Lab code 8EE06A

Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

Department of Electrical Engineering

ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

Year: - 4th Yr. /8th SEM

Lab Code: - 8EE6A
Lab code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

INDEX
SR. TOPIC PAGE
NO. NUMBER
1. Vision & Mission of Electrical Engineering Department 3
2. PEO of PCE 4
3. Program Outcomes of Department 5-6
4. Program Specific Outcomes of Department 7
5. Lab Outcomes 8
6. Lab Rules 9
7. Safety Manners 10
8. Experiment List (as per RTU) 11
9. Evaluation Scheme 12
10. Lab Plan 13
11. Mapping of CO with PO 14
12. Mapping of CO with PSO’s 15
13. List of Experiments (With Rotor Plan) 16
14. Zero Lab 17-27
15. Experiment No 1 28-30
16. Experiment No 2 31-33
17. Experiment No 3 34-36
18. Experiment No 4 37-40
19. Experiment No 5 41-43
20. Experiment No 6 44-46
21. Experiment No 7 47-48
22. Experiment No 8 49-50
23. Experiment No 9 51-57
24. Experiment No 10 58-62
25. Experiment No 11 63-64
26. Experiment No 12 65-66
27. Experiment No 13 67-68
28. Experiment No 14 69-72
29. Experiment No 15 73-75
30. Experiment No 16 (Beyond The Syllabus) 76-81
31. Experiment No 17 (Beyond The Syllabus) 82-84
32. References
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VISION

To be a model of excellence in Professional Education and Research by creating

electrical engineers that are prepared for lifelong engagement in the rapidly
changing fields and technologies with the ability to work in team.

MISSION
Provide a dynamic environment of Technical Education wherein students learn
in collaboration with others to develop a disciplined and conceptual knowledge
in the field of electrical engineering and become a good professional, researcher
and lifelong learner.

3
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’S)

PEO 1: Graduates will have the ability to formulate, analyze and apply design
process using the basic knowledge of engineering and sciences to solve complex
electrical engineering problems.

PEO 2: Graduates will exhibit quality of leadership, teamwork, time

management, with a commitment towards addressing societal issues of equity,
public and environmental safety using modern engineering tools.

PEO 3: Graduates will possess dynamic communication and have successful

transition into a broad range of multi-disciplinary career options in industry,
government and research as lifelong learner.

4
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

5
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

6
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Graduate possesses the ability to apply fundamental knowledge of basic

sciences, mathematics and computation to solve the problems in the field of
electrical engineering for the benefit of society.

PSO2: Graduate possesses the ability to professionally communicate and

ethically solve complex electrical engineering problems using modern
engineering tools.

PSO3: Graduate possesses sound fundamental knowledge to be either

employable or develop entrepreneurship in the emerging areas of renewable and
green energy, electric and hybrid vehicles and smart grids and shall be susceptive
to life- long learning.

7
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRIC DRIVE AND CONTROL LAB
LAB OUTCOME

LAB OUTCOME: (8EE06A)

C417.1 Students will be able to

understand the concepts of firing
circuits in converters at Different
8EE06A / load conditions.
C417 C417.2 Students will be able to
understand the concept and testing
of 3 phase ac voltage regulators.
C417.3 Students will be able to understand
the concept of speed control of
different types of dc motors.
C417.4 Students will be able to understand
the concept of speed control of
different types of ac motors.
C417.5 Students will be able to understand
the concepts of different types of
three phase converters.

8
 Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

LAB RULES
RESPONSIBILITIES OF USERS

DO’S:
▪ Enter the lab on time and leave at proper time.
▪ Wait for the previous class to leave before the next class enters.
▪ Keep the bag outside in the respective racks.
▪ Utilize lab hours in the corresponding.
▪ Before switching on the power supply, get it checked by the lecturer/Technical assistant.
▪ Switch off or silent your mobile before enter the lab.
▪ Maintaining discipline.
▪ Proper handling of equipment must be done.

DONT’S:
▪ Don't abuse the equipment.
▪ Don’t bring any external material in the lab, except your lab record, copy and books.
▪ Don’t bring the mobile phones in the lab. If necessary then keep them in silence mode.
▪ Please be considerate of those around you, especially in terms of noise level. While labs are a
natural place for conversations of all types, kindly keep the volume turned down.
▪ Do not touch any the any power supply wire or main supply.
▪ Do not attempt experiment without permission.
▪ Do not overcrowd on a table.
▪ Do not manipulate the experiment result.

9
 Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

▪ Do not leave the lab without permission from the lecture

10
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

SAFETY MANNERS
▪ Specific Safety Rules like Do’s and Don’ts are displayed and instructed for all students.
▪ First aid box and fire extinguishers are kept in each laboratory.
▪ Insulation carpet is available in machine lab and Measurement and Instrumentation
Lab.
▪ Well trained technical supporting staff monitor the labs at all times.
▪ Damaged equipments are identified and serviced at the earliest.
▪ Periodical calibration of the lab equipments are regularly done
▪ A clean and organized laboratories are maintained
▪ The use of cell phones is prohibited.
▪ Appropriate storage areas are available.
▪ In order to create more space in the laboratories, a separate section has racks to store
the belongings of the students.
▪ Proper earthing is provided in the labs.

Name of the No. of Name of Weekly utilization Safety

Lab student per the Status (all the Courses Measures
setup (Batch important for which the lab is
size) equipment utilized)
Electrical 22 24 hrs
Drives &
Control Lab
Lab(8EE06A)

EXPERIMENT LIST (AS PER RTU)

Practical Hrs: 2 Hrs/ week Maximum Marks = 75

OBJECTIVES: At the end of the semester, the students should have clearly understood
and implemented the following:
1. Study and test the firing circuit of three phase half controlled bridge converter.

11
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

2. Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled bridge converter with R and RL
loads.
3. Study and test the firing circuit of 3-phase full controlled bridge converter.
4. Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase full controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.
5. Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
6. Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
7. Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
8. Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable stator voltage mode using 3-
phase AC voltage regulator.
9. Control speed of a 3-phase BLDC motor.
10. Control speed of a 3-phase PMSM motor using frequency and voltage control
11. Control speed of universal motor using AC voltage regulator.
12. Study 3-phase dual converter.
13. Study speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual converter.
14. Study three-phase cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous motor using
cycloconverter.
15. Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor in variable frequency V/f constant mode using 3-
phase inverter.
Beyond the Syllabus
16. Study and Perform of the all type of the chopper circuits.
17. To study the operation of single phase series inverter circuit using SCR with resistive
load and obtain its output voltage waveform.

EVALUATION SCHEME
(To be verified from RTU syllabus)

Name of Exam Conducted By Experiment Marks Viva Marks

I Mid Term PCE

12
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

II Mid Term PCE

End Term RTU

Name of Exam Conducted By Performance Marks Attendance Marks

Sessional PCE

DISTRIBUTION OF LAB RECORD MARKS PER EXPERIMENT

Attendance Record Performance Total

2 3 5 10

EXAM MARKING SCHEME

SECTION MARK’S
Object and Apparatus 1
Theory and Application 5
Circuit diagram and calculation 5
Result 1
Precautions 2
Perform 5
Record 3
VIVA 8

TOTAL= 30

13
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

LAB PLAN

Total number of experiment 17

Total number of turns required 15
NUMBER OF TURNS REQUIRED FOR
Experiment Number Turns Scheduled Day
Zero Lab 1 Day 1
Exp. 1 1 Day 2
Exp. 2 1 Day 3
Exp. 3 1 Day 4
Exp. 4 1 Day 5
Exp. 5 1 Day 6
Exp. 6 1 Day 7
Exp. 7 1 Day 8
Exp. 8 1 Day 9
Exp. 9 1 Day 10
Exp. 10 1 Day 11

DISTRIBUTION OF LAB HOURS

• Explanation of Experiment & Logic : 20 Minutes
• Performing the Experiment : 40 Minutes
• File Checking : 30 Minutes
• Viva/Quiz : 20 Minutes
• Solving of Queries : 10 Minutes

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

MAPPING OF CO WITH PO

Course Course Outcomes Program Outcomes (POs)

(COs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Students will be able to

understand the concepts of
2 2 2 3
firing circuits in converters at
different load conditions.
Students will be able to
understand the concept and
3 2 2 2 2 2
testing of 3 phase ac voltage
regulators.
Electrical Students will be able to
Drives & understand the concept of
3 2 2 2 2 3 2
Control Lab speed control of different
Lab(8EE06A) types of dc motors.
Students will be able to
understand the concept of
3 2 2 2 2 1
speed control of different
types of ac motors.
Students will be able to
understand the concepts of
3 2 2
different types of three phase
converters.

S (3) - The course/lab has Strong Association with the corresponding POs.
M (2) - The course/lab has Medium Association with the corresponding POs.
W (1) - The course/lab has Weak Association with the corresponding POs.

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

MAPPING OF CO WITH PSO

Course Course Outcomes (COs) Program specific

Outcomes (PSO)
1 2 3
Students will be able to understand the concepts of
firing circuits in converters at different load 1
conditions.
Students will be able to understand the concept and
Electrical 1 1
testing of 3 phase ac voltage regulators.
Drives &
Students will be able to understand the concept of
Control Lab 1 1 1
Lab(8EE06A) speed control of different types of dc motors.
Students will be able to understand the concept of
1 1
speed control of different types of ac motors.
Students will be able to understand the concepts of
1
different types of three phase converters.

S (3) - The course/lab has Strong Association with the corresponding experiment.
M (2) - The course/lab has Medium Association with the corresponding experiment.
W (1) - The course/lab has Weak Association with the corresponding experiment.

16
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (WITH ROTOR PLAN)

ROTOR-1

Experiment No-1 Objective: Study and test the firing circuit of three phase half controlled
bridge converter.
Experiment No-2 Objective: Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled
bridge converter with R and RL loads.
Experiment No-3 Objective: Study and test the firing circuit of 3-phase full controlled
bridge converter.
Experiment No-4 Objective: Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase full controlled
bridge converter with R and RL loads.
Experiment No-5 Objective: Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
Experiment No-6 Objective: Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled
bridge converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
Experiment No-7 Objective: Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled
bridge converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
Experiment No-8 Objective: Study and Perform of the all type of the chopper circuits.

ROTOR-2

Experiment No-9 Objective: Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable stator
voltage mode using 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
Experiment No-10 Objective: Control speed of universal motor using AC voltage
regulator.
Experiment No-11 Objective: Control speed of a 3-phase BLDC motor.
Experiment No-12 Objective: Study 3-phase dual converter.
Experiment No-13 Objective: Control speed of a 3-phase PMSM motor using frequency
and voltage control
Experiment No-14 Objective: Study speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual
converter.
Experiment No-15 Objective: Study three-phase cycloconverter and speed control of
synchronous motor using cycloconverter.
Experiment No-16 Objective: Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor in variable frequency
V/f constant mode using 3-phase inverter.
Experiment No-17 Objective: To study the operation of single phase series inverter circuit
using SCR with resistive load and obtain its output voltage waveform.

17
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

ZERO LAB
Session: 2019 -20(Even Sem.)

COURSE: B.TECH CLASS/SECTION: IVyear/ VIII sem

NAME OF FACULTY: Gaurav Jain BRANCH: Electrical Engineering

1). a) Name of Lab with Code: Electric Drive & Control Lab (8EE06A)
b) Compulsory/Elective : Compulsory

2). Self-Introduction:
a). Name : Gaurav Jain
b). Qualification : M.Tech (Power System), Ph.D.(Thesis Submitted)
c). Designation : Assistant Professor
d). Research Area : Power System and Renewable energy
e). E-mail Id : [email protected]
f). other details :
1. Areas of proficiency/expertise:
1.1 Subjects taken:
1.1.1 Power System
1.1.2 Energy Conservation & audting
1.1.3 Transmission and Distribution
1.1.4 Basic Electrical Engineering
1.1.5 High voltage engineering

1.2 Laboratories Taken

1.1.1 Electrical machine Lab
1.1.2 Basic Electrical Lab
1.1.3 Power System Lab
1.1.4 Digital Electronics Lab

1.3 Member of Professional Body

ISTE (Indian society of technical Education)

1.4 Academic Proficiency

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

1.4.1 English
1.4.2 Hindi

1.6 Papers published in National/ International Conferences/ Journals

5 papers are published in international journals and 12 paper are in international
conferences.

3) Department Vision and Mission

Vision

To be a model of excellence in Professional Education and Research by creating electrical engineers

that are prepared for lifelong engagement in the rapidly changing fields and technologies with the
ability to work in team.

Mission

Provide a dynamic environment of Technical Education wherein students learn in

collaboration with others to develop a disciplined and conceptual knowledge in the field of
electrical engineering and become a good professional, researcher and lifelong learner.

4) Department Program Educational Objectives ( PEOs)

The Program Educational Objectives of the Department of Electrical Engineering have been defined
as follows:-

PEO 1: Graduates will have the ability to formulate, analyze and apply design process using
the basic knowledge of engineering and sciences to solve complex electrical engineering
problems.
PEO 2: Graduates will exhibit quality of leadership, teamwork, time management, with a
commitment towards addressing societal issues of equity, public and environmental safety
using modern engineering tools.
PEO 3: Graduates will possess dynamic communication and have successful transition into a
broad range of multi-disciplinary career options in industry, government and research as
lifelong learner.

5)Department Program Outcomes (POs)&Programme Specific Outcomes (POs and

PSOs)

Program Outcomes of Electrical Engineering Department are as follows:-

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assesssocietal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and

20
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: Graduate possesses the ability to apply fundamental knowledge of basic sciences,
mathematics and computation to solve the problems in the field of electrical engineering for
the benefit of society.
PSO2: Graduate possesses the ability to professionally communicate and ethically solve
complex electrical engineering problems using modern engineering tools.
PSO3: Graduate possesses sound fundamental knowledge to be either employable or develop
entrepreneurship in the emerging areas of renewable and green energy, electric and hybrid
vehicles and smart grids and shall be susceptive to life- long learning.

6). Targets and Attainments

ACADEMIC SESSION
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Target 2.40 2.40 3.00 3.00 3.00
Attainment 2.40 3.00 3.00 3.00

7). Instructional Language: - 100 %English

8). Introduction to subject: -

a). Relevance to Branch:
This branch is related with our everyday of life .This is very useful in determining the
electrical parameter of machine. This subject increases and sharpens the thinking
power of mind. That is the reason this subject is used in various competitive exams and
in job scenario.
.
b). Relevance to Society:

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

Machine is use to reduce the effort of human being .Modern Society completely depend
on Industry and Industry is depend on machines. With the help of machine lot of
production is obtain due to which variety of rating has great improved not only the
quality of the products but also contribution to reduction of costs.

c). Relevance to Self:

This lab gives knowledge of machines. This is useful like in further studies. The slab
has become interesting with the advent of Electrical machine and all the equipment
becoming intelligent. As this subject brushes up the thinking power so we come up to
the most optimum utilization of things and subjects. Also it is use to make new projects

d).Pre- Requisites (Connection with previous year): -

1. Electronic Devices Lab (3EE7A)
2. Analog Electronics Lab (4EE7A)
3. Electrical Machine Lab (4EE10A)
4. Power Electronics Lab (5EE7A)
5. Advanced Power electronics Lab(6EE9A)

In the previous year we had studied basic of electrical, machine equipment used in
measurement etc. And next year we study power stability, power system analysis and
power system engineering.

.
f) Lab Outcome:

C417.1 Students will be able to understand the concepts of firing circuits in

converters at different load conditions.
C417. 2Students will be able to understand the concept and testing of 3 phase ac voltage
regulators.
C417.3 Students will be able to understand the concept of speed control of different
types of dc motors.
C417.4Students will be able to understand the concept of speed control of different types of
ac motors.
C417.5Students will be able to understand the concepts of different types of three phase
converters.

9). Syllabus

8EE06A ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

22
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

1. Study and test the firing circuit of three phase half controlled bridge converter.
2. Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled bridge converter with R and RL
loads.
3. Study and test the firing circuit of 3-phase full controlled bridge converter.
4. Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase full controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.
5. Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
6. Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
7. Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
8. Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable stator voltage mode using 3-
phase AC voltage regulator.
9. Control speed of a 3-phase BLDC motor.
10. Control speed of a 3-phase PMSM motor using frequency and voltage control
11. Control speed of universal motor using AC voltage regulator.
12. Study 3-phase dual converter.
13. Study speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual converter.
14. Study three-phase cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous motor using
cycloconverter.
15. Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor in variable frequency V/f constant mode using 3-
phase inverter.
16. Study and Perform of the all type of the chopper circuits.
17. To study the operation of single phase series inverter circuit using SCR with resistive
load and obtain its output voltage waveform.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (WITH ROTOR PLAN)

ROTOR-1

23
Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

Experiment No-1 Objective: Study and test the firing circuit of three phase half controlled
bridge converter.
Experiment No-2 Objective: Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled
bridge converter with R and RL loads.
Experiment No-3 Objective: Study and test the firing circuit of 3-phase full controlled
bridge converter.
Experiment No-4 Objective: Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase full controlled
bridge converter with R and RL loads.
Experiment No-5 Objective: Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
Experiment No-6 Objective: Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled
bridge converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
Experiment No-7 Objective: Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled
bridge converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
Experiment No-8 Objective: Study and Perform of the all type of the chopper circuits.

ROTOR-2

Experiment No-9 Objective: Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable stator
voltage mode using 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
Experiment No-10 Objective: Control speed of universal motor using AC voltage
regulator.
Experiment No-11 Objective: Control speed of a 3-phase BLDC motor.
Experiment No-12 Objective: Study 3-phase dual converter.
Experiment No-13 Objective: Control speed of a 3-phase PMSM motor using frequency
and voltage control
Experiment No-14 Objective: Study speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual
converter.
Experiment No-15 Objective: Study three-phase cycloconverter and speed control of
synchronous motor using cycloconverter.
Experiment No-16 Objective: Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor in variable frequency
V/f constant mode using 3-phase inverter.
Experiment No-17 Objective: To study the operation of single phase series inverter circuit
using SCR with resistive load and obtain its output voltage waveform.

12). Books/ Website/Journals & Handbooks/ Association & Institution:

a). Recommended Text & Reference Books and Websites:

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

b). Journals & Handbooks: - To give information about different Journals & Handbooks
available in library related to the subject and branch.
• www.mit.com
• Virtual lab.
• www.myelectrica
• www.khanacadem
• www.nptl.com

9).Marking/Assignment Scheme
RTU Marks Scheme

Maximum Marks Allocation

Seasonal End-Term Total
60 40 100

Marks Division

Mid Term – I & II

Performance Viva Total
22 8 30
End Term (University Practical)
Performance Viva Total
30 10 40
Attendance & Performance
Common Pool Attendance + Performance Total
15 5 + 10 30

Lab Plan and Time Distribution

Lab Plan:

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

➢ Total no. of Experiments : 15

➢ No. of turns required : 14

Distribution of Lab hours: (Please change the distribution as per the lab timings) - the line
written in parenthesis needs to be deleted while finalizing this lab instruction sheet
➢ Explanation of Experiment & Logic : 20 Minutes
➢ Performing the Experiment : 40 Minutes
➢ File Checking : 25 Minutes
➢ Viva/Quiz : 25 Minutes
➢ Solving of Queries : 10 Minutes

12) Mapping with PEOs , POs and Course Outcome

Subject COs PSO PSO PSO

COs and LOs (Descriptive)
Code and LOs 1 2 3
Students will be able to understand the concepts of
C417.1 1 2 3
firing circuits in converters at different load conditions.
Students will be able to understand the concept and
C417.2 - 1 3
testing of 3 phase ac voltage regulators.
Students will be able to understand the concept of
8EE6A C417.3 - 2 3
speed control of different types of dc motors.
Students will be able to understand the concept of
C417.4 1 1 3
speed control of different types of ac motors.
Students will be able to understand the concepts of
C417.5 1 2 2
different types of three phase converters.

*S-Strong M- Medium W-Weak

LAB RULES

RESPONSIBILITIES OF USERS

26
 Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

DO’S:
▪ Enter the lab on time and leave at proper time.
▪ Wait for the previous class to leave before the next class enters.
▪ Keep the bag outside in the respective racks.
▪ Utilize lab hours in the corresponding.
▪ Before switching on the power supply, get it checked by the lecturer/Technical assistant.
▪ Switch off or silent your mobile before enter the lab.
▪ Maintaining discipline.
▪ Proper handling of equipment must be done.

DONT’S:
▪ Don't abuse the equipment.
▪ Don’t bring any external material in the lab, except your lab record, copy and books.
▪ Don’t bring the mobile phones in the lab. If necessary then keep them in silence mode.
▪ Please be considerate of those around you, especially in terms of noise level. While labs are a
natural place for conversations of all types, kindly keep the volume turned down.
▪ Do not touch any the any power supply wire or main supply.
▪ Do not attempt experiment without permission.
▪ Do not overcrowd on a table.
▪ Do not manipulate the experiment result.
▪ Do not leave the lab without permission from the lecturer.

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SAFETY MANNERS
▪ Specific Safety Rules like Do’s and Don’ts are displayed and instructed for all students.
▪ First aid box and fire extinguishers are kept in each laboratory.
▪ Insulation carpet is available in machine lab and Measurement and Instrumentation
Lab.
▪ Well trained technical supporting staff monitor the labs at all times.
▪ Damaged equipments are identified and serviced at the earliest.
▪ Periodical calibration of the lab equipments are regularly done
▪ A clean and organized laboratories are maintained
▪ The use of cell phones is prohibited.
▪ Appropriate storage areas are available.
▪ In order to create more space in the laboratories, a separate section has racks to store
the belongings of the students.
▪ Proper earthing is provided in the labs.

Place: Jaipur Gaurav Jain

Date: 09/12/2019 (Assistan Professor)

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: study and test the firing circuit of three phase half controlled bridge converter.
APPARATUS:
1. 3-Phase half controlled bridge converter.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.

BASIC CONCEPT:
Three phase fully controlled converters are very popular in many industrial applications
particularly in situations where power regeneration from the dc side is essential. It can handle
reasonably high power and has acceptable input and output harmonic distortion. The
configuration also lends itself to easy series and parallel connection for increasing voltage and
current rating or improvement in harmonic behavior. However, this versatility of a three phase
fully controlled converters are obtained at the cost of increased circuit complexity due to the
use of six thyristors and their associated control circuit. This complexity can be considerably
reduced in applications where power regeneration is not necessary.
The three phase half controlled converter has several other advantages over a three
phase fully controlled converter. For the same firing angle it has lower input side displacement
factor compared to a fully controlled converter. It also extends the range of continuous
conduction of the converter. It has one serious disadvantage however. The output voltage is
periodic over one third of the input cycle rather than one sixth as is the case with fully
controlled converters. This implies both input and output harmonics are of lower frequency

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and require heavier filtering. For this reason half controlled three phase converters are not as
popular as their fully controlled counterpart.
Although, from the point of view of construction and circuit complexity the half
controlled converter is simpler compared to the fully controlled converter, its analysis is
considerably more difficult.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.

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2.Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.

3. Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.
5. Press start button.
6. Vary pot slowly & observe load lamp glow slowly.
7. Observe the converter output at TP10 with respect to TP 11 using 1:10 probe & trace
output wave forms

RESULT : Hence, we study and test the firing circuit of three phase half controlled bridge
converter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -2
AIM: Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase half controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.
APPARATUS:
1. 3-Phase half controlled bridge converter.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.

BASIC CONCEPT:
Three phase fully controlled converters are very popular in many industrial applications
particularly in situations where power regeneration from the dc side is essential. It can handle
reasonably high power and has acceptable input and output harmonic distortion. The
configuration also lends itself to easy series and parallel connection for increasing voltage and
current rating or improvement in harmonic behavior. However, this versatility of a three phase
fully controlled converters are obtained at the cost of increased circuit complexity due to the
use of six thyristors and their associated control circuit. This complexity can be considerably
reduced in applications where power regeneration is not necessary.
The three phase half controlled converter has several other advantages over a three
phase fully controlled converter. For the same firing angle it has lower input side displacement
factor compared to a fully controlled converter. It also extends the range of continuous
conduction of the converter. It has one serious disadvantage however. The output voltage is
periodic over one third of the input cycle rather than one sixth as is the case with fully
controlled converters. This implies both input and output harmonics are of lower frequency

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and require heavier filtering. For this reason half controlled three phase converters are not as
popular as their fully controlled counterpart.
Although, from the point of view of construction and circuit complexity the half
controlled converter is simpler compared to the fully controlled converter, its analysis is
considerably more difficult.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.
2.Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.
3.Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.
5.Connect 4-pin plug dc motor to the unit lightly.
6. Press rockor switch & start button then output led glow.
7.Wait the motor response increase ALPHA/SPEED pot clockwise & observe the motor

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speed
8. Observe output voltage waveform Across TP10 and TP11

RESULT: Hence, we study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase half controlled bridge
converter with R and RL and loads.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -3
AIM:Study and Test the firing circuit of Three Phase Full Controlled Bridge Converter.
APPARATUS:
1. 3-Phase full controlled bridge converter.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.

BASIC CONCEPT:
The three phase fully controlled bridge converter has been probably the most widely used
power electronic converter in the medium to high power applications. Three phase circuits are
preferable when large power is involved. The controlled rectifier can provide controllable out
put dc voltage in a single unit instead of a three phase autotransformer and a diode bridge
rectifier. The controlled rectifier is obtained by replacing the diodes of the uncontrolled
rectifier with thyristors. Control over the output dc voltage is obtained by controlling the
conduction interval of each thyristor. This method is known as phase control and converters
are also called “phase controlled converters”.
A three phase fully controlled converter is obtained by replacing all the six diodes of an
uncontrolled converter by six thyristors as shown in Fig. (1). The control circuit become
considerably complicated and the use of coupling transformer and / or inter phase reactors
become mandatory.
With the introduction of high power IGBTs the three phase bridge converter has all but
been replaced by dc link voltage source converters in the medium to moderately high power
range. However in very high power application (such as HV dc transmission system,

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cycloconverter drives, load commutated inverter synchronous motor drives, static scherbius
drives etc.) the basic B phase bridge converter block is still used. In this lesson the operating
principle and characteristic of this very important converter topology will be discussed in
source depth.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIRING :

In the circuit of Fig. 13.6(a) a phase shift network is used to obtain a waveform leading v i by

90º. The phasor diagram of the phase shift circuit is shown in Fig. 13.6(b). The output of the
phase shift waveform (and its inverse) is compared with vc. The firing pulse is generated at the

point when these two waveforms are equal.

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Therefore this method of generation of converter firing pulses is called “inverse cosine”
control. The output of the phase shift network is called carrier waveform.
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.
2.Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.
3.Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.
5.Connect 4-pin plug dc motor to the unit lightly.
6. Press rockor switch & start button then output led glow.
7.Wait the motor response increase ALPHA/SPEED pot clockwise & observe the motor
speed
RESULT: we have successfully completed the study and test the firing circuit of three phase
full controlled bridge converter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -4
AIM: Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase full controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.
APPARATUS:
1. 3-Phase full controlled bridge converter.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.

BASIC CONCEPT:
The three phase fully controlled bridge converter has been probably the most widely
used power electronic converter in the medium to high power applications. Three phase
circuits are preferable when large power is involved. The controlled rectifier can provide
controllable out put dc voltage in a single unit instead of a three phase autotransformer and a
diode bridge rectifier. The controlled rectifier is obtained by replacing the diodes of the
uncontrolled rectifier with thyristors. Control over the output dc voltage is obtained by
controlling the conduction interval of each thyristor. This method is known as phase control
and converters are also called “phase controlled converters”.
A three phase fully controlled converter is obtained by replacing all the six diodes of
an uncontrolled converter by six thyristors as shown in Fig. (1). The control circuit become
considerably complicated and the use of coupling transformer and / or inter phase reactors
become mandatory.
With the introduction of high power IGBTs the three phase bridge converter has all but
been replaced by dc link voltage source converters in the medium to moderately high power
range. However in very high power application (such as HV dc transmission system,

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cycloconverter drives, load commutated inverter synchronous motor drives, static scherbius
drives etc.) the basic B phase bridge converter block is still used. In this lesson the operating
principle and characteristic of this very important converter topology will be discussed in
source depth.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

For any current to flow in the load at least one device from the top group (T1, T3, T5) and one

from the bottom group (T2, T4, T6) must conduct. It can be argued as in the case of an

uncontrolled converter only one device from these two groups will conduct.
Then from symmetry consideration it can be argued that each thyristor conducts for 120° of
the input cycle. Now the thyristors are fired in the sequence T1 → T2 → T3 → T4 → T5 → T6

→ T1 with 60° interval between each firing. Therefore thyristors on the same phase leg are

fired at an interval of 180° and hence can not conduct simultaneously. This leaves only six
possible conduction mode for the converter in the continuous conduction mode of operation.
These are T1T2, T2T3, T3T4, T4T5, T5T6, T6T1. Each conduction mode is of 60° duration and

appears in the sequence mentioned. The conduction table of Fig. 13.1 (b) shows voltage
across different devices and the dc output voltage for each conduction interval. The phasor
diagram of the line voltages appear in Fig. 13.1 (c). Each of these line voltages can be
associated with the firing of a thyristor with the help of the conduction table-1. For example
the thyristor T1 is fired at the end of T5T6 conduction interval. During this period the voltage

across T1 was vac. Therefore T1 is fired α angle after the positive going zero crossing of vac.

Similar observation can be made about other thyristors. The phasor diagram of Fig. 13.1 (c)
also confirms that all the thyristors are fired in the correct sequence with 60° interval

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between each firing. The circuit connection and wave forms in the inverting mode of
operation where the load current has been assumed to be continuous and ripple free.

The converter in the inverting mode

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.
2. Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.
3. Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.

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5. Press start button.

6. Vary pot slowly & observe load lamp glow slowly.
7. Observe the converter output at TP10 with respect to TP 11 using 1:10 probe & trace
output wave forms
8. Observe output voltage waveform Across TP10 and TP11

RESULT: we have successfully completed the study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase
full controlled bridge converter with R and RL and loads.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -5
AIM:Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
APPARATUS:
1. Three-phase, Three-wire AC Regulator
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.

BASIC CONCEPT:

There are many types of circuits used for the three-phase ac regulators (ac to ac voltage
converters), unlike single-phase ones. The three-phase loads (balanced) are connected in star
or delta. Two thyristors connected back to back, or a triac, is used for each phase in most of
the circuits as described. Two circuits are first taken up, both with balanced resistive (R) load.

Three-phase, Three-wire AC Regulator with Balanced Resistive Load

The circuit of a three-phase, three-wire ac regulator (termed as ac to ac voltage converter) with

balanced resistive (star-connected) load .It may be noted that the resistance connected in all
three phases are equal. Two thyristors connected back to back are used per phase, thus needing
a total of six thyristors. Please note the numbering scheme, which is same as that used in a
three-phase full-wave bridge converter or inverter. The thyristors are fired in sequence starting
from 1 in ascending order, with the angle between the triggering of thyristors 1 & 2 being (one-
sixth of the time period of a complete cycle). The line frequency is 50 Hz, with f=1/T= 20 ms.
The thyristors are fired or triggered after a delay of α from the natural commutation point. The
natural commutation point is the starting of a cycle with period of output voltage waveform, if
six thyristors are replaced by diodes. Note that the output voltage is similar to phase-controlled
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waveform for a converter, with the difference that it is an ac waveform in this case. The current
flow is bidirectional, with the current in one direction in the positive half, and then, in other
(opposite) direction in the negative half. So, two thyristors connected back to back are needed
in each phase. The turning off of a thyristor occurs, if its current falls to zero. To turn the
thyristor on, the anode voltage must be higher that the cathode voltage, and also, a triggering
signal must be applied at its gate.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1 Three-phase, three-wire ac regulator.

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.
2.Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.
3.Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.
5.Connect 4-pin plug dc motor to the unit lightly.
6. Press rockor switch & start button then output led glow.
7.Observe the converter output B/W any one phase and N point.
8.Fill up the observation table.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
POT POSITION OUTPUT VOLTAGE

RESULT: We have successfully completed the study and test 3-phase AC voltage
regulator.

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EXPERIMENT NO. – 6
AIM: Control speed of dc motor using 3-phsae half controlled bridge converter. Plot armature
voltage versus speed characteristics.
APPARATUS:
1. Three phase half controlled bridge converter

2. Dc motor

3. CRO

4. Connecting leads

5. Multimeter
BASIC CONCEPT:
A 3- phase half – wave converter drive consisting of two converter and a separately –
excited dc motor is shown here. The armature circuit of the motor is fed through 3-phase half-
wave converter whereas if field is energized through a 3-phase semi converter. This converter
offers one-quadrant operation fig.(b) and may be used up to about 40 kW motor ratings. Two-
quadrant operation can also be obtained from three-phase half-wave converter drive in case
motor field winding is energized from single-phase or three-phase full converter.
For a 3-phase half-wave converter, average value of output voltage or armature terminal
voltage, from Example 6.10, is
; for 0
Where maximum value of line voltage and is the firing angle for converter 1. The
voltage expression of eq. is valid only for continuous armature current. For three-phase semi
converter, the average value of field voltage, from Eq.(6.39), is given by
(1+cos ) for 0
A three-phase half-wave converter drive is not normally used in industrial applications as it
introduces dc component in the ac supply line.
It is seen from the waveforms of fig. 12.11 (c) that
r.m.s. value of armature current, Iar = Ia
r.m.s. value of phase or line current,

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Isr = . = Iα

Average thyristor current, I TA = Ia. . = Iα

r.m.s. thyristor current, I Tr = Ia. = 1 / 3 Ia

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

Fig: Three phase half wave converter drive

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.
2.Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.
3.Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.
5.Connect 4-pin plug dc motor to the unit lightly.
6. Press rockor switch & start button then output led glow.
7.Wait the motor response increase ALPHA/SPEED pot clockwise & observe the motor
speed
8. Observe output voltage waveform Across TP10 and TP11
9.Plot Graph of speed Vs. armature voltage.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

POT POSITION OUTPUT VOLTAGE SPEED(rpm)

Armature voltage Vs speed characteristics

RESULT: We have studied the control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled
bridge converter.

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EXPERIMENT NO:7
AIM: Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed characteristics.
APPARATUS:
1. Three-phase AC voltage regulator.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.

BASIC CONCEPT:
The circuit diagram, consisting of one three-phase full converter in the armature circuit
and another 3-phase (or 1-phase) fill converter in the field circuit,is as shown in fig. 12.14. It
offers two-quadrant drive and is used up to about 1500 kw drives. For regenerative purpose,
the polarity emf is reversing the field excitation by making the firing-angle delay of converter
2 more than 90ْ .

For converter 1 in the armature circuit, the average output voltage, from Eq. (6.38), is given
by
for 0
For converter 2 in the field circuit
Vf = cosα2 for 0 α2 π
Where Vml = maximum value of line voltage

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.
2.Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.
3.Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.
5.Connect 4-pin plug dc motor to the unit lightly.

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6. Press rockor switch & start button then output led glow.
7.Wait the motor response increase ALPHA/SPEED pot clockwise & observe the motor
speed
8. Observe output voltage waveform Across TP10 and TP11
9.Plot Graph of speed Vs. armature voltage.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

POT POSITION OUTPUT VOLTAGE SPEED(rpm)

Armature voltage Vs speed characteristics

RESULT: We have studied the control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled
bridge converter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. – 8
AIM: Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable stator voltage mode using 3-
phase AC voltage regulator.
APPARATUS:
1.Three-phase AC voltage regulator.
2.C.R.O
3.Connecting leads.
4.Three-phase induction motor.
5.Multimeter
6.techometer
BASIC CONCEPT:
Three phase induction motors are admirably suited to fulfill the demand of loads requiring
substantially a constant speed.. Several industrial applications, however,need adjustable
speeds for their efficient operation. . The object of the present section is to describe the basic
principles of speed control techniques employed to three phase induction motors through the
use of power electronics converters. The various methods of speed control through
semiconductor devices are as under:
1. STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL.
2. STATOR FREQUENCY CONTROL
3. STATOR VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONTROL.
4. STATOR CURRENT CONTROL.
5. ROTOR VOLTAGE CONTROL.
6. VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND, FREQUENCY CONTROL.

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STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL: It is seen in eq. (1) that motor torque is proportional
to the square of the stator supply voltage. A reduction in the supply voltage will reduce the
motor torque and therefore the speed of the drive . If the motor terminal voltage is reduced to
KV1 where K < 1,then the motor torque is given by

= ……………………………………………………….(1)

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect three phase supply to the unit in proper R-Y-B-N Sequence.
2.Keep the alpha/Speed pot at minimum position.
3.Connect two 40/60W lamps on back panel holder.
4. Switch on the 3 phase supply neon lamps glow.
5.Connect 4-pin plug dc motor to the unit lightly.
6. Press rockor switch & start button then output led glow.
7.Observe the converter output B/W any one phase and N point.
8.Measure the speed of three phase induction motor using tachometer.
8.Fill up the observation table.
OBSERVARION TABLE:

POT POSITION OUTPUT VOLTAGE SPEED (rpm)

RESULT: We have successfully completed the study of how to Control speed of a 3-phase

induction motor in variable stator Voltage mode using 3-phase AC voltage regulator.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -9

AIM: Control speed of a 3-phase BLDC motor.

APPARATUS:
1.Three-phase voltage regulator.
2.C.R.O
3.Connecting leads.
4.BLDC motor.
5.Multimeter
6.techometer
BASIC CONCEPT:
Construction of motor
As for the construction of a brushless motor, a coil is star-wired (Y-wired) with three-phases:
U, V, and W and is located in the stator, and the rotor is made of magnets magnetized in a
multi-pole configuration as shown in Fig.a. Inside the stator, three hall ICs are arranged as
magnetic elements so that the phase difference of the output signal from each hall IC will be
120 degrees apart for every rotation of the rotor.

Principle of speed control

The Rotational Speed-Torque characteristics of a brushless DC motor show a negative
sloping characteristic when its speed is not controlled which is similar to that of a brushed
DC motor.

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Fig a: Construction of a brushless DC motor

Fig. 2 Rotational speed-Torque characteristics of a brushless DC motor

When no load is applied and the input voltage is set at V2 in Figure 1, the operation point of
the motor becomes P, and the rotational speed is N1. When the load torque T1 is applied, the
operation point shifts to Q, and the rotational speed slows to N2, however, the rotational speed
returns to N1 if the voltage is raised to V3. Therefore, since the rotational speed changes
whenever the load torque changes, the speed control mechanism will only have to change the

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input voltage whenever a change in the speed is seen in order to maintain a constant speed on
the PR line.

Fig. Output part of control circuit (driver)

Fig. Switching sequence

Fig. Block diagram of a brushless DC motor system

The switching sequence of the inverter is decided by the signal from the hall IC in the
positional detection part of the block diagram, and the motor rotates.
Then, the signal from the hall IC is sent to the speed detector to become a speed signal, and it

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is compared with the speed setting signal in the comparison amplifier block, which then
generates a deviation signal. The value of the motor input current is determined by the PWM
setting block based on the deviation signal.
SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS:
The Rotational speed-Torque characteristics of a brushless DC motor system have a limited
duty region in addition to the continuous operation area.
The limited duty operation area is very effective when starting an inertial load. However, when
operation in the limited duty region is continued for five seconds or more, the driver's overload
protection function is activated and the motor decelerates to a stop.

Rotational speed-Torque characteristics

The brushless DC motor product lineup has a wide range of models that combine drivers and
the brushless DC motors. The high-performance BX and BLF series use the sine-wave drive
method for low-noise operation. In addition, the BX Series can perform speed control in
vertical applications by combining a Principle of speed control.
The inverter unit controls the speed of a three-phase induction motor by changing the
frequency, f, of the voltage applied to the motor.

N= 120·f ·(1-s)/P·· · · · · · · · · (1)

N: Rotational speed [r/min]

F: Frequency 〔Hz〕
P: Number of poles of a motor
S: Slip

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.
Duty control of ON/OFF

The speed control method of our inverter units is divided into the two types: open-loop control
that simply changes the speed and closed-loop control that reduces the speed variation with
load changes of the motor.

1) Open-loop control

Block diagram of open-loop control

Ｔ＝Ｋ・ Ｉ・ Ｖ／ ｆ ・・・（２）

Ｔ： Torque [N ·m]
Ｖ： Power supply voltage [V]
Ｉ： Motor current [A]
ｆ： Frequency [Hz]
Ｋ： Constant

However, the lower the speed is, the more difficult it is to keep constant the input impedance
of the induction motor with the change in f. Therefore, to obtain a torque that is constant from

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low speed to high speed it is necessary to adjust the V/f ratio at low speed in accordance to the
characteristics of the motor like the solid line shown in Fig.

Fig. 8V/f control

2) Closed-loop control
Fig.shows the block diagram configuration of the closed-loop control system used in our BHF
Series.

Block diagram of closed-loop control

SPEED-TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS:
The Rotational Speed-Torque characteristics of the inverter unit are shown Figures. As
explained in the AC speed control motor section, a "Safe-operation line" is drawn on the torque
characteristic. This line represents the limit for the continuous operation, and the area under
this line is called the continuous operation area.

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Rotational Speed-Torque characteristics for open-loop control

Rotational Speed-Torque characteristics for closed-loop control

RESULT: We have successfully completed the study of BLDC motor using voltage
regulator

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EXPERIMENT NO. -10

AIM: Control speed of a 3-phase PMSM motor using frequency and voltage control.

APPARATUS:
1.Three-phase voltage regulator.
2.C.R.O
3.Connecting leads.
4.PSMS motor.
5.Multimeter
6.Techometer
BASIC CONCEPT:
The main difference between a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and
an induction motor is in the rotor. The PMSM has an efficiency of approximately 2% more
than a highly efficient (IE3) induction electric motor, provided that the stator has the same
design, and the same variable frequency drive is used for control. In this case, permanent
magnet synchronous electric motors in comparison with other electric motors have the best
performance: power/volume, torque/inertia, etc
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM and CONSTRUCTION:
A permanent magnet synchronous motor, like any rotating electric motor, consists of a rotor
and a stator. The stator is the fixed part. The rotor is the rotating part Typically, the rotor is
located inside the stator of the electric motor, there are also structures with an external rotor -
inside out electric motors.

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The rotor consists of permanent magnets. Materials with high coercive force are used as
permanent magnets.
According to the rotor design, synchronous motors are divided into:
• electric motors with salient pole rotor;
• electric motors with non-salient pole rotor.
An electric motor with non-salient pole rotor has an equal direct and quadrature inductances
L d = Lq, whereas for an electric motor with salient pole rotor the quadrature inductance is not
equal to the direct Lq ≠ Ld.

Also, according to the design of the rotor, the PMSM are divided into:
• surface permanent magnet synchronous motor;
• interior permanent magnet synchronous motor
The stator consists of an outer frame and a core with windings. The most common design with
two- and three-phase winding.

Depending on the stator design, a permanent magnet synchronous motor can be:
• with distributed winding;

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• with concentrated winding.

Distributed call such a winding, in which the number of slots per pole and phase Q = 2, 3, ....,
k.
Concentrated called such a winding, in which the number of slots per pole and phase Q = 1.
In this case, the slots are evenly spaced around the circumference of the stator. The two coils
forming the winding can be connected both in series and in parallel. The main disadvantage of
such windings is the impossibility of influencing on the form of the EMF curve.

The form of the back EMF of the electric motor can be:
• trapezoidal;
• sinusoidal.
The form of the EMF curve in the conductor is determined by the distribution curve of the
magnetic induction in the gap around the stator circumference.

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It is known that the magnetic induction in the gap under the salient pole of the rotor has a
trapezoidal shape. The EMF induced in the conductor has the same form. If it is necessary to
create a sinusoidal EMF, then the pole tips are given such a shape that the induction distribution
curve would be close to sinusoidal. This is facilitated by the bevels of the pole tips of the rotor

WORKING PRICIPLE:
The principle of operation of a synchronous motor is based on the interaction of the rotating
magnetic field of the stator and the constant magnetic field of the rotor. The concept of the
rotating magnetic field of the stator of a synchronous motor is the same as that of a three-phase
The magnetic field of the rotor, interacting with the synchronous alternating current of the
stator windings, according to the Ampere's Law, creates torque, forcing the rotor to rotate
(more).
Permanent magnets located on the rotor of the PMSM create a constant magnetic field. At a
synchronous speed of rotation of the rotor with the stator field, the rotor poles interlock with
the rotating magnetic field of the stator. In this regard, the PMSM cannot start itself when it is
connected directly to the three-phase current network (current frequency in the power grid
50Hz).
Induction motor
Trapezoidal control
One of the simplest methods of control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor is -
trapezoidal control. Trapezoidal control is used to control the PMSM with trapezoidal back
EMF. At the same time, this method also allows you to control the PMSM with a sinusoidal
back EMF, but then the average torque of the electric drive will be lower by 5%, and the torque
ripples will be 14% of the maximum value. There is a trapezoidal control without feedback
and with feedback by the rotor position.
The open loop control (without feedback) is not optimal and may lead to the release of the
PMSM out of synchronism, i.e. to loss of controllability.
The closed loop control can be divided into:
• trapezoidal control by position sensor (usually by Hall sensors);
• trapezoidal control without sensor (sensorless trapezoidal control).

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As a rotor position sensor for three-phase trapezoidal control, three Hall sensors built into an
electric motor are commonly used, which allow determining the angle with an accuracy of ±
30 degrees. With this control, the stator current vector takes only six positions for one electric
period, as a result of which there is ripple torque at the output.

Field oriented control

Field-oriented control (FOC) allows you to smoothly, accurately and independently control
the speed and torque of a brushless motor. For the operation of the field oriented control
algorithm, it is necessary to know the position of the rotor of the brushless motor.

There are two ways to determine the rotor position:

• by the position sensor
• sensorless - by calculating the angle by the real-time control system based on the information
available.

RESULT: We have successfully completed the study of BLDC motor using voltage
regulator

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EXPERIMENT NO. -11

AIM: Control speed of universal motor using AC voltage regulator.
APPARATUS:
1. Universal motor

2. AC voltage regulator

3. Multimeter
4. Tachometer
5. Connecting probe

BASIC CONCEPT:
A series-wound motor is referred to as a universal motor when it has been designed to
operate on either AC or DC power. It can operate well on AC because the current in both the
field and the armature (and hence the resultant magnetic fields) will alternate (reverse polarity)
in synchronism, and hence the resulting mechanical force will occur in a constant direction of
rotation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:
1.Connect 40W lamp load.
2.Connect main cord to the ac supply.
3.Switch on the supply.
4.See voltage across Zener diode using terminals T1 and GND.
5.Vary the pot and see voltage across capacitor using terminal T2 and GND.
6. see voltage waveform across the scr by using 1:10 probe of CRO.
7.Connect ½ HP ac universal motor
8.Vary the pot and see the intensity of lamp and speed of motor.
9.Fill up the observation table.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
POT POSITION LOAD VOLTAGE SPEED (rpm)

RESULT: We have successfully completed the study of Control speed of

universal motor using AC voltage regulator

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EXPERIMENT NO. -12

AIM: To study the three-phase dual converter.
APPARATUS:
1. 3-phase dual converter.

2. C.R.O

3. Connecting links.

BASIC CONCEPT:
In case four quadrant operation is required without any mechanical changeover
switch, two full converters can be connected back to back to the load circuit .Such an
arrangement using two full converters in anti parallel and connected to the same DC load is
called a DUAL CONVERTER.
There are two functional modes of a dual converter, one is non-circulating current
mode and the other is circulating current. Non-circulating types of dual converters using single
phase and three phase configuration.
The schematic dig. For a 3-phase dual converter dc drives is shown in fig (1).Converter
1 allows motor control in I and IV quadrants whereas with converter 2, the operation in II and
III quadrants is obtained. The applications of dual converter are limited to about 2 MW drives.
For reversing the polarity of motor generated emf for regeneration purposes, field circuit must
be energized from single-phase or three-phase full converter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Fig: 1- Three phase dual converter

PROCEDURE:
For resistive load
1. Connect the 3 phase input supply in lagging sequence R, Y, B.

2. Connect three series lamp of 200W on back panel lamp holder.

3. Keep speed pot at min. position.

4. Turn direction switch to forward position.

5. Press start button and increase speed pot.

CALCULATION:
From the fig 1,
When converter 1, or 2, is in operation, average output voltage is
Vo = Vt = 3Vml cosα1/π
for 0 ≤ α1≤ π ……………………(1)
With a 3 phase full converter in the field ckt,
Vf = 3Vml cosαf/π
For 0 ≤ αf ≤ π ………………….(2)
In case circulating current-type dual converter ,
.α1 + α2 = 180 degree

RESULT : We have studied the 3-phase dual converter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -13

AIM: Study speed control of dc motor using 3 phase dual converter.
APPARATUS:
1. Three phase dual converter

2. CRO

3. Connecting leads

BASIC CONCEPT:
When variable dc voltage is to be obtained from fixed dc voltage, dc chopper is the
ideal choice. A chopper is inserted in between a fixed voltage dc source and the dc motor
armature for its speed control below base speed. In addition, chopper is easily adaptable for
regenerative braking of dc motors and thus kinetic energy of the drive can be returned to the
dc source.
Motoring control:
The chopper consists of a force-commutated thyristor. It offers one quadrant drive. Armature
current is assumed continuous & ripple free. The waveform for the source voltage, armature
terminal voltage, armature current, dc source current and freewheeling-diode current.
Average motor voltage V0 = Vt = Ton/T
Vs = αVs=fTon..Vs
where α = duty cycle
f= chopping frequency

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Power delivered to motor = (Average motor voltage). (Average motor current)

= Vt.Ia = α.Vs.Ia

Average source current = .Ia = α.Ia

Input power to chopper = Vs.αIa

For the motor armature circuit Vt = αVs
By varying the duty cycle of α of the chopper, armature terminal voltage can be controlled and
thus speed of the dc motor can be regulated. Actually the motor armature current will rise
during chopper on period and fall during off period.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: (a &b) Circuit of 3 phase dual converter (C) waveforms

RESULT: We have studied about the speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual
converter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -14

AIM: Study 3- phase cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous motor using
Cycloconverter.
APPARATUS:
1. Three-phase cycloconverter.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.

BASIC CONCEPT:
In a cyclo-converter, ac power at one frequency is converted directly to a lower
frequency in a single conversion stage.
There are two types of cycloconverter.
1. Three-phase to Single-phase Cyclo-converter.
2. Three-phase to Three-phase Cyclo-converter.

1.Three-phase to Single-phase Cyclo-converter

The circuit of a three-phase to single-phase cyclo-converter is shown in Fig. 30.1. Two three-
phase full-wave (six-pulse) bridge converters (rectifier) connected back to back, with six
thyristors for each bridge, are used. The ripple frequency here is 300 Hz, six times the input
frequency of 50 Hz. So, low value of load inductance is needed to make the current continuous,
as compared to one using single-phase bridge converters described with ripple frequency of
100 Hz. Also, the non-circulating current mode of operation is used, where only one converter
− bridge 1 (positive) or bridge 2 (negative), conducts at a time, but both converters do not
conduct at the same time. It may be noted that each thyristor conducts i.e., one-third of one

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complete cycle, whereas a particular thyristor pair, say 1& 2 conduct i.e., one-sixth of a cycle.
The thyristors conduct in pairs as stated, one (odd-numbered) thyristor in the top half and the
other (even-numbered) one in the bottom half in two different legs. Two thyristors in one leg
are not allowed to conduct at a time, which will result in short circuit at the output terminals.
The sequence of conduction of the thyristors is 1 & 6, 1 & 2, 3 & 2, and so on. When thyristor
1 is triggered, the conducting thyristor in top half, being reverse biased at that time, turns off.
Similarly, when thyristor 2 is triggered, the conducting thyristor in bottom half, being reverse
biased at that time turns off. This sequence is repeated in cyclic order. So, natural or line
commutation takes place in this case.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig:1 Three-phase to single-phase cycloconverter.

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The firing angle (α) of two converters is first decreased starting from the initial value of to the
final value of , and then again increased to the final value of , as shown in.2. Also, for positive
half cycle of the output voltage waveform, bridge 1 is used, while bridge 2 is used for negative
half cycle. The two half cycles are combined to form one complete cycle of the output voltage,
the frequency being decided by the number of half cycles of input voltage waveform used for
each half cycle of the output. As more no. of segments of near the output voltage waveform
becomes near sinusoidal, with its frequency also being reduced.

Fig.2 Output voltage waveforms for a three-phase to single phase cycloconverter .

The initial value of firing angle delay is kept at α1 ≈90` the points, M, N, O, P, Q, R & S,
shown in Fig. 30.2. From these segments, the first quarter cycle of the output voltage waveform
from to, is obtained. The second quarter cycle of the above waveform from to, is obtained,
using the segments starting from the points, T, U, V, W, X &Y (fig. 30.2). It may be noted that
the firing angle delay at the point, Y is 0°90°180°= α, and also the firing angle is increased

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from (T) to(Y) in this interval. The points, M, N, O, P, Q, R & S, shown in Fig. 2. From these
segments, the first quarter cycle of the output voltage waveform from to, is obtained. The
second quarter cycle of the above waveform from to, is obtained, using the segments starting
from the points, T, U, V, W, X &Y (fig..2). It may be noted that the firing angle delay at the
point, Y is 0°90°180°=α, and also the firing angle is increased from (T) to(Y) in this interval.
2. Three-phase to Three-phase Cyclo-converter.
The circuit of a three-phase to three-phase cyclo-converter is shown in Fig. 1.1. Two three-
phase half-wave (three-pulse) converters connected back to back for each phase, with three
thyristors for each bridge, are needed here. The total number of thyristors used is 18, thus
reducing the cost of power components, and also of control circuits needed to generate the
firing pulses for the thyristors, as described later. This may be compared to the case with 6
(six) three-phase full-wave (6-pulse) bridge converters, having six thyristors for each
converter, with total devices used being 36. Though this will reduce the harmonic content in
both output voltage and current waveforms, but is more costly. This may be used, where the
total cost may be justified, along with the merit stated. The ripple frequency is 150 Hz, three
times the input frequency of 50 Hz. In Fig. 1.1, the circulating current mode of operation is
used, in which both (positive and negative) converters in each phase, conduct at the same time.
Inter-group reactor in each phase as shown, is needed here. But, if non-circulating current
mode of operation is used, where only one converter (positive or negative) in each phase,
conducts at a time, the reactors are not needed.
The firing sequence of the thyristors for the phase groups, B & C are same as that for phase
group A, but lag by the angle, and , respectively. Thus, a balanced three-phase voltage is
obtained at the output terminals, to be fed to the three-phase load. The average value of the
output voltage is changed by varying the firing angles of the thyristors, whereas its frequency
is varied by changing the time interval, after which the next (incoming) thyristor is triggered.
With a balanced load, the neutral connection is not necessary, and may be omitted, thereby
suppressing all triplen harmonics.

RESULT: Hence, we study 3- phase cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous

motor using cycloconverter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -15

AIM: Control of a 3-phase induction motor in variable frequency V/f constant mode using
3-phase inverter.
APPARATUS:
1. Three-Phase Inverter.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting leads.
4. Three-phase induction motor

BASIC CONCEPT:
Three phase induction motors are admirably suited to fulfill the demand of loads requiring
substantially a constant speed. Several industrial applications, however, need adjustable speeds
for their efficient operation. . The object of the present section is to describe the basic principles
of speed control techniques employed to three phase induction motors through the use of power
electronics converters. The various methods of speed control through semiconductor devices
are as under:
1. STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL.
2. STATOR FREQUENCY CONTROL
3. STATOR VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONTROL.
4. STATOR CURRENT CONTROL.
5. ROTOR VOLTAGE CONTROL.
6. VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND, FREQUENCY CONTROL.

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Variable frequency V/f constant mode using 3-phase inverter.

Due to changing the supply frequency, motor synchronous speed can be altered and thus torque
and speed of a 3-phase induction motor can be controlled .For a 3-phase induction motor, per
phase supply voltage is
V1 = √2 πf1N1φ ……………….(1)
This expression shows that under rated voltage and frequency operation, flux will be rated.
Incase of supply frequency is reduced with constant V1, the air gap flux increases and the
induction motor magnetic circuit gets saturated.
CALCULATION:
.For a 3-phase induction motor, per phase supply voltage is
V1 = √2 πf1N1φ ……………….(1)

This expression shows that under rated voltage and frequency operation, flux will be
rated.
Thus the rotor current under this assumption is given by

……………….(2)

Synchronous speed ,

………………………………………….(3)

= rad/s …………………………….(4)

= …………………………………….(5)

………………….(6)

Slip, s= ……………….(7)

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Or

……………….(8)

RESULT: Hence, we study Control of a 3-phase induction motor in variable frequency V/f
constant mode using 3-phase inverter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. -16

AIM: Study and Perform of the all type of the chopper circuits.
APPARATUS:
1. Diode,Chopper
2. Freewheeling Diode
3. Connecting leads.
4. Voltage Source
BASIC CONCEPT:

In chopper circuits, unidirectional power semiconductors are used. If these

semiconductor devices are arranged appropriately, a chopper can work in any of the four
quadrants. we can classify chopper circuits according to their working in any of these four
quadrants as type A, type B, type C, type D and type E. Let us now take a look of these
classifications and the characteristics of various classifications.
Type A Chopper or First–Quadrant Chopper

This type of chopper is shown in the figure. It is known as first-quadrant chopper or

type A chopper.When the chopper is on, v0 = VS as a result and the current flows in the
direction of the load. But when the chopper is off v0 is zero but I0 continues to flow in the
same direction through the freewheeling diode FD, thus average value of voltage and
current say V0 and I0 will be always positive as shown in the graph. In type A chopper the
power flow will be always from source to the load. As the average voltage V0 is less than the
dc input voltage Vs.

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Fig.1.First- quadrant ,or type-A chopper

Type B Chopper or Second-Quadrant Chopper

Fig.2.Second-quadrant or type- B chopper.

In type B or second quadrant chopper the load must always contain a dc source E . When the
chopper is on, v0 is zero but the load voltage E drives the current through the inductor L and
the chopper, L stores the energy during the time Ton of the chopper . When the chopper is off
, v0 =( E+ L . di/dt ) will be more than the source voltage Vs . Because of this the diode D2
will be forward biased and begins conducting and hence the power starts flowing to the
source. No matter the chopper is on or off the current I0 will be flowing out of the load and
is treated negative . Since VO is positive and the current I0 is negative , the direction of
power flow will be from load to source. The load voltage V0 = (E+L .di/dt ) will be more
than the voltage Vs so the type B chopper is also known as a step up chopper .

Type -C chopper or Two-quadrant type-A Chopper

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Type C chopper is obtained by connecting type –A and type –B choppers in parallel. We will
always get a positive output voltage V 0 as the freewheeling diode FD is present across the
load. When the chopper is on the freewheeling diode starts conducting and the output voltage
v0 will be equal to Vs . The direction of the load current i0 will be reversed. The current i0 will
be flowing towards the source and it will be positive regardless the chopper is on or the FD
conducts. The load current will be negative if the chopper is or the diode D2 conducts. We
can say the chopper and FD operate together as type-A chopper in first quadrant. In the second
quadrant, the chopper and D2 will operate together as type –B chopper.

Fig.3.two-quadrant type- A chopper, or type-C chopper.

The average voltage will be always positive but the average load current might be positive or
negative. The power flow may be life the first quadrant operation ie from source to load or
from load to source like the second quadrant operation. The two choppers should not be turned
on simultaneously as the combined action my cause a short circuit in supply lines. For
regenerative braking and monitoring these type of chopper configuration is used.

Type D Chopper or Two-Quadrant Type –B Chopper

The circuit diagram of the type D chopper is shown in the above figure. When the two choppers
are on the output voltage v0 will be equal to Vs . When v0 = – Vs the two choppers will be off
but both the diodes D1 and D2 will start conducting. V 0 the average output voltage will be
positive when the choppers turn-on the time Ton will be more than the turn off time Toff its
shown in the wave form below. As the diodes and choppers conduct current only in one
direction the direction of load current will be always positive.

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Fig.4.Two quadrant type-B chopper, or type-D chopper.

Fig.5. Fig.5. (d)

Fig.5.(c ) Waveform for Ton>Toff , Vo is positive ,first quadrant operation and

Fig.5(d) Waveform for Ton<Toff ,Vo is negative ,fourth quadrant operation.

The power flows from source to load as the average values of both v0 and i0 is positive. From
the wave form it is seen that the average value of V0 is positive thus the forth quadrant
operation of type D chopper is obtained.
From the wave forms the Average value of output voltage is given by
V0= (Vs Ton-VsToff)/T = Vs.(Ton-Toff).

Type –E chopper or the Fourth-Quadrant Chopper

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Type E or the fourth quadrant chopper consists of four semiconductor switches and four diodes
arranged in antiparallel. The 4 choppers are numbered according to which quadrant they
belong. Their operation will be in each quadrant and the corresponding chopper only be active
in its quadrant.

Fig.6.(a) Fig. 6.(b)

Fig.6(a) Four quadrant, or type – E chopper circuit diagram with
Load emf E and fig.6.(b) load emf E reversed.
• First Quadrant
During the first quadrant operation the chopper CH4 will be on . Chopper CH3 will be off and
CH1 will be operated. AS the CH1 and CH4 is on the load voltage v 0 will be equal to the
source voltage Vs and the load current i0 will begin to flow . v0 and i0 will be positive as the
first quadrant operation is taking place. As soon as the chopper CH1 is turned off, the positive
current freewheels through CH4 and the diode D2 . The type E chopper acts as a step- down
chopper in the first quadrant.
• Second Quadrant
In this case the chopper CH2 will be operational and the other three are kept off. As CH2 is
on negative current will starts flowing through the inductor L . CH2 ,E and D4. Energy is
stored in the inductor L as the chopper CH2 is on. When CH2 is off the current will be fed
back to the source through the diodes D1 and D4. Here (E+L.di/dt) will be more than the source
voltage Vs . In second quadrant the chopper will act as a step-up chopper as the power is fed
back from load to source

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• Third Quadrant
In third quadrant operation CH1 will be kept off, CH2 will be on and CH3 is operated. For this
quadrant working the polarity of the load should be reversed. As the chopper CH3 is on, the
load gets connected to the source Vs and v0 and i0 will be negative and the third quadrant
operation will takes place. This chopper acts as a step-down chopper
• Fourth Quadrant
CH4 will be operated and CH1, CH2 and CH3 will be off. When the chopper CH4 is turned
on positive current starts to flow through CH4, D2 ,E and the inductor L will store energy. As
the CH4 is turned off the current is feedback to the source through the diodes D2 and D3 , the
operation will be in fourth quadrant as the load voltage is negative but the load current is
positive. The chopper acts as a step up chopper as the power is fed back from load to source.

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be done carefully.
2. After connection it should be checked up by lab assistant.
3. Input voltage < 230 V
RESULT: Thus we have successfully studied all the chopper circuits.

VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:

Q.1 A single-phase AC voltage converter has the following details −ON time = 6 min, OFF
time = 4 min, frequency = 50Hz, and Voltage source Vo = 110V Calculate the Triggering
angle α

Ans. −T=2×(TON+TOFF) but f=50Hz, T=2×(6+4)=20min

360∘=20min, 1min=18∘1min=18∘
Therefore, TOFF=4minTOFF=4min
Then, α=40.1×1.8=72

Q.2 What are the classification of chopper ?

Ans. Step Up chopper (boost converter)
Step Down Chopper(Buck converter)
Step Up/Down Chopper (Buck-boost converter)
Q.3 What are the control strategies in chopper ?
Ans. 1 Constant frequency control 2. Variable frequency control

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EXPERIMENT NO. -17

AIM: To study the operation of single phase series inverter circuit using SCR with resistive
load and obtain its output voltage waveform.
APPARATUS:
1. SCR series inverter circuit module
2. Resistive load
3. CRO
4. Pulse patch chords
5. Connection patch chords Features of PEC14M6
• Test points are provided to observe the signals at each stage.
• Heat sinks are provided with SCRs to dissipate the heat at a faster rate.
• Firing circuit and power circuit are isolated.
• The 24 volts DC has short circuit production.
• SCR is provided with Snubber circuit.
• Output frequency can be controlled from 300Hz to 650Hz.
BASIC CONCEPT:
DC to AC converter is known as inverter. The function of an inverter is to change a fixed DC
input voltage in to a symmetrical AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. For
sinusoidal AC input, the magnitude, frequency and phase can be controllable. According to
the type of AC output, these topologies can be classified into voltage source inverter (VSI) and
current source inverter (CSI). In case of VSI, the independently controlled AC output is a

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voltage waveform and DC source maintains constant voltage. But in case of CSI, the
independently controlled AC output is a current waveform and DC source maintains constant
current. A single phase series inverter circuit using SCR with resistive load is shown in the
Fig.1. Initially capacitor C2 is assumed to be charged to voltage Vc with upper plate negative
and lower plate positive. As the capacitors C1 and C2 together are connected across the battery,
the total voltage across C1 and C2 should be equal to VDC. Therefore, C1 will be charged to
( VDC + Vc ) value with upper plate positive . Thyristor T1 is triggered at instant ‘0’. with this
,the two current flow through the thyristor T1 and load R. Current i1 flows through the path
VDC (+)--T1--L1--R-- C2(+)-- C2(-)VDC ,thus charging capacitor C2 ,which is already
charged at this instant will provide the second current i2 . This discharge current i2 has the
path C1 (+) --- T1---L1---R-- C1 (-). Since the driving voltage (VDC+Vc) , the capacitors C1,
C2 and the initial conditions are identical for both these paths, the two currents i1 and i2 will
always be equal. Hence, 50% of the load current is drawn from the input source and 50% from
the discharge of the capacitor. At the end of the positive half cycle, when the load current
becomes zero, SCR T1 will be turned off and the voltage across the capacitors reversed. In the
steady state, capacitor C2 will be charged to voltage (VDC + Vc) in the opposite direction and
capacitor C1 to Vc. When SCR T2 is triggered, identical load current is obtained from the d.c.
input source and the rest 50% from the load current is obtained from the input d.c. supply no
more remains intermittent in nature and the ripples are reduced to minimum. The peak forward
off-state voltage for the SCRS is VDC and Vc is the peak reverse voltage.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the connection diagram shown in Fig.a.
2. Switch ON AC power supply
3. Switch ON control circuitry
4. Switch ON 24 volts DC supply.
5. Trace the input, output and capacitor voltage waveforms at desired frequency

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
The series inverter circuit diagram using SCRs with resistive load is shown in Fig.a Circuit
diagram of series inverter. Fig.b Connection diagram of series inverter

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Lab Code 8EE06A
Lab Name – ELECTRICAL DRIVES & CONTROL LAB

RESULT: Operation of single phase series inverter using SCR was studied and the output
voltage waveform was obtained.

VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:

Q.Inverter is used for ?
A. It is a device for convert DC supply in to AC supply
Q.What are the mode of three phase bridge inverter?
A. There are two modes of operation .1) 180 degree , 2)120 degree
Q.What are the classification of inverter according to semiconductor devices ?
A 1) Bridge Inverter 2) Series Inverter 3) Parallel Inverter

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