X 10-3 m

Stress = 4167 N/m2

Reaction = Fx = 4167 N
Fy = 3126N
Consider the four bar truss shown in fig. It is given that E = 29.5 X
105 N/m2 and area A = 1 m2 for all the elements. Determine the
deformation, maximum stress and the reaction forces in the truss
system.

Results:

Deformation = -22.25 X 10-3 m

Stress = 4167 N/m2

Reaction = Fx = 4167 N
Fy = 3126N
Result Comparison

Ansys Theoretical

Deformation 0.022952 m 0.02225 m

Stress 4167 N/mm2 4167 N/mm2

Reaction Fx = 4167 N Fx = 4167 N

Fy = 3126N Fy = 3126N
A 2m long cantilever with rectangular section (60mmx90mm) is
subjected to concentrated load of 4KN at the free end of the
beam. Determine the deflection, maximum stress due to
bending, Bending Moment and Shear Force. Take E = 200
GPa.

P = 4 X 103 N, Length L = 2m = 2000mm,

P
Deflection = y = PL3 / 3EI
= 14.6mm

Maximum Stress = σ = M / Z = 6 PL / BD2

= 98.765 N/mm2
Enter the key point coordinates in the window.
KP1 ( 0,0)
KP2 (2000,0)
The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
Bending Moment Diagram
Results Comparison

Ansys Theoretical

Deformation 14.642mm 14.63mm

Stress 98.765 N/mm2 98.765 N/mm2

A 2m long cantilever with rectangular section (60mmx90mm)
is subjected to uniformly distributed load 4KN/m throughout
its length. Determine the maximum bending stress and its
deflection.
Take E = 200 Gpa.
Moment of Inertia I = (60 X 903)/12mm4
= 364.5X104 mm4
y = 90 / 2 = 45mm

σmax = Mmaxy / I = (8 X 106 X 45) / (364.5X104)

= 98.76 MPa
The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
Results Comparison

Ansys Theoretical

Deformation 10mm 10.34mm

Stress 98.76 N/ mm2 98.76 N/mm2

Calculate the stresses and displacement for the plate shown below.
Let the load be P = 100N applied at equal distance from both ends and
E = 3e7 N/mm2.
Determine the maximum stress for a rectangular plate of
50mm x 80mm with hole of 10mm diameter in the center is
loaded in axial tension. Thickness of the plate is 10mm.
Take E = 200GPa
σ nom = F / ( w - a) t = 10000 / ( 50 – 10 )10 = 25 N/mm2

Stress concentration factor Kσ = σ max / σ nom

2.5 = σ max / 25

σ max = 2.5 x 25 = 62.5 N/mm2

 KP X Y

1 0 0
2 40 0
3 40 25
4 0 25

Enter the Key points in the coordinate box as shown above

Solver
The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
General Postprocessor
Results Comparison

FEM Theoretical

Deformation 0.004329 mm -

Stress 62.244 N/ mm2 62.5 N / mm2

 PROBLEM
A cylinder of inner radius 20mm and outer radius 100mm is subjected to internal
pressure of 200 N/mm2. Determine the Displacement, Stresses along the radial
thickness of the cylinder. Given the Young’s Modulus 2x105 N/mm2 . Assume suitable
length.
Analytical Solution:
Pib2 1 - r2
Radial Stress at any radius in the cylinder is given by σr = (b2 – a2) b2

Pib2 r2
Tangential Stress at any radius in the cylinder is given by σθ = (b2 – a2)
1+ 2
b
1 2

3
1

2 5

6
 2

1
3
4

Check the element behaviour such as plane stress, plane

strain, Axisymmetric or plane stress with thickness. In the
present case plane stress with thickness is selected.
1

2
 1

2
 7

6
Exit the menu
3
1

5
 1

3
 1

Quarter Model
is created
1

For distcretizing the part

plot only the lines because
the division can be
performed
1

Pick the inner and outer lines

3
 2

4
 2
1

3
 2
1

3
 2
1
Pick the Area
to be meshed

3
Mesh is
created
 Apply the boundary
1 conditions

Pick the edges

on the
diameters
3
 To Apply the
pressure on the
inner surface
1

2
Pick the inner
surface of the
2 cylinder
 2
1

After applying the pressure

save the file
 2

After Solution is done go to postprocessing to view the results

 2

Results are viewed. In the

Post Processing stage

Results are viewed in the

default settings, Hence the
results are viewed in
Cartesian Coordinate
 2

3
1

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Processing 4stage the results
After Re-plot the distribution
is as shown in next slide
Other Results can be viewed in the similar manner
END
• Simple Modal Analysis of a cantilever beam as shown below.
• Objective is to get the frequency and different modes of
vibration.
• E=2e11 N/m2
• I = 8.33e-06 m4
• Area A = 0.01 m2
• Density = 7830 Kg/m3
To Determine the Natural Frequencies of a Cantilever Beam
Given Data

Length L= 1 m

Breath B= 0.1 m

Depth D= 0.1 m
Young's Modulus E= 2.00E+11 N/m2

Density ρ= 7.830E+03 Kg/m3

Aceln due to gravity g= 9.810 m/Sec2

PIE π= 3.143

Area A= 0.01 m2

M.I I= 8.33333E-06 m4

Density/L ρl = 7.830E+01 Kg/m

S-Density ρs = 7.982E+02 Kg-Sec2/m4
Beam Constant

(β1l)2 (β2l)2 (β3l)2

3.52 22.00 61.70

Circular Frequency
ωn1 = (β1l)2√(EI)/(ρl4) 1.608E+03
ωn2 = (β2l)2√(EI)/(ρl4) 1.005E+04
ωn3 = (β3l)2√(EI)/(ρl4) 2.819E+04

Natural Frequencies fn1 = ωn1/2π = 255.89749

fn2 = ωn2/2π = 1599.3593

fn3 = ωn3/2π = 4485.4759

The Density 7830 Kg/m3 should be divided by 9.81 m/sec2. This gives the software density
798.16 Kg–sec2/m4. This new value should be used as density Value in ansys.
Key points are specified in the given coordinate box
KP1 (0,0)
KP2 (1,0)
General Postprocessor
Mode FEM (Frequency) Theory (Frequency)

1 81.476 81.70

2 506.37 510.63

3 1278 1432.10
Determine the Modal deflections for the truss system shown below (E = 200GPa,
A = 3250mm2).
Note: In the process of solving make sure that you save the file on every step.
Preprocessor
Key point
x y

1 0 0

2 1800 3118

3 3600 0

4 5400 3118

5 7200 0

6 9000 3118

7 10800 0
Solver
The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution
part. Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK.
General Postprocessor
 Frequency

Mode 1 0.128 x 10-3

Mode 2 0.159 x 10-3

Mode 3 0.220 x 10-3

Mode 4 0.272 x 10-3

Mode 5 0.292 x 10-3

• Simple Harmonic Analysis of a cantilever beam as
shown below.
• E=206800e6 N/m2
• I = 8.33e-10 mm4
• ρ = 7830 Kg/m3
The Density 7830 Kg/m3 should be divided by 9.81 m/sec2. This gives the software density
798.16 Kg–sec2/m4. This new value should be used as density Value in ansys.
KP1 0,0
KP2 1,0