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Production Logging
What Is Production Logging?
Production logging consists of running logging tools in both production and injection wells.
They can be run under dynamic (flowing) or static (shut in) conditions. With proper
interpretation, production type, production intervals, and flow rates can be determined.
Production logging can be identify:

1. Water entry/exit locations and sources

2. Non-performing perforations
3. Flow behind casing or tubing
4. Crossflow
5. Leaks in tubing or casing
6. Unproductive/receptive intervals for stimulation
7. Packer leaks
8. Lost-circulation zones

You may use PL on your injectors or you may use it on producers that are communicating with
or in the vicinity of injectors. For this reason, the discussion is kept generic, at least initially,
so that the relevant concepts for either application can be appreciated. Typical components in
PL surveys are summarized below. There are variations in the degree of sophistication of
these measurements (and tool configurations) from vendor to vendor but the concepts remain
the same.

Temperature
The temperature sensor measures the temperature of the borehole. Temperatures logs were
one of the first production logs and are still widely relied on today to qualitatively (and
sometimes quantitatively) yield a variety of information. One of the primary uses is for fluid
entry identification from the change in temperature that normally occurs when fluids from
different depths enter a wellbore during production or enter the formation during injection.
Temperature can be used for injection evaluations although interpretation can be difficult.

Temperature logs can indicate flow behind casing or tubing, such as channeling (use standard
surveys as well as warmback measurements!). Other applications include locating gas
entries, defining lowest point of production or injection, identification of casing, tubing, or
packer leaks, checking gas-lift valves, defining the geothermal gradient, locating lost-
circulation zones, determining hydraulic fracture height (approximately at least), and defining
cement placement and top.

Pressure
The pressure sensor measures the pressure in the borehole on a depth-to-depth basis. While
logging, change in pressure versus change in depth is used to determine the pressure
gradient (and consequently density) in the wellbore. This can be used to identify gas, oil and
water interfaces during production. The pressure sensor can also be used to determine
wellbore pressures for critical well control applications, to evaluate friction losses and for a
early time buildup when well is shut-in prior to making shut-in logging passes. As a fluid
density device it can be used for fluid identification, fluid entry or exit point determination and
water holdup determination if there is gas production.

Spinner
Flow along the wellbore is measured, commonly with a spinner. The spinner is a fan blade
type device that is rotated by the fluid movement in the borehole. Many new-generation
spinners have diagnostics that determine the flow rate and flow direction and also detect any
problems in the system and will correct the flow rate automatically if there is a tool error.

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The spinner response is typically linear with production velocity, but is offset from the zero
point. This is due to the friction in the spinner's bearings as well as the viscosity of the
production fluid and is called the spinner threshold. To get good results from the spinner
survey, the borehole flow rates should exceed some minimum value (e.g. 10 feet per minute
in fluid or 28 feet per minute in gas). Charts are available to convert production in barrels per
day to flow rates in different sizes of pipe. The tool velocity also adds or subtracts from the
spinner rate and is used to calibrate the spinner and determine the spinner threshold. Line
speed is a critical component in most production logging. It is important to remember
that the spinner is only indicating what is happening in the borehole where the spinner is
positioned and that the production dynamics of boreholes may vary greatly, causing the
spinner to sometimes give unreliable results especially in multi-phase wells.

Dielectric (Water Holdup)

This is used for inferring components in the production stream and, for PWRI, would be more
useful in an offset producer where water cut has increased. This is also referred to as the
capacitance sensor and measures the dielectric constant of the fluid in the borehole. Since
the dielectric constant of water is high (about 80) and that of oil and gas is low (2 -6), this
sensor is used to determine the fluid type, namely hydrocarbon or water. This sensor
compliments the pressure gradient. The difference in the pressure gradient between oil and
water is very small (0.09 psi), but the dielectric values are greatly different, making the
capacitance tool very sensitive to small amounts of water. However, the capacitance sensors
response to percent of water mixes is not linear and when water becomes the dominant
percent of the mixture it becomes difficult to discriminate any the percent of water and oil in
the mix (some sources indicate that the oil cut needs to be greater than 3% to be detected).

Gamma Ray
As is well known, the gamma ray sensor measures natural radioactivity. The gamma ray is
mainly used for adjusting the depths of the production logs with other logs to a common
basis. The gamma ray can also be used to follow injected radioactive material in the borehole
to determine flow profiles and velocities and can be used to trace frac sand that has been
tagged with radioactive material.

Casing Collar Locator (CCL)

The casing collar locator (CCL) measures magnetic anomalies induced by changes in metallic
mass in the borehole. It is also used as a means of depth correlation and can be used to
locate perforations, packers, x nipples, gas lift valves, screens, and other mechanical
components in the borehole.

Vendors
PL tools and services are offered by a variety of vendors – with broad geographical coverage
and levels of sophistication. Appendix A is an audit of some of these service providers. It is
only a partial list of vendors. The products and services of the following vendors are
summarized in the Appendix. More information is available from these service companies.

Vendors (refer to Appendix A)

Company Location URL

Baker Atlas Worldwide http://www.bakerhughes.com/bakeratlas/reservoir_production/polaris_index.htm
Cardinal Odessa,
Surveys TX, http://www.cardinalsurveys.com/default.asp
Company Hobbs,
NM
Expro Aberdeen http://www.exprogroup.com/casedholeservices/epl.htm
International and other
Group PLC offices
2001 worldwide
Halliburton Worldwide http://www.halliburton.com/spe98/flow2000.asp

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Kuster Long http://www.kusterco.com/

Company F.T.I. Beach, CA
Inc. and other
worldwide
offices
Lee Tool Red Deer, http://www.leetool.ab.ca
Division of Alberta
Schlumberger
Canada Ltd.

Madden Odessa, http://www.maddensystems.com/index.htm

Systems TX;
Incorporated[1] Houston,
TX;
New
Orleans,
LA
Maxim Wales, UK www.maximtech.co.uk
Technology
Limited
Oildata Wireline Port http://www.oildatainc.com/index.html
Services Harcourt,
Limited Nigeria

Read Well Bergen, http://www.readgroup.no/group/index.asp

Services Norway;
Aberdeen,
UK;
Doha,
Qatar
Schlumberger Worldwide http://www.connect.slb.com/index.cfm?id=id4638
Spartek Sylvan http://jaguar.rttinc.com/~spartek/index.htm
Systems Lake,
Alberta

PWRI Specific Issues:

Many of the specific difficulties occur when logging in horizontal or high angle wells, especially
if there are multiply fractured zones. Warmback measurements can help to discriminate what
the true entry point(s) is (are).

Appendix A

PLT Service Providers

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Baker Atlas
http://www.bakerhughes.com/bakeratlas/reservoir_production/polaris_index.htm

POLARIS System
The Baker Atlas POLARIS System is a
combination of the Reservoir Performance
Monitor (RPM) and Multi-Capacitance Flow Meter
(MCFM) logging tools – a slimhole diagnostic
system for evaluating and understanding
horizontal well and reservoir performance.

Reservoir Performance Monitor (RPM)

This is a slimhole (1.7-in. OD) multi-function pulsed neutron tool. The RPM instrument
combines multiple nuclear measurements in one system. Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) and pulsed
neutron capture (PNC) measurements acquired with the RPM tool provide water saturation
and three-phase holdup determination while oxygen activation measurements allow water
flow and channel detection. The small diameter instrument addresses a broad scope of
reservoir evaluation and management applications, including reservoir saturation and
produced fluids monitoring, formation evaluation, production profiling, workover and well
abandonment evaluation, borehole diagnostics, locating bypassed oil, and identifying water
production.

Multi-Capacitance Flow Meter (MCFM)

A multiphase production logging tool for non-vertical wells. The small diameter, multiple-
sensor MCFM instrument incorporates technology for measuring three-phase flow – oil, water,
and gas – in horizontal, highly deviated, and undulating wellbores. The combination of an
across-the-wellbore capacitance array with temperature, pressure, and acoustic sensors
allows the MCFM instrument to pinpoint the location of three-phase fluid entry into the
wellbore. The MCFM tool can simultaneously measures all three phases in multiphase flow.

With most production problems, the location of unwanted fluid production is of primary
interest. However, to completely solve the production problem, the source as well as the
location are needed; e.g., whether it is due to cresting or coning, depletion, fingering,
injection breakthrough, fractures or faults, or behind-casing flow. The POLARIS system,
combining RPM and MCFM, can go to the region of unwanted fluid production and operate in a
high-resolution logging mode to identify both the location and source of the unwanted fluid.

Measurement of multiphase flow behavior and inflow profile determination in horizontal wells
is possible with the Multi-Capacitance Flow Meter Service.

Polaris Applications
· Reservoir monitoring and management
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Establish base logs and monitor fluid contacts, production, reservoir depletion, and
fluid movement
Evaluate and manage enhanced oil recovery projects
· Formation evaluation
Determine reservoir porosity and fluid saturations
Pinpoint bypassed reserves
Through-casing or drillpipe evaluation
Production profile
Determine borehole fluid holdup and distribution, regardless of well deviation
Evaluate injection or production profiles in multiple string completions
· Workover access and evaluation
Identify bypassed hydrocarbons and establish fluid contacts
Slimhole access without compromising measurement quality
Evaluate stimulation operations
Borehole diagnostics
Identify casing leaks, water channeling, and other behind pipe water flow
Resolve completion problems
· Pre-abandonment well evaluation
Identify and assess commercial value of bypassed hydrocarbons prior to well
abandonment
Locate trapped hydrocarbons between tubing and casing strings for thorough
environmental evaluation

Features and Benefits

The RPM instrument can be run in combination with the MCFM tool or with conventional
production logging sensors such as flow meters, temperature, fluid density, pressure, and
hold-up indicators. This combination flexibility provides a complete multimode, multi-sensor
solution-based system for a wide range of downhole reservoir conditions and production
environments.

The RPM instrument is the industry’s most extensively characterized multimode tool, with our
unique dynamic response generator providing superior measurement accuracy and
confidence, independent of borehole geometry. Major advances in full 3-D and Monte Carlo
modeling provide a more accurate tool response characterization in a wide range of borehole,
casing, and formation/ fluid conditions.

Real-time RPM data can be matched with previous generation PDK-100 results for easy
comparison in mature fields. For remedial work and time-lapse monitoring, RPM data can be
overlaid with existing logs in real time. An advanced feature of the RPM service allows real-
time computation of "intrinsic" . Innovative data analysis techniques provide this sigma
measurement corrected for borehole and diffusion effects without prior knowledge of borehole
size and fluid salinity. RPM corrected values can be directly compared with borehole and
diffusion corrected data from PDK-100 or other PNC tools.

A History of Innovative Firsts in Pulsed Neutron Logging

Dresser Atlas, a predecessor of Baker Atlas, introduced the first commercial pulsed neutron
logging tool in 1963. The Neutron Lifetime Log® service proved to be very successful for
determining water saturation in saltwater-bearing reservoirs.

In the mid 1970s, Baker Atlas introduced the first commercial Carbon/Oxygen log. The
primary application of this logging system was to determine water saturation in fresh,
brackish, or mixed salinity reservoirs.

Over the next two decades, Baker Atlas introduced a second-generation pulsed neutron log,
the PDK-100 (1985), the HydrologSM (1989) and the Annular Flow Log (1993). Another

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innovation, the Pulsed Neutron Holdup Imager, was introduced in 1994.

In 1999, Baker Atlas introduced the Reservoir Performance Monitor (RPM) instrument, a
multipurpose, pulsed neutron logging tool. The new system combines the measurement
capabilities of all previous pulsed neutron devices into one slimhole instrument, providing
greater measurement flexibility than ever before and setting the new standard for reservoir
evaluation and analysis.

The POLARIS system, which incorporates the Reservoir Performance Monitor (RPM) and Multi-
Capacitance Flow Meter (MCFM), was also introduced in 1999.

Application Operating Mode

Formation evaluation (fluid saturations and porosity) PNC, C/O

Through casing
When openhole logs are not available
Through drill pipe when openhole logs cannot
be run due to hole conditions
Time-lapse fluid monitoring PNC, C/O
Production/injection profiling PNC, C/O, PNHI, MCFM,
AFL
Evaluation of stimulation operation PNC, C/O, PNHI, MCFM,
AFL, PRISM
Hydrocarbon location in fresh, brackish, or unknown C/O
water salinities
Bypassed hydrocarbon exploration in abandoned or PNC, C/O
workover wells
Production and reservoir depletion monitoring PNC, C/O, PNHI, MCFM
Enhanced oil recovery project monitoring PNC, C/O
Reservoir gas/oil/water contact monitoring PNC, C/O, PNHI, MCFM
Future reservoir management base logs PNC, C/O
Log-inject-log operations PNC, C/O
Water channeling and/or casing leak identification AFL
Hydrolog
Water, oil, and gas holdups PNHI, MCFM
Multiple string completion injection and production AFL
profiling
Hydrocarbon typing – differentiation between gas and PNC
oil
Locating trapped hydrocarbons between tubing and C/O, PNC
casing strings

Instrument Specifications
Diameter 1.6875 in. 42.9 mm
Length 80 ft. 24.4 m
Weight 375 lbm 175 kgm
Pressure Rating 15,000 psi 103 MPa
Temperature Rating 350° F 177° C
Min. Hole Size > 1.8 in. > 45.72 mm
Operating Range 3.7 - 9.0 in. 94 - 229 mm
Max bend radius 30°/100 ft 30°/30 m

Multi-Capacitance Flow Meter (MCFM)

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System Overview
The Multi-Capacitance Flow Meter (MCFM) is a multiple-sensor, production logging instrument
used to measure multiphase flow in highly deviated and horizontal wells. The MCFM tool was
jointly developed by Baker Atlas and Shell International Exploration and Production (SIEP)
using technology developed by SIEP for monitoring multiphase flow in surface flow lines.

The MCFM deploys a wing containing 28 capacitance sensors that span the wellbore to
determine both flow composition (percentages of gas, oil, and water) and velocity in order to
measure flow rates (Qg , Qo , and Qw ).

The wing section is dynamically oriented by the powered Positive Orientation Section (POS) to
ensure optimum vertical positioning, thus allowing the tool to accurately measure three-phase
flow, even in extremely high water cut environments.

The wings of the MCFM tool are maintained in the vertical position to measure multiphase flow
behavior in horizontal wellbores.

A quartz pressure sensor is included in the MCFM instrument to determine downhole

pressures, and allow pressure surveys to be carried out while an evaluation program
continues, e.g., performing a shut-in pressure survey.

Digital Sonan sensors also form an integral part

of the MFCM diagnostic measurements, aiding
in-flow regime identification and verification,
channeling assessment, and flow behind pipe.

Key Measurements

Water, oil, and gas holdups are measured

at eight levels along the wing deployed
across-the-wellbore, based on the
measured dielectric of the flow.
Bi-directional velocity profile is
determined from multiple measurements
at seven positions across-the-wellbore
using cross-correlation of sensor
responses within six sensor arrays placed
along the wing and the centerline spinner.
Water, oil, and gas flow rates are
determined continuously while logging the
horizontal interval or during stationary
measurements.

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The MCFM tool is a logging instrument capable

of measuring all three phases – oil, water, and
gas – simultaneously.

An across-the-wellbore velocity profile is constructed from the transit-time measurements of

the capacitance sensors in rows one, two, seven, and eight of the MCFM tool.

Reservoir Performance Monitor

System Overview
The RPM instrument employs three high-resolution gamma-ray detectors arrayed above a
new, more efficient and reliable neutron generator. State-of-the-art detector electronics
measure both the arrival time and energy of detected gamma rays. The generator is pulsed
at distinct frequencies and the detectors operate in various acquisition modes to obtain the
different logging measurements. The system is combinable with other production logging
instruments, and is constructed in short, modular sections for ease in shipping and handling.

Operational Modes
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Carbon/Oxygen spectroscopy mode – principal measurement is the C/O ratio. The neutron
generator pulses at 10 kHz in the C/O acquisition mode with the full inelastic and capture
gamma ray energy spectra recorded by each detector. These data are processed to determine
critical elemental ratios, including carbon/oxygen and calcium/silicon from the inelastic
spectra and silicon/calcium from the capture spectra. Data from each detector may be used
individually or in combination to provide optimal readings. C/O interpretation includes a new
dynamic response generator to accurately predict the expected C/O response level-by-level in
your well.

Pulsed Neutron Capture mode – principle measurement is sigma, the thermal neutron
absorption cross section. In the PNC logging mode, the neutron generator pulses at 1 kHz
while the detectors record complete time spectra, and an energy spectrum, used to monitor
instrument stability. Time spectra from short-spaced and long-spaced detectors can be
processed individually to provide traditional thermal neutron capture cross-sectional
information. The two spectra can also be processed simultaneously to automatically correct
for borehole and diffusion effects and produce results very near the intrinsic formation values.

RPM instrument principle of operation- inelastic events; shown in yellow, occur during the
generator burst. Capture events, shown in blue, occur after the neutrons become
thermalized.

Instrument Specifications

Diameter 1.6875 in. 42.9 mm

Length 29.9 ft 9.12 m

Weight 115 lbm 52.3 kgm

Pressure rating 20,000 psi 138 MPa

Temperature rating 350° F 177° C

Minimum hole size > 1.8 in. > 45.72 mm

Maximum bend radius 30°/100 ft 30°/30 m

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Pulsed Neutron Holdup Imaging mode

measures both sigma and the C/O ratio

In the PNHI acquisition mode, the neutron

source pulse rate is also l kHz with the
measurements made to determine gas, oil,
and water holdups. When combined with
other production logs, the PNHI can provide
a comprehensive downhole production
profile picture, even in deviated or
horizontal wells.

Neutron activation mode measures water

flow oxygen activation

The neutron activation mode provides

water flow measurements using one of
several data acquisition methods.
Stationary measurements are made in
either of two operating modes.
Measurements at selected logging speeds
can be used to segregate different flow
rates in either an annulus or in an adjacent
tubing string.

Precision Radioisotope Spectral

Measurements mode provides radioisotope
identification and measurement

With the neutron generator turned off,

the RPM tool can also be used to detect
the distribution of materials, tagged
with radioactive tracers that are
injected into a well during stimulation
treatments. In this logging mode, the
effectiveness of operations such as
hydraulic fracturing or gravel pack
placement can be evaluated.

Cardinal Surveys Company

Odessa, TX, Hobbs, NM
http://www.cardinalsurveys.com/default.asp

Positive monitoring of reservoir

performance.
Detailed, zone-by-zone, information.
Changes in the downhole conditions
detected.
Reevaluate marginal production
wells.
Rework watered-out or gassed-out
wells.
Recompletion of unproductive offset
wells.
Guidance for remedial-workover
designs.
Cost-effective well recompletions.

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Improved completion for future

wells.
Immediate verification of perforation
efficiency.
Positive identification of the
production intervals.
Confirmation of openhole log
analysis and assumptions used in
the initial completion.
Pinpoint mechanical problems.
Document baseline production
profile for future reference.
Optimize pump placement.
Discover unwanted water sources for
remedial procedures.
Correlate production results with
injection profiles for sweep efficiency
of floods.
Confirm engineering and geological
assumptions and analysis.
Verify stimulation job effectiveness
and techniques.
Plan accurate placement of
mechanical isolation tools (bridge
plugs and packers.)
Locate thief zones and undesirable
cross-flows.
Real-time snap shot of production
well.

Components

Rope Socket (15" - 5/8" fishing neck)

Capacitance Tool (40") – Functions as a capacitor. An insulated probe functions as one
plate and the tool housing acts as the other plate. Various materials passing between
the plates have different dielectric properties that change the total capacitance of the
circuit. In most instances, a 3% or more oil cut is necessary before a noticeable change
in the capacitance is registered. This 3% threshold varies with the salinity of the water
and the gravity of the oil. The primary advantage of the capacitance tool over the older
density tool is that its readings are not dependent on a radioactive source and sensor.
Thus, fluid identification cannot be affected by radioactive material in the well bore or in
the ejector. In addition, there is no long half-life source of radioactive material to be
fished should the tools be dropped.

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Caliper (7/8" O. D. [with arms retracted] by 68" in length and can be used in hole up to
14 inches in diameter.
Collar Locator (7/8” x 28.5") – magnetic coil assembly
Scintillation Gamma Ray Detector (60"). It is a scintillation type 9sodium iodide crystal).
Microprocessor Controlled Ejector (75.5"). The ejector is digitally controlled. Its
motorized plunger forces small bursts of radioactive material out of a pressure chamber
through an o-ring sealed exhaust port on the side of the tool casing. The tool has the
ability to consistently eject selected slugs from 0.1 cc to a full 20 cc ejector dump.
Temperature Tool (7/8" O. D. by 37" in length). Accuracy approaches 0.1 degrees
Fahrenheit. This component is critical for channel detection. There is a platinum
Resistor Temperature Detector (RTD). A stable crystal oscillator serves as an accurate,
drift-free frequency reference in the tool electronics.
Memory Pressure Gauge (14”)
Total Tool Length with crossovers = 30’

General Guidelines

Avoid the intentional design of tests that rely completely on nuclear-based data acquisition.
Their maximum radius of investigation is approximately 24 inches from the sensor.

‘Avoid the LAST LOG SYNDROME. It is generally acceptable for most production logs to be
within 2 to 3 feet of measured depth. However, if you are on the 4th or 5th generation of
logs, you may be correlating 10’ to 15’ off depth. Always try to use the original open hole
logs or the logs used to perforate the well.”

Tracer Velocity

Pros:
High resolution of data points
Limited by the spacing from ejector to detector
Cons:
Minor plant fluctuations effect calculated rates
I.D. changes have a drastic effect on the
calculated rates

Generic Operations

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The producing (pumping) temperature log is the first information available for
determining the status of this well's production and it can greatly influence the strategy
for investigating the well.

A correlation gamma ray survey and collar log is then run from T.D. up through zones of
interest. The correlation log is compared to file logs to make adjustments to depth.

A capacitance log is then run from T.D. to above the pump. The capacitance tool can
differentiate between water, oil, and gas in the well bore. Note that when calibrated,
pure water is one extreme, pure air or gas the other, and pure oil is about a 75%
reading.

The next step is to run the radioactive tracer survey. The tracer will allow the
determination of the direction and rate of fluid movement. There are the three basic
components of the tracer: 100% shot, zone breakdown shots, and no-flow shots. The
100% shot is ejected above the top perforation. As the single radioactive slug travels up
the wellbore, at least three passes through the slug are recorded. By measuring the
distance of movement and the time of travel, it is possible to calculate the velocity and
therefore, the volumetric flow rate in the casing. This method of velocity measurement
is necessary because of pump surges in the fluid column. Stationary velocity readings
are not accurate. Zone-by-zone breakdown is accomplished by the same velocity
method as the 100% slug. Readings are taken in areas between sets of perforations.
Each set of rates obtained is compared back to the 100% shot and a percentage of entry
is calculated for each set of perforations. A no-flow shot is ejected between the bottom
perforation and LTD. It is monitored in the same manner as the other velocity
measurements. The primary objective is to determine if there is any fluid movement
from below LTD in the casing. This is essential information. If the temperature surveys
indicate fluid movement from below LTD, the no-flow shot is the only means to prove
whether the movement is inside or outside the casing.

The log may or may not be complete at this point. After determining the type and
quantity of fluid being produced from each zone, decay temperatures and cross flow
surveys may be needed for further definition. It is almost always a good idea to run at
least one decay temperature survey unless all objectives for running the survey have
already been conclusively reached through the prior survey methods.

GAMMA-TROL (Stimulation Evaluation Logging)

Combined with a radioactive tag, stimulation evaluation logging assists in inferring treatment
placement. Included in the service is either a temperature or gamma-ray log or both.
Cardinal Surveys Company offers these services either separately or combined under the
following names:

Gamma-Trol (Gamma-ray only)

Temp-Trol (Temperature only)
Gamma-Trol II (Combination
Gamma ray and Temperature).

The Gamma-Trol II service can also be used to locate the top of cemented intervals. The
cement can be tagged during cementing, and the temperature and gamma ray log will
accurately pinpoint the cement top.

Injection Profile (Radioactive Tracer Profile Logging)

An accurate profile of the exact placement of injected fluids is essential for proper
management of water injection. The Injection Profile Log, usually consisting of a temperature
log, two radioactive tracer logs (the intensity profile and a series of stationary velocity

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measurements), channel checks, packer checks, injecting temperature log, shut-in

temperature logs and cross-flow checks (where applicable), can be used for getting profiles.

This log is used to determine the placement of injection fluids in the formation. Of general
interest is a profile of the zone-by-zone placement of injected fluids versus rate. A
comparison of injection and shut-in temperatures can be used to qualitatively determine
major storage (injected) zones.

In tertiary or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) projects, the injection profile is applied in a similar
manner. Sometimes special logging techniques are required due to the physical properties of
the injection fluids. Many tertiary or EOR projects alternate injection of multiple fluids (Water
After Gas-WAG, or vertical profile modifications such as polymer treatments). In these
instances, it may be desirable to log the well after each change in injection fluid to determine
the relative impact of different fluids.

Because a radioactive tracer is used, the Injection Profile also affords other benefits such as
location of casing annulus channels. Channels in the casing annulus can be seen when tagged
fluid exits the casing through a perforation and continues in a path near the wellbore. The
extent of the channel can be determined by following the tagged fluid as long as it remains
near the wellbore. In a similar manner, communication between perforated intervals can be
discovered. The radioactive tracer identifies other mechanical problems such as holes in the
casing, unopened perforations, leaking packers or bridge plugs.

“Due to the versatility of the radioactive tracer, it is the best and most accurate method of
running a Mechanical Integrity Test (MIT) on disposal wells.” Using the same logging
procedures, the radioactive tracer can yield the zone-by-zone breakdown of fluids exiting the
wellbore. Temperatures can also aid in identifying any upward or downward channels.

TRAC-III Production Logging

Cardinal's TRAC-III logging string consists of a Scintillation Gamma Ray Detector,
(microprocessor-controlled) Radioactive Ejector, Collar Locator, Capacitance Probe, Caliper,
and Temperature Tool. All sensors come in 7/8" O.D., 1" O.D., 11/4" O.D., and 13/8" O.D.
cases. The tools are used to:

· Document baseline production profile for future references.

· Verify effectiveness of well treatments.
· Discover unwanted water sources for remedial procedures.
· Correlate production results with injection profiles for sweep efficiency of floods.

Well Parameters For Example Procedure

Production 20 BPD Oil 210 BPD Water 100 MCFD Gas

Surface Pressure <300 PSI Casing 5.5"
Tubing 2.875" Packer 5500'
Perforations 5600' - 6000' PBTD 6100'

The following procedure represents the fundamental steps needed to accomplish most TRAC-
III applications. However, due to the investigative nature of production logging, it must be
noted that the following procedure may be modified at any point in order to optimize the
definition of events or abnormalities. This procedure should be considered as a general plan of
action.

1. Conduct safety meeting to identify location hazards, review well information, review
test objectives, and make necessary plans to maximize safety and test results.
2. Rig up Cardinal Surveys logging unit and conduct the pre-job wellhead radiation survey.

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3. Attach Cardinal Surveys 1 3/8" O. D. TRAC-III tool string which consists of a Rope
Socket (1.375" x 15" with a 5/8" fishing neck), Capacitance Tool (1.375" x 40"), Caliper
(1.375" x 69"), Collar Locator (1.375" x 28.5"), Scintillation Gamma ray Detector
(1.375" x 60"), Microprocessor Controlled Ejector (1.375" x 75.5") with I-131 as the
tracer isotope, and a Temperature Tool (1.375" x 37").
4. Install 5,000 psi lubricator and test for leaks.
5. Pressure up lubricator and secure wellhead.
6. RIH with TRAC-III tool string into the tubing.
7. Run Flowing Temperature and CCL Logs from 5,400 to 6,100.
8. Run Gamma ray and CCL logs from 6,100 to 5,400. Correlate Gamma ray and CCL logs
to supplied correlation log. Adjust depth measurement from Wireline Depth to
Measured Depth.
9. Return TRAC-III logging string to T.D. at 6,100 and run Capacitance Log from 6,100 to
5,400.
10. Return TRAC-III logging string to T.D. at 6,100 and run Caliper from 6,100 to
5,400.
11. Place TRAC-III logging string above the zone of interest 5600 - 6000 and eject a
slug of radioactive material. As the slug travels up hole with the flow, make at least 3
passes through the material with the recorder set to depth drive. Note the delta times
from peak to peak. This will allow for a 100% velocity reading.
12. Repeat step 11 two more times.
13. Repeat step 11 in areas between perforated intervals or between areas of
interest in the openhole section. Refer to the caliper results from 5600 - 6000 when
placing the radioactive slugs. Try to avoid areas of drastic I.D. change to minimize the
error in the velocity measurements.
14. Eject a slug of radioactive material below the zone 5600 - 6000 and above T.D.
at 6,100. Eject the slug as low as possible if there is no rathole. Make several passes
through the material to determine if there is any flow coming from below T.D. in the
wellbore.
15. Shut-in production at wing valve.
16. Allow the well to remain static for approximately one hour.
17. Run a Shut-In Temperature Log from 5,400 to 6,100.
18. Perform crossflow checks. Shoot a series of radioactive slugs approximately 50
feet apart across the zone 5600 - 6000 and make timed passes through all of the slugs
at the same time to determine if there is any crossflow between zones.
19. Run a Shut-In Temperature Log from 5,400 to 6,100 approximately 2 hours
after the well has been shut-in.
20. It may be desirable to pull a Shut-In Capacitance Log at this point from 6,100 to
5,400.
21. POOH with Cardinal Survey's TRAC-III production logging tool string.
22. Rig down equipment, return well to prior status, and conduct the post job
wellhead radiation survey.

Stabilization

Stable producing conditions are crucial to running a TRAC-III that will give insight to the wells
normal production characteristics. This is important when the test objective is to see the
well's production profile. It is also important for determining the effects of a past stimulation
that is not performing as expected.

If we run a TRAC-III immediately after the well has been worked over, it will only tell us what
the well does at that particular point in time. You want to allow the production to stabilize,
unless you have had a sudden, large increase in water production.

It does not matter if this increase of water production was brought on by a stimulation, direct
channel from an offset injector, or natural causes. Don't wait for stabilization. There is a
strong possibility this new water is from a higher pressure source than anything you've been

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producing. In these situations there is regularly crossflow into proven oil zones. It is
necessary to find the water source so that you can take remedial action.

GAMMA TROL

GAMMA TROL - II is a combination of Temperature and Gamma Ray logging used determine
the placement of well stimulations and treatments.

Well Parameters For Example Procedure

Frac 140,000 lbm 20/40 BHT 90oF

Surface Pressure <3,000 psi Casing 5.5"
Tubing 2.875" PKR 5600'
Perforations 5700' - 6000' PBTD 6100'

The following procedure represents the fundamental steps needed to accomplish most GAMMA
TROL ® applications. However, due to the investigative nature of production logging, it must
be noted that the following procedure may be modified at any point in order to optimize the
definition of events or abnormalities. This procedure should be considered as a general plan of
action.

1. Conduct safety meeting to identify location hazards, review well information, review
test objectives, and make necessary plans to maximize safety and test results.
2. Rig up logging unit on and conduct the pre-job wellhead radiation survey.
3. Attach Cardinal Surveys GAMMA TROL ® tool string which consists of a Rope Socket
(1.25" x 15" with a 5/8" fishing neck), one or more weight bars, Collar Locator (1.375"
x 28.5"), Scintillation Gamma ray Detector (1.375" x 60"), and a Temperature Tool
(1.375" x 37").
4. Install wireline blow out preventer and tool trap.
5. Install lubricator and test for leaks.
6. RIH with GAMMA TROL ® tool string into the tubing.
7. Run Base Temperature and CCL Logs from 5,500 to 6,100.
8. Run Gamma Ray and CCL logs from 6,100 to 5,500. Correlate Gamma ray and CCL
logs to supplied correlation log. Adjust depth measurement from Wireline Depth to
Measured Depth.
9. POOH with Cardinal Survey's GAMMA TROL ® production logging tool string.
10. Rig down equipment, store lubricator in a safe area, and stand by during well
stimulation.
11. Record ISIP and 15 minute shut-in pressures.
12. Install wireline blow out preventer and tool trap.
13. Install lubricator and test for leaks.
14. RIH with GAMMA TROL ® tool string into the tubing.
15. Run After Temperature and CCL Logs from 5,500 to 6,100.
16. Run After Gamma ray and CCL Logs from 6,100 to 5,500.
17. Allow well to remain static for approximately one hour.
18. Run a Shut-in Temperature Log from 5,500 to 6,100.
19. POOH with Cardinal Survey's GAMMA TROL ® production logging tool string.
20. Rig down equipment and conduct the post job wellhead radiation survey.

Radioactive Tagging
The Tagmaster ® was developed in the late 1970's.

Downstream, High Pressure Tagging

Tagging a treatment downstream of the pumps has many inherent advantages over injecting
radioactive material in the low-pressure pump intakes.

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· No surface equipment (pumps, blender, manifold, etc.) has radioactive material passing
through it. This prevents a buildup of contamination that will accumulate to a point
where field personnel will be exposed, not only to the radiation passing through the
system, but also to residual contamination from past tags. These units can become too
contaminated to be legally operated!

The radioactive flush is instantaneous. There is no opportunity for any particles to

become trapped in surface equipment that might be released during flush.
If a frac treatment screens out to the surface, all contamination will be downstream from
the "T" assembly.
If there is a radioactive spill, it will be in an area with no personnel in the immediate
vicinity.
Personnel exposure is kept to a minimum.

Placement of Radioactive Storage

While chronic exposure to low level radiation is hazardous, the immediate danger is from
exposure to the radioactive additive in concentration. Many systems store the radioactive
additive on, or near, charged fluid lines. If the line should burst you could have a dangerous
and expensive problem to contend with. The Tagmaster ® stores radioactive material in
concentration 50 - 100 feet away from all treating lines.

Storage
Containment pots for the radioactive additive are mounted in the back-center of the
Tagmaster®. The pots are plastic coated, steel containers that have approximately one inch
of lead shielding. This gives five half-value layer shields for Iridium 192, the primary isotope
used in the Tagmaster ®.

Professional Tagging Technicians

All of Cardinal's technicians have received government approved training programs. They are
trained in the proper methods of containment, cleanup, A.L.A.R.A. techniques, Cardinal's
regulations, and government regulations concerning the transportation, use, and exposure
limits of radioactive materials.

Tagmaster ® Quality Control Log

The Tagmaster ® Quality Control Log is an optional service offered by Cardinal Surveys
Company. It entails a PC based data acquisition system that monitors radiation intensity of
injected materials during the stimulation.

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RSO
Cardinal's Radiation Safety Officer is responsible for safety, training, and regulatory
compliance where radioactive materials are involved. The RSO maintains and reviews records
of Before and After Location Surveys, Personnel Exposure (whole body and thyroid bioassay),
and monitors Cardinal facilities.

He also holds a prominent position in the Radiation Safety Committee. Records and
procedures are periodically reviewed by the committee to make changes where needed to
enhance our A.L.A.R.A. program.

Isotope Quality Control

Cardinal has the majority of isotopes we use in the Tagmaster ® targeted by the Nuclear
Science Center at Texas A&M University. Our control of materials supplied for targeting and
follow-up testing, with a state of the art 4096 channel spectrum analyzer, assures quality and
quantity control.

Tagmaster ® Specifications

· 4140 Carbon Steal "T"

· Weco 1502 connections
· 20,000 psi working pressure valve
· 20,000 psi working pressure check valve
· 14,000 psi working pressure hose with 40,000 psi minimum burst pressure
· 20,000 psi working pressure manifold
· 4 - Plastic coated, steal containment pots with 1" of lead shielding

Atomic Special
Isotope Half-Life Photo peaks Mev
Symbol Concerns

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Atomic Special
Isotope Half-Life Photo peaks Mev
Symbol Concerns
131I 9.99 (X-ray), 0.08, 0.2843,
Iodine 8.04 days Thyroid Seeker
0.3645, 0.638, 0.724
0.067 (X-ray), 0.140
192IR (Compton), 0.210
Iridium 74.2 days None
(Compton), 0.315, 0.470,
0.605, 0.79, 0.90 (shoulder)
46SC 0.887, 1.119, (0.89 plus 1.1
Scandium 83.8 days High Beta/Energy
sum peak)
0.603, 0.645 (hidden
shoulder), 0.722 (shoulder
Antimony 124SB 60.2 days High Beta peak), 1.30 - 1.37, 1.69,
2.09, (1.69 plus 0.603 sum
peak)
Gold 198AU 2.696 days High Beta 0.412
82BR 0.55, 0.61, 0.7, 0.77, 1.04,
Bromine 35.34 hours High Energy
1.33, 1.48, 1.90, 2.14

Expro RAM Production Logging Tool

Expro International Group PLC 2001

Expro North Sea Ltd

Kirkhill Place
Kirkhill Industrial Estate
Dyce
Aberdeen
AB21 0GU
Tel: +44 1224 214600
Fax: +44 1224 770295

http://www.exprogroup.com/casedholeservices/epl.htm

Introduction
In 1986, Expro performed the first memory PLT operations in the UK North Sea. Additional
development led to the release of the Expro RAM production logging tools in 1998.

The five main sensors - Gamma Ray, Collar Locator, Quartz Pressure, High Resolution
Temperature and Fluid Capacitance - are contained in one assembly measuring only 55 inches
(1.4 meters) long. This construction removes 8 electronic pressure sealed connectors from
the string therefore lessening the chance of connector failure and improving overall reliability.
The RAM tool is combinable with up to 9 additional sensors such as calipers, fluid densities
and extra spinners. However, in its normal deployment mode, with one spinner, the total PLT
length is 112 inches (2.85 meters) for surface readout and 138 inches (3.5 meters) for
memory applications.

Offshore, this compactness allows deployment of PLT operations in the most restricted of
areas and on land eliminates the requirement of having large deployment cranes on site. It
also means that the tool does not need to be fully disassembled between jobs thereby
reducing rig up and rig down time.

Applications

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The RAM tool is a short, all-in-one production logging tool, providing flow, quartz pressure,
temperature, fluid dielectric, gamma ray and CCL. Use of a single combination tool increases
reliability by minimizing electrical and mechanical connections, reduces rig up time, improves
data quality through the close proximity of all sensors and brings the benefits of a smaller
toolstring - allowing well access from even the most restricted of areas.

In addition, the tool has the ability to deploy 100% downhole backup while remaining shorter
than most other single toolstrings. A separate telemetry cartridge connects to the upper head
and is available in a number of telemetry formats. A High Speed Telemetry Cartridge (HSTI)
or High Speed Memory Interface (HSMI) Cartridge can be attached to the upper head. The
RAM is both memory and SRO compatible, requiring no separate interfaces or modules.

A range of industry-standard sensors can be connected to the tool’s lower head - such as fluid
density, accelerometer, x-y-calipers, fluid profile, inline flowmeter or continuous flowmeter.
The high temperature and pressure rating make the RAM tool suitable for a wide range of
production logging operations and its use results in a typical full-length string of only
112”/2.9m.

All tools are manufactured in NACE specification (MR0175) materials for use in wells
containing H2S/CO2

Flowmeter
Range (Interface)........................................................ 30 - 60,000 bbls/day
Directional.............................................................................................. Yes
Resolution............................................................................. 12 pulses/rev.

Pressure
Type................................................................................................. Quartz
Range...................................................................... 15,000 psi - 16,000 psi
Accuracy...................................................................................... 0.02% FS
Resolution.................................................................................. <0.008 psi
Repeatability................................................................................ 0.01% FS

Temperature
Range............................................................................... 0 - 177°C/350°F
Accuracy..................................................................................... 0.5°C/1°F
Resolution.......................................................................... 0.025°C/0.05°F
Time Constant............................................................................... <1.5 sec

Gamma Ray
Range..................................................................................... 0 - 1,000 API
Sensitivity................................................................................. 1 Count/API

Fluid Dielectric
Range............................................................................................ 0 - 40%
Accuracy..................................................................................... 2% Range
Resolution........................................................................................... 0.1%

RAM Specification

Diameter 13/8” (35mm) 111/16” (43mm)

Length 55” (1.4m) 55” (1.4m)
Pressure (max) 15,000 psi 20,000 psi
Temperature (max) 177°C (350°F) 177°C (350°F)
Weight in air 35 lbs (16 kg) 52 lbs (23.6 kg)
Fishing Strength 10,000 lbs (4,550 kg) 10,000 lbs (4,550 kg)
Sensor Supply Voltage 12v 12v
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Line Voltage (SRO) 60 - 250v 60 - 250v

Current 80mA 80mA

Multi Sensor Memory Production Logging Tool

The tool is able to operate in deviated or horizontal wells and has the capability to log all
types of multiphase flow and can be deployed via slickline, coiled tubing or e-line. All of the
MS-MPLT sensors are compatible with the Expro RAM PL tools.

Applications

Vertical, deviated or horizontal wells

Determination of downhole flow rates
Layering
Zonal distribution
Crossflow and leaks
Multi-phase flow

Technical Specification

Memory
Type Non-volatile EEPROM
Size Expandable up to 16Mb
Sample rate Multiples of 0.1 sec
Data set Minimum of 30,000 on all channels
Length / OD 2ft / 111/16" (0.61m / 43cm)
Full-bore Flowmeter
Size Various for use in up to 95/8" casing
Measurement range 100 to over 30,000 bbl/day in 7" casing
Length / OD 2.95ft / 111/16" (0.89m / 43cm)
In-line Flowmeter
Size 21/8" and 111/16"
Measurement range 600 to over 60,000 bbl/day
Length / OD 1.44ft / 111/16" (0.43m / 43cm)
CCL
Type Passive
Length / OD 1.53ft / 111/16" (0.46m / 43cm)
Gamma Ray
Type Scintillation
Sensitivity 1 cps / API unit
Length / OD 2.2ft / 111/16 (0.67m / 43cm)
Water Hold-up
Type Capacitance
Measurement range 0.01 to 1 (accuracy decrease at high
values)
Length / OD 2.18ft / 111/16" (0.66m / 43cm)
Pressure
Type Shear quartz
Accuracy ± 3.2 psi (± 0.22 bar)
Repeatability ± 0.005% of full scale
Length / OD 1.02ft / 111/16" (0.29m / 43cm)
High Resolution Temperature
Type Platinum resistance
Accuracy ± 0.5ºC
Resolution 0.09ºC
Length / OD 1.02ft / 111/16" (0.29m / 43cm)
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All sensors are rated to 150ºC

Radio Active Fluid Density
Type Radio active source
Length / OD 2.18ft / 111/16" (0.66 / 43cm)
X-Y Caliper
Type 4 arm
Length / OD 3.25ft / 111/16" (1m / 43cm)

Halliburton

http://www.halliburton.com/spe98/flow2000.asp

Flow 2000 Production Logging Services

In addition to the high-speed telemetry/gamma ray/casing collar locator cartridge, the Flow 2000
production logging stack includes the following sensors:

· HMR Gauge Carrier provides fast,

high-resolution transient well testing
with pressure derivative in real time.

· Capacitance Holdup Tool identifies

three-phase flow with low water cuts.

· Gas Holdup Tool provides fullbore gas

holdup from low energy gamma ray
scattering in fluid and steel pipe.

· Differential Pressure Tool

determines liquid holdup and identifies
fluid in wellbore deviations up to 70°.

· Six-Arm Fullbore Spinner measures

mono- and multi-phase flow with a
threshold above 100 BFPD (in 7-in.
casing).

· Enhanced Flow Diverter for

multiphase production or injection flow
rate measurements and enhanced
multi-layer transient testing.

· Enhanced Wheeled Centralizer

provides strong centralization in
vertical, deviated, and horizontal wells.

http://www.kusterco.com/kplt.htm

Kuster Production Logging Tool (KPLT)

Input Power: Data Sampling:
4 "C" 3.6v Lithium Thionyl Chloride Cells Max Sampling Rate: 50 samples/sec.

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1 "AA" 3.6v Lithium Thionyl Chloride Cell Min Sampling Rate: 1 sample per year
Analog Sensor Interface: Digital Sensor Interface:
Converter Type: Delta-Sigma Modulation Programmable Between
Dynamic Range: 96dB max. Autoscaling Frequency Measurements
Digital Output: 16 bits max. Totalizing Counters, 16 bits
Memory Capacity: Sensor Specifications:
Memory: 2 Megabytes Temperature:
4 Megabytes available Measurement Range: 32F to 300F
Max. Number Of Stored Points: Length: 14.50"
With All Sensors: 130,000 Measurement Accuracy: .063F
With Limited Sensors: 1,000,000 Measurement Resolution: .018F
Measurement Time Constant: 0.3 sec.
Pressure: Flowmeter Sensor:(Full Bore and
Measurement Range: 0-10,000 psi Continuous)
Length: 21.50" Measurement Range -200 to+200 RPS
Measurement Accuracy: 0.02% F.S. Measurement Accuracy: 0.083 rev/sec.
Measurement Resolution: 0.01 psi Measurement Resolution: 0.083
Repeatability: 0.1% F.S. rev/sec.
Length, Full Bore: 29.00"
Length, Continuous: 18.50"
Min. Detectable Flow rate
Full Bore 100bpd: (5" casing)
Continuous 200bpd: (5' casing)
Dielectric Sensor: Gamma Ray:
Measurement Range: 1 to 100 Measurement Range: 0-500 API Units
Measurement Accuracy: 2% Length: 37.00"
Measurement Resolution: 0.1 % F.S.
Length: 30.00"
Maximum Water Cut Measurable: 30%
Casing Collar Locator: Sensor Descriptions:
Measures locations of tubing and casing Battery Pack - Supplies the necessary
collars for depth control. power to the various sensors, the
Length: 18.00" central processing system and memory
section.

Memory Section - Serves as the programmable central processing unit, which has been
programmed to interrogate and record to memory measured sensor data at a prescribed
sampling rate.

Temperature - Measure the temperature of the wellbore fluids to delineate fluid entry or exit
and production/injection history.

Dielectric - Measures the capacitance of the wellbore fluids to delineate the mixture of water
and hydrocarbons.

Gamma Ray - Measures gamma ray emissions from the downhole environment and is used
as a "depth-control" tie-in to openhole logs.

Casing Collar Locator - Measures locations of tubing and casing collars for depth control.

Pressure - Measures pressure of wellbore fluids for use in PVT calculations and calculation of
gradients for fluid identification.

Full Bore Flowmeter - Measures the change in fluid velocities and incorporates into bulk
flow to provide injection or production profile (for casing diameters).

Continuous Flowmeter - Measures the change in fluid velocities for single phase and small
diameter pipe.

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High Temperature Production Logging Tool

Lee Tool Division of Schlumberger Canada Ltd.

7449 - 49Avenue Crescent
Red Deer, Alberta
T4P 1X6
Phone: 403.347.2524
Fax: 403.342.5065
http://www.leetool.ab.ca

Memory Production Logging System

The Lee Tool Memory Production Logging System is a cost-effective, rugged, and easy to use
PC-based system and tool string.

Memory Logging is the measurement of a wellbore environment where tool power and data
storage are incorporated within the logging tool, thus eliminating the need for electrical, radio
frequency, or fluid continuity to surface. The Memory Production Logging (MPL) system
consists of two groups of components: the surface system and the downhole tools. These two
portions of the system operate independently of each other. They are only linked together
when the tool is being programmed or when the data from the tool is being downloaded.

Surface System Downhole Tools

Tool Sensors may include a combination of the following:

PC Computer (PC-Logger) Battery Section

Remote Speed/Depth Display Memory Production Logging Adapter
Tool Interface Box Tool Sensors (see below)
Thermal Continuous Feed Plotter
Depth Encoder
CCL Nuclear Fluid Density Thermal/Epithermal Neutron
Gamma Ray Flowmeter XY Caliper
Dielectric Pressure Multi-finger Caliper
Gradiomanometer Temperature

Deployment Methods
Drillpipe/tubing conveyed logging, both vertical and horizontal
Coiled tubing conveyed logging, both vertical and horizontal
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Slickline conveyed logging

Long-term logging set in a landing nipple
Used in conjunction with electric line - cased or open hole tools

Applications
Flow Profile/Injection Profile Logging
Depth Correlation
Extended Flow, Pressure and Temperature Tests
Transient Rate and Pressure Tests
Mechanical/Hydraulic Isolation Logging
Lost Circulation Zone Detection
Neutron Logging
X-Y Open Hole/Casing Caliper Log
Multi-Finger Tubing Caliper
Cement Top and Cement Plug Logging
Casing/Tubing Leak Detection

Collar Locator
Gamma Ray
Gradiomanometer
Centralizer
Dielectric
Pressure/Temperature
Fullbore Flowmeter
Memory Adapter
Spinner

The surface depth files are merged with the downhole data with time as the common link.
The data are then presented in standard log format for all sensors and passes. Line speed,
depth and spinner RPS are used to create a calibration file or spinner crossplot. This spinner
crossplot is then included with overlays to provide a wellsite interpretation/presentation.

Time Synchronized
Before beginning the job, the MPL adapter is connected to the PC-Logger computer. Both
have internal real time clocks that are now synchronized. When the job commences, the MPL
adapter records data vs. time, while the PC-Logger computer records depth vs. time

After the job is completed, the MPL adapter is connected to the PC-Logger computer. The
depth vs. time files from the PC-Logger computer are merged with the data vs. time memory
from the MPL adapter. Time is used as the reference and the resulting files contain data vs.
depth. These files are now standard log output, the same files that would be generated by real
time logging.

Tool Sensors
The PC-Logger is a stand-alone PC system, built to withstand field use, yet portable and easily
transported by boat or helicopter to remote locations. The surface PC-Logger acquisition
system is common to both real time and memory. To go ROM memory to real time, simply
replace the downhole MPL adapter with a telemetry section and add a power supply at
surface. This will provide full real time capabilities for all standard Production Logging
Services on mono conductor cable.

MPL adapter electronics contain 32 megabytes of Flash EPROM memory with an open
architecture design that supports future memory expansion. The MPL Adapter is the memory-
logging equivalent to Surface Readout (SRO) telemetry. The MPL Adapter counts the pulses

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from each sensor, sorts records and compresses the data within its own memory for retrieval
at surface.

A variety of tool sensors are available, in 1-3/8" (34.99mm) or 1-11/16" (42.9mm) strings,
capable of working up to 10,000 psi (70 MPa) and 302 degrees Fahrenheit (150 degrees
Celsius).

Madden Systems Incorporated

Madden Systems Incorporated
1801 E. Pearl Street
Odessa, Texas 79761

http://www.maddensystems.com/index.htm

Production Logging
Introduction
Production logs are used to determine dynamic and static downhole conditions in production, injection,
and disposal wells.

Standard Production Logging Tool (280oF Rating)

This Slicklogger® System's physical

characteristics of a short, rigid, single
housing and small O. D. make it a durable
solution for coiled tubing applications in
highly deviated well bores. The system also
excels in getting by tight radius crooks in
vertical well bores

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This tool can be run in a memory or electric

line configuration.

Tool Specifications

Tool Length
Memory Configuration 15' 9"
E-Line Configuration 10' 9"
Tool O.D.
1.375"
Pressure Sensor
Type: Quartz Crystal
Accuracy: ± 0.03% F.S.
Resolution: 0.01 psi
Ranges: 10k, 16k, 20k
Make: Quartzdine
Temperature (Borehole)
Rating: 280 degrees F
Type: Platinum RTD
Accuracy: ± 1 Deg. C.
Resolution: 0.001 Deg. C.
Response: 0 - 100 Deg. C (4
seconds)
Temperature (Compensation)
Accuracy: ± 1 Deg. C.
Resolution: 0.01 Deg. C.
Gamma Ray Detector
Type: Scintillation
Collar Locator
Type: Coil / Rare Earth Magnet
Capacitance (Fluid I.D.)
Determine water presence in well
bore fluids.
Flow Meter (Spinner)
Type: Continuous
Sensors: Reed Switch / Magnetic
Resolution: 0.25 rps or 0.08 rps
Data Status: Velocity / Direction /
Diagnostics
Output Logging Curves
Gamma Ray
Collar Locator
Pressure
Temperature
Capacitance
Flow Velocity
Pressure Gradient
Temperature Gradient
Compensation Temperature
Line Speed
Time and Depth
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Hazardous Conditions Production Logging Tool (450oF Rating)

The tool has a small O. D. of 1 5/8". This tool has metal seals in addition to o-rings and is
capable of operating in very hot and corrosive environments. It has successfully run on
25,000 feet of 7/32” electric line to depths in excess of 18,000 feet and temperatures over
500oF.
This tool can be run in a memory or electric line configuration.

Tool Length
Memory Configuration 18' 3"
E-Line Configuration 10' 5"
Tool O.D.
1.625"
Pressure Sensor

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Type: Quartz Crystal

Accuracy: ± 0.03% F.S.
Resolution: 0.01 psi
Ranges: 10k, 16k, 20k
Make: Quartzdine
Temperature (Borehole)
Rating: 450 degrees F
Type: Platinum RTD
Accuracy: ± 1 Deg. C.
Resolution: 0.001 Deg. C.
Response: 0 - 100 Deg. C (4 seconds)
Temperature (Compensation)
Accuracy: ± 1 Deg. C.
Resolution: 0.01 Deg. C.
Gamma Ray Detector
Type: Scintillation
Collar Locator
Type: Coil / Rare Earth Magnet
Capacitance (Fluid I.D.)
Determine water presence in well bore
fluids.
Flow Meter (Spinner)
Type: Continuous
Sensors: Reed Switch / Magnetic
Resolution: 0.25 rps or 0.08 rps
Data Status: Velocity / Direction /
Diagnostics
Output Logging Curves
Gamma Ray
Collar Locator
Pressure
Temperature
Capacitance
Flow Velocity
Pressure Gradient
Temperature Gradient
Compensation Temperature
Line Speed
Time and Depth

Onboard diagnostics record systems failures to allow compensation of data while logging at
these extremely high temperatures. This gives a quality control base to cross reference-
acquired data to downhole events, rather than possible tool problems.

Geothermal Production Logging Tool

This tool was developed for the Geothermal Industry and Scientific Community to allow
surveillance of steam wells used in the generation of electricity. We have successfully logged
wells with a bottomhole temperature of over 650oF.

The Geothermal Tool contains all the sensors our other Slicklogger® systems do with the
exception of a capacitance (dielectric) probe. However, it is rarely needed in applications at its
designed temperature range. The Delta Pressure calculations suffice for fluid identification in
that realm.

While the tool has the capability to be run as a memory tool, it is most often used with e-line
in a surface readout configuration.

Tool Length
Memory Configuration 16' 4"
E-Line Configuration 10' 5"
Tool O.D.
1.77"
Pressure Sensor
Type: Quartz Crystal

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Accuracy: ± 0.03% F.S.

Resolution: 0.01 psi
Ranges: 10k, 16k, 20k
Make: Quartzdine
Temperature (Borehole)
Rating: 650 degrees F
Type: Platinum RTD
Accuracy: ± 1 Deg. C.
Resolution: 0.001 Deg. C.
Response: 0 - 100 Deg. C (4 seconds)
Temperature (Compensation)
Accuracy: ± 1 Deg. C.
Resolution: 0.01 Deg. C.
Optional Gamma Ray Detector
Type: Scintillation
Collar Locator
Type: Coil / Rare Earth Magnet
Flow Meter (Spinner)
Type: Continuous
Sensors: Reed Switch / Magnetic
Resolution: 0.25 rps or 0.08 rps
Data Status: Velocity / Direction /
Diagnostics
Output Logging Curves
Gamma Ray
Collar Locator
Pressure
Temperature
Flow Velocity
Pressure Gradient
Temperature Gradient
Compensation Temperature
Line Speed
Time and Depth

Onboard diagnostics record systems failures to

allow compensation of data while logging at
these extremely high temperatures. This gives
us a quality control base to cross reference-
acquired data to downhole events, rather than
possible tool problems.

The Purpose of Production Logging

A typical assumption that may be made is that production is coming only from the perforated
zone. It is not uncommon to find production communicating behind the pipe from a
supposedly "isolated zone" and entering the wellbore at the perforated interval. Many times,
the perforated interval will be depleted and accepting crossflow from the "isolated zone". This
production may, or may not be lost due to economic restraints and it will certainly cause a
conflict in the reserve calculations for the two zones. Future completions could also be
jeopardized by this unintentional and uncontrolled depletion.

Case in point:

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A customer called wanting to know his options for determining where a foamed cement or
polymer squeeze would go to if he pumped one in his well. The field had a history of a
bottom water drive encroaching up to the productive pay and he was concerned how much
damage the partially depleted zone would incur during a squeeze job. His concern was
justified in that this well was the best producer in the field and several of his past treatments
were failures. The wells made more water and less hydrocarbons after the treatments.

It was suggested that he use a production log to identify the problem and then design a
conformance treatment for that particular problem. The production log indicated that the
water source was not from below as anticipated, but from 400' above the primary pay. The
water source was also crossflowing into the primary pay. The solution was as simple as a few
perforations and an old fashioned "Bullhead Squeeze". Relatively low tech and low cost, but an
adequate solution.

What if:
Where do you think the polymer or foamed cement treatment would have gone had the job
been run on the assumption? It would have gone to the lowest pressured interval in the well,
which is the primary pay.

Principles Of Operation - Sensor Measurement

Frequency Measurement
The instrument - using a standard time-period-averaging technique, measures time period,
rather than frequency. The sensor signal is used to gate a high frequency (8 MHz) reference
clock, which effectively times a known number of sensor signal cycles.

At calibration time, the minimum possible frequency over the working temperature and sensor
range is determined, and used to calculate how many sensor signal cycles can be counted in a
given measurement time. We presently calculate this figure for 1, 2, and 3 seconds, and the
instrument dynamically decides which figure to use depending on the sampling rate selected
by the operator. Thus, a sampling rate of 3 seconds will have better resolution than a 1
second rate. Again this is dynamic and during the job the resolution will change depending on
the sample rate at a given time.

Example Pressure Resolution Calculation

Given a one second sampling interval, with some overhead time for data transmission and
other measurements approximately 650 ms is available for pressure frequency measurement.
At a minimum pressure crystal frequency of 23 kHz, the number of cycles occurring in 650 ms
is 23000 x 0.650 = 14950.

The tool will therefore count 14,950 pressure signal cycles and use the 8 MHz reference clock
to measure elapsed time, to the nearest eight-millionth of a second. At minimum pressure,
therefore, the number of reference clock cycles is 8000000 x (14950 / 23000) = 5,200,000.

Typically, the maximum frequency for a 10,000 psi transducer is 50055 kHz.

At the maximum pressure (and the same temperature) the number of reference clock cycles
becomes 8000000 x (14950 / 50055) = 2,389,371.691. A digital counter cannot count 0.691
clock cycles, so it will count either 2,389,371 or 2,389,372 cycles, depending just where in the
8 MHz pulse train the gate opened. The pressure variation represented by this one cycle
uncertainty is usually quoted as the sensor resolution, thus:

Resolution = Sensor Range x (1 / cycle count range)

Or = 10000 x (1 / (5,200,000 - 2,389,372)
Or = 10000 x (1/ 2,810,628)
Resolution = .0036 psi
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It is clear that resolution depends on:

(a) Time available for measurement

(b) Reference clock frequency
(c) Dynamic range of the sensor

The measurement time can be adjusted to make the best use of the sensor sampling rate.
Using the 8 MHz clock and by sampling at least three second intervals, the resolution on the
above sensor will be better than .001 psi. According to some schools of thought, resolution
should be represented by the RMS deviation from the "correct" calculated pressure, which
leads to figures some 2 to 3 times more optimistic than the ones shown.

Characterization
We use a hybrid polynomial/look-up table characterization scheme. The program looks up the
nearest four known calibration points at each of the next two calibration temperatures above
and below the well temperature, and performs a local two-dimensional polynomial
approximation. This method has the advantages that the characterization error is by
definition zero at the calibration points, and it is an order of magnitude less than that of a
global polynomial at intermediate points. It also allows calibration down to atmospheric
pressure without the risk of higher readings being skewed by non-linearity at the bottom of
the range; and it allows reasonable extrapolation at temperatures below the lowest calibration
temperature.

It is recognized that reference crystals are affected by temperature. We characterize each

sensor over temperature with its associated sensor-processor module, ensuring that the
overall characterization takes into account variations in reference oscillator frequency.

The raw sensor frequencies as measured at calibration time are stored in EEPROM in the
sensor-processor module itself, along with the calibration date. If the surface computer does
not contain the current calibration file for the tool at the data upload, the calibration
information is automatically uploaded. The storage of raw information rather than polynomial
coefficients permits after-the-fact choice of characterization scheme. It also allows for
reprocessing data after re-calibrating the tool.

How do memory logs work?

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Tubing Checks - Leak Detection - Gas Lift Analysis

An excellent use for the Slicklogger® PLT Systems is to perform tubing checks. It is a quick,
economic, and accurate means of identifying tubing leaks, gas lift leaks, and inoperative gas
lift valves. Tubing leaks can be found by mechanical means but this usually takes days to
complete. The initial costs associated with the mechanical methods are lower and can appear
to be the most cost effective; however, they rarely are, due to the amount of time needed to
define a depth range of +/- 20 feet. PL can tell you within a foot.

Other practices of data acquisition for gas lift analysis are being replaced by the dynamically
acquired pressure data from a dedicated logging system. Stationary pressure gradient stops
have been used since the conception of pressure gauges (bombs). It is normal procedure to
make gradient stops in and around gas lift mandrel at 500' increments. If you really want to
narrow in, you might have the stops 100' apart in critical areas. Thus, your resolution of data
points is 100 - 500'! The Slicklogger® Systems will supply you a data point on a per foot
basis. In addition, the other sensors in the tool can identify the conditions within the tubing
at the time the data is acquired. You don't have to settle for stationary readings 500' apart
where your only control factor is to take long-term reading so that you can average the data
and guess at the conditions during acquisition.

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Locating Water Source With Temperature Logs

Production Logging actually began in the late 1930's with the introduction of temperature
measurements in oil and gas wells. Production logging strings have become more
sophisticated at qualifying and quantifying flow profiles in the wellbore. Basically, the
production logging string obtains a density and a flow velocity measurement that are then
introduced to programs that will calculate where the fluid is entering, the type of fluid, and the
quantity of the entry. Flow characteristics such as turbulence, circulating fluids, and slugging
can influence spinner and density type sensors rendering the data useless for analysis.

Although very accurate and reliable, temperature is often neglected as the proper tool for
identifying water source. Temperature can be measured accurately no matter what the flow
conditions of the well. Temperature logs also tend to reflect long-term behavior in a well, not
just current conditions.

If some of the produced fluid is water, it is not enough to just know where the water is
entering. It is critical to know its origination. Is it fingering in with the production, channeling
from above or below by the cement, coning from above or below via the formation, or is the
reservoir depleted and "water drive" the source. Finding the source of water will typically
require the investigation to be carried out behind the pipe. The most reliable way to find fluid
movement behind the pipe is to measure the temperature changes created by that
movement.

To interpret the temperature log, one must understand the various factors that influence
temperature behavior in the well. These include the natural temperature of the formations
penetrated by the well, heat conductivity between the well and surrounding formation,
diffusivity of mechanicals such as packers, heat convection attending fluid flow, and thermal
changes of fluids under dynamic conditions.

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The generation and dissipation of the earth’s heat is ad infinitum. The heat flux from the core
travels to the surface through the various lithologies. This geothermal profile will vary from
area to area and the slope of the geothermal temperature versus the depth (referred to as
geothermal gradient) will vary from formation to formation. The geothermal gradient depends
on the thermal conductivity of the lithology. The higher the thermal conductivity, the more
easily the heat is transported through the rock. Though varying at different locations, the
gradient will typically be 1o F/100 ft. to 2.5 o F/100 ft. This gradient is key and becomes the
reference when interpreting temperature logs. While the fluids trapped within the earth
remain static, the geothermal gradient will be normal for that area. Once the fluid moves, it
will transport some of the temperature from its depth of origin. When the fluid moves it will
change the temperature around the borehole where it travels. The new amount of
temperature change per depth then becomes a dynamic temperature gradient. The rate or
slope of this temperature change will be steeper near its origin and gradually move parallel to
the normal geothermal slope. Actual temperature at a given depth will then be different from
the normal geothermal temperature.

If the fluid movement ceases, the temperature in the well will start to move back to the
original geothermal temperature for that area and depth. This "decay" in temperature back to
normal will be determined by the time of the fluid movement, the volume of fluid and the
conductivity between the well and the formation. The "temperature decay" is extremely
useful in qualifying fluid movement and in some cases the movement can be quantified.

A log from a water injection well (Figure 1 and Figure 2) demonstrates the use of temperature
decay to interpret logs. These examples are the same well and same log but different views
and scales.

The well had been injecting 500 BWPD with an injection pressure of 800 psi and then the
pressure dropped to 500 psi although the injection volume remained the same. The spinner
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indicates that the water is exiting the borehole at the top of the upper set of perforations.
This temperature survey indicates that the water is exiting the wellbore at the upper
perforations and then channeling up behind the pipe to the area at 1525 feet. The
temperature is also indicating the long-term behavior mentioned earlier. Although no water is
exiting the bottom set of perforations, the cool anomaly at the bottom perforations is a result
of the prior injection and full recovery to normal geothermal temperature is not yet complete.
Prior to injection the temperature in the wellbore is near the normal geothermal gradient.
Once injection begins, the temperature of the injected fluid will start to change the original
temperatures at any place in the well through which it moves.

This example well (Figure 2) demonstrates temperature characteristics in the shallow depths
where the injected water is warmer than the geo-temperature. At 1200 ft, in this example,
the average injected water temperature and the well geothermal temperatures are the same.
Above that depth the injected water is warmer, below that depth the injected water is cooler.

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When the geothermal temperature becomes warmer than the injected water temperature, the
curve and the decay curves "cross". Typically, the fluid will be cooler than the earth at the
depth of entry to the formation but this must be known for correct interpretations. As more
and more fluid invades and is "stored" in the formation, the temperature there will approach
the temperature of the fluid at the point of injection. Below the point of injection or below the
area of storage, the temperature remains near the normal geothermal temperature.

When injection is stopped, the well will recover toward the original temperatures prior to
injecting. Determining the amount of time for recovery takes gives a great deal of
information. In the wellbore above the injection zone, the temperature in the well will recover
faster. Over the area of storage, the well will recover much slower depending on the volume
of water injected. Below any injected water storage, the temperature will have remained near
the norm. Thus, the injecting temperature curve versus depth of a water injection well will
have a steeper slope and cooler temperature above the injection or storage area and would
recover rapidly to the normal geothermal temperatures below the area of injection.

In this example there is no fluid movement at this time below 1730 ft. The shut in
temperature curves will become warmer faster in the area above the injected water but will
indicate warming much slower over the injected interval. Below the injected interval the
flowing and shut in temperatures will be the same.

The log (Figure 2) indicates that the injected water is exiting the wellbore and channeling up
behind the pipe to1525 ft. At depths above the channel, the temperature decay is normal. In
the channel and storage area, the temperature first moves toward the average temperature of
the injected fluid and then will decay back to the normal gradient much slower than where
there is no channel or storage. Producing wells can be more complex because flow in the
formation is taking place and heat transfer from forced convection and conduction, and Joule-
Thomson heating or cooling of the fluid can be significant. However, the temperature log can
be used as a means to evaluate well characteristics by measuring and analyzing anomalous
temperature behavior.

A producing well with water channeling from below the perforated interval is shown (Figure
3). The well had been shut in several days prior to logging. A base temperature run was
made with the well shut in. Then the well was opened to flow and logging surveys were
made at one hour, two hour, and three hour intervals after flowing the well. The results show
the water moving up behind the pipe from 6075 feet and entering the wellbore at the
perforations. The fluid warms the area it moves through quickly and each successive pass
defines the source more precisely. Note the small difference between the shut-in and flowing
temperature below any area of flow. This is due to the release of pressure causing the fluids
to cool. The temperature cools immediately when the pressure drops and then begins to
decay back to normal. The amount of change in the area below any fluid movement is
dependent on the amount of pressure change between shut-in and flowing and the rate of
that change. It is important to note that although the absolute temperature changes the
slopes of the curves remain constant.

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The fact that the temperature at 6075 ft. increases to above the normal geothermal
temperature indicates that pressure is driving this fluid and Joule-Thomson heating is
occurring. This heating is again seen at 5970 ft. when the fluid enters the wellbore. There
are also examples of Joule-Thomson cooling effects at 5932 and 5952 ft. where gas is
entering the wellbore. Simplified, if a non-compressible fluid (water) is moved
through an orifice heating will occur. If a compressed fluid (gas) moves through an
orifice then cooling will occur.

Maxim Technology Limited

Maxim Engineering Centre,
Vale Business Park,
Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan,
Wales, UK.
www.maximtech.co.uk

MAXIM Technology’s range of products can be deployed on either electric wireline for surface
read-out (SRO) or memory for downhole recording.

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MAXIM's High Speed Telemetry interface (HSTi) system is used to transmit data from
downhole tools to a surface acquisition system and is one of the fastest available for use on
monocable. Inter-tool communication is available via the Downhole Tool Bus (DTB), which
enables very high-speed communication between tools and downhole data processing.

The High Capacity Memory Cartridge (HCMC) facilitates Downhole data recording, which is
available with memory in increments of 16 MB for almost unlimited recording capability.

All tools are built using approved NACE specification materials (MRO175) for use in wells
containing H2S and/or CO2.

Amongst other products, Maxim manufactures the world’s shortest 9-sensor production
logging tool (PPL).

Maxim Product Codes and Description

101 Accelerometer Velocity Tool

Measures changes in tool string velocity (acceleration) along the wellbore axis, and also measures
wellbore deviation. Enables correction of data corruption caused by tool yo-yo and stick-slip motion.

102 Casing Collar Locator

Detects joints between lengths of casing. A special CCL is designed to detect flush-joint
casing.

103 Scintillation Gamma Ray

Measures natural background radiation - used as a depth control device and to tie-in cased
hole logs with openhole logs.

104 Quartz Pressure Tool

Measures downhole pressure using a quartz pressure gauge.

105 Temperature Tool

Performs a precision, high-resolution measurement of downhole temperature.

106 Caliper Fullbore Flowmeter

Combines a two axis caliper to measure wellbore diameter with a flowmeter to measure fluid
flow, and provides lower centralization when deployed with PPL.

107 In-line Flowmeter

Measures flow of fluid in the well. Small diameter so can measure flow in tubing as well as
casing.

108 Radioactive Fluid Density Tool

Measures fluid density using a low energy radioactive source, in order to derive fluid identity
(oil/water/gas).

109 Differential Pressure Fluid Density

Measures fluid density using a precision differential pressure gauge.

110 Water Hold-up Tool (sometimes referred to as CWH, capacitance water hold-up)
Measures hydrocarbon / water ratio in the well.

111 Centralizer
Centralizes the tool string in the wellbore.

112 Caliper
Measures diameter of casing or tubing.
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113 Knuckle Joint

Allows decoupling of section of a logging tool string in order to run some elements centralized
and others eccentred.

114 Swivel Joint

Allows rotational movement between the cable head and the toolstring below to allow cable to
‘untorque’ as it is run in the well.

115 Head Tension Voltage Tool

Measures tension and compression at the tool head as well as tool head voltage.

116 Addressable Release Tool

Enables engineer-controlled release of part of a cased hole toolstring in the event that the
toolstring becomes stuck.

117 Pocket Production Logging Tool

Ultra-short, all-in-one production logging tool. The basic unit measures pressure,
temperature, gamma ray, fluid capacitance, and CCL.

118 Horizontal Fluid Profile Tool

Used to derive fluid identity and flow rates in highly deviated or horizontal wells.

119 Orientation Velocity Tool

Measures tension and compression at the tool head, tool head-voltage, deviation and tool
orientation.

125 High Speed Telemetry Interface

Fully digital mono/co-axial cable telemetry system comprising downhole electronic cartridge
(HSTC) and surface panel (HSTP) or DELTA surface system

126 Digital Evaluation Logging Tool Acquisition System

Highly compact computer based surface system used to acquire log data in real time.
Employs a Windows-based system for ease of use and flexibility.

127 Memory Crossover Tool

Enables a third party memory tool to be run with Maxim downhole tools.

128 Vibration Monitoring Tool

Measures vibration occurring in a stuck drill pipe downhole.

129 Fluid Identification Tool

Identifies the proportion of each fluid type (oil/water/gas) in order to derive the volumetric
flow rate of each component in the well.

130 Fluid Diverter Tool

Forces all flow from a low flow rate well through a small orifice in order to make accurate
measurements of flow rate and fluid identity.

131 High Capacity Memory Cartridge

Records log data downhole for later retrieval and viewing on a PC.

132 Fixed Cage Flowmeter

A bottom flowmeter with a fixed diameter impeller used where a CFF is not appropriate.

133 Multifinger Caliper

A caliper with a high radial density of measuring fingers used to monitor casing/tubing
corrosion, erosion and wear.
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134 Electromagnetic Thickness Tool

Measures the metal loss in corroded/eroded downhole tubulars. Combinable with the MFC.

Oildata Wireline Services

Oildata Wireline Services Limited
Plot 282, Trans Amadi Industrial Layout
PMB 074
Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Nigeria

http://www.oildatainc.com/index.html

Introduction
Oildata's Production Logging Tool has been used to successfully record single and multi-phase
PLT surveys on numerous horizontal and vertical wells in Nigeria. The tool simultaneously
records measurements from up to twelve (12) independent, high-resolution sensors.

Description
The Memory/Real-Time Production logging tool simultaneously records data from up to twelve
different production log sensors (e.g. Spinner, Gradiomanometer, Capacitance, Gamma Ray,
Temperature, Caliper etc.) in addition to the Casing Collar Locator and Quartz Pressure. In
memory mode, log data are stored in a downloadable memory tool. The tool string can be
deployed on slickline, coiled tubing or e-line depending on the logistics. In memory mode,
depth correlation is achieved by simultaneous recording of the depth and time via an
electronic encoder and depth-time interface and correlating the resulting output logs (e.g.
Gamma Ray and Casing Collars) to the existing open hole logs.

High-resolution measurements are taken over a sample interval as small as 10 samples a

second and stored in non-volatile memory which has capacities as large as 50Mb. Data files
and logs can be transmitted using a modem link to any location from the well site.
Interpretation is performed at the well site with aid of a computer-based Cased Hole
interpretation package. Final interpretation is done at our Computer Centre. It is virtually
impossible to distinguish data acquired in Memory or Real time modes.

Applications
· Determination of the contribution of individual zones to total production. Determination
of quantitative flow rates
· Accurate measurement of after flow in high permeability reservoirs.
· Well performance evaluation.
· Water Injection/Dump Flood profiles
· Identifying fluid entries and exits.
· Identifying anomalous flow behind casing or tubing.
· Determination of scale buildup in casing or tubing.

Tool Specifications

Tool Function Outside Length Max. Maximum Accuracy/ Measurement

Diameter (Inches) Temp. Pressure Resolution
(Inches) (Of) (Psi)
Coil Tubing Connects to 1.6875 18.5 300.0 5,000
X/O or Standard Coiled
Telemetry Tubing/Transmits
Tool real time data
Memory Tool Stores tool 1.6875 24.4 300.0 5,000 0.10 to 1 sec 512Kb -50Mb
program and sampling
data
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Casing Collar For Depth 1.6875 18.5 320 - 5,000

Locator Correlation 350
Knuckle Joint Allows sections 1.6875 6.5 400 5,000
of the tool string
to be centered
whilst
centralizing
other sections
Gamma Ray A high resolution 1.6875 26.5 320 - 5,000 1 cps/API
scintillation 350 unit
detector for
correlation to
open hole logs
Dual X-Y A Tool similar to 1.6875 41 320 - 5,000 0.1"/0.015" 2-3/8" TBG
Caliper the single 350 to 9-5/8"
Caliper, but casing
measures with
high
repeatability in X
and Y axes.
Single Measures the 1.6875 35.25 320 - 5,000 0.1"/0.015" 2-3/8" TBG
Caliper casing I.D. in 350 to 9-5/8"
one axis. casing
Thermometer High precision 1.6875 15 320 - 5,000 0.9oF/Infinite 350oF Max
temperature 350
probe.
Quartz A quartz 1.6875 12.13 320 - 5,000 0.005% 0 - 15,000
Pressure precision 350
pressure sensor.
In-Line A rugged spinner 1.6875 17.31 320 - 5,000 -3.0% 600 -
Flowmeter flowmeter for 350 6000,000
continuous bpd
measurement of
fluid velocity,
with a protected
impeller.
Fluid Density Records 1.6875 26.53 320 - 5,000 0.03g/cc 0 - 1.3g/cc
(Radioactive) continuous fluid 350
density
measurements
Fluid A flow-through 1.6875 26.2 320 - 5,000 1.0% 0 to 50%
Capacitance device to 350 Hold -Up
measure water
hold-up to 50%
in any flow rate

Diagnostic Technology
This category involves the application of diagnostic surveys designed to identify specific
sources or causes of downhole well problems. Services run in this phase include production
logs, noise logs, multi-finger imaging logs, and Compensated Neutron logs.

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Production Logs involve the simultaneous real-time or memory record of downhole production
using up to 10 independent sensors including Gamma ray, Collar locator, flow meter, fluid
density, X-Y caliper, temperature, in-line flow meter, and quartz pressure.

Noise Logs detect downhole audio frequency and amplitude variations due to fluid
movements.

The dual or compensated Neutron Log is used to identify gas-oil contacts, monitor gas-cap
movements and as an alternative correlation tool. (The memory version of this tool is
deployed on slickline).

The Multi-Finger Imager Log provides high-resolution images of the internal corrosion
condition of tubing and casing by recording simultaneous independent measurements from up
to 40 mechanical feelers or calipers. (This tool can be deployed on slickline or electric line).

Data recorded with memory tools is stored in a downloadable memory tool and subsequent
"depth-to-time-to-data" merges result in a depth-matched log, which is of comparable quality
to real-time generated logs.

The Memory Dual Neutron Tool (MDNT)

This is designed to investigate formation gas contacts in cased wells. The tool is deployed
through tubing on Slickline. The MDNT employs an AmBe neutron source and two thermal
neutron detectors in an arrangement commonly known as a Compensated Neutron Tool.
Depth correlation is achieved with the Gamma Ray tool run in combination. Uses can include:

· To detect gas contacts through-tubing.

· To detect qualitatively, depletion in producing well.
· Cased hole porosity estimation.
· Depth correlation when there is minimal Gamma Ray character

Outer Diameter 1.6975"

Length 5 Feet
Detectors Helium 3 Detectors
Acquisition Electronics Digital Transmission/Memory
Memory Capacity 512Kb to 32 Mb
Battery Duration 1 day to 1 week
Standard Logging Speed 1800ft/hr (30ft/min)
High Resolution Logging Speed 9000ft/hr (15ft/min)
Shop Calibration Shop Tank Counts Ratio
Tool Positioning Eccentralized by Knuckle Joints
Typical Combination MDNT-PRT-PGR-CCL-QPS-MPL-POWER SUPPLY
Maximum Temperature 350oF
Casing Range 4 1/2" to 9 5/8"
Bore Hole Fluid Liquid
Repeatability +/- 10% (Logging speed dependent)

http://www.readgroup.no/group/index.asp

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Facility.......................................................... Ravnsborgveien 56, Hvalstad, Oslo

Postal Address.......................................... P.O. Box 193, N-1360 Nesbru, Norway

Read Well Services offers flow measurement and fluid identification devices for reservoir and
production monitoring. The production logging (PL) system is compact and portable. It is
ideally suited to concurrent well deck operations offshore or mast operations onshore.
Downhole tools are operated by a single engineer on any type of electric wire line or
alternatively in memory slick line mode. “They offer cost effective and reliable solutions for
reservoir monitoring. With a complete production well tool string 6 meters in length and an
injector string of less than 4 meters this is one of the most flexible systems available.”

The standard sensors, which

include quartz pressure,
temperature, gamma ray, collar
locator and caliper, are
complemented by specialized
devices:

· High resolution
temperature sensors for
pinhole leak detection
· Diverter flow meters for
precise zonal flow
allocation in deviated or
low rate wells
· Nuclear fluid density
device unaffected by LSA
scale.

Schlumberger
http://www.connect.slb.com/index.cfm?id=id4638

FloView

Applications and Benefits

Accurate water holdup
First oil-entry detection
From bubble count measurements
Works at high water cut
First water-entry detection for water
shutoff (at low water cut)
Caliper measurement

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Fresh and injected water

differentiation

Features
Four resistive probes for direct
measurement of holdup and bubble
count
Single-axis caliper measurement
Relative-bearing measurement to
locate sensor position in the pipe
Oriented images of water holdup and
bubble count
Water holdup cross-section images
for highly deviated and horizontal
wells from FloView Plus service and
MapFlo multiphase flow mapping in
deviated wells
Estimated hydrocarbon flow velocity
Water salinity change detection
No calibration required
Not sensitive to friction effects and
salinity changes
Self-centralized

FloView service provides indication of fluid

entries in the borehole. In this example,
both the FloView tool and the
gradiomanometer detect the gas entry at
about X800. However, only the FloView tool
shows the water entries in the lower set of
perforations.

The FloView Plus service provides cross-sectional views of flow in horizontal sections. In the
cross section above, phase segregation is shown in an oil-water flow at 90° deviation. Probe
positions are shown by the dots.

The FloView tool has four probes that make independent measurements of the multiphase
fluids in each quadrant of the pipe. These point sensors measure the local resistivity of the
fluid: high for hydrocarbons and low for water. When a probe pierces impinging droplets of oil
or gas in a water continuous phase (or water droplets in an oil continuous phase), it generates
a binary output signal. These signals allow determining the local water holdup and the
number of hydrocarbon bubbles arriving at each probe (bubble count). The probes cannot
discriminate between oil and gas.

Relative bearing is used to locate the position of the probes within the pipe cross-section (with
respect to the high side of the pipe). The FloView tool uses this positioning data to generate
oriented images of water holdup and hydrocarbon flow distribution versus depth. The sonde
also has an accurate single-axis caliper and is self-centralized to reduce the tool length.

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The FloView tool is combinable with the conventional production logging sensor suite. FloView Plus
service combines two FloView tools to double the coverage in the pipe cross-section. The resulting
images of the flow regimes and holdup distribution allow complex diagnosis in highly deviated and
horizontal wells.

FloView Specifications
Length 6.8 ft [2.07 m]
Diameter 1 11/16 in. [4.29 cm]
Weight 28 lbm [12.5 kg]
Maximum temperature 300°F [150°C]
Maximum pressure 15,000 psi [1000 bar]
Water holdup accuracy 5%
Fluid Entry
Depth resolution <1 ft
Threshold 50 B/D
Caliper Measurements
Caliper range 2 to 9 in.
Accuracy 0.25 in.
Resolution 0.1 in.
Tool operation requires fluids not in emulsion and bubbles sufficiently large
compared with the size of the probe tip.

FloView Local Measurement Principle

The four probes of the FloView tool make

independent measurements of the local
resistivity of the fluid: high for
hydrocarbons and low for water. When a
probe pierces impinging droplets of oil or
gas in a water continuous phase (or water
droplets in an oil continuous phase), it
generates a binary output signal used to
determine the local water holdup and
number of hydrocarbon bubbles arriving at
each probe (bubble count). The probes
cannot discriminate between oil and gas.

FloView Tools

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Two FloView tools in combination form the FloView Plus service, run as part of the PL Flagship
production logging tool string. Measurements of holdup and phase velocities allow diagnoses
of the flow regimes in both highly deviated and horizontal wells.

FloView Probe

Positions of the FloView probes along

the arms are set at the surface.

PS Platform

Features Comments

Applications The PS Platform* tool string is used for

· Identification of water, oil and gas entry determining the downhole flow regime.
points
· Two- and three-phase flow profile To reduce overall operation logistics, the PS
determination Platform tool string acquires the same
· Production logging in horizontal, measurements in either memory or real-
deviated and vertical wells time mode.
· Logging in wells with limited surface
area or rig-up height The tool design [per Schlumberger]
provides the most sensors per linear foot
Features available in the industry - making it the
· Integrated directional fullbore spinner shortest tool.
with independent X-Y caliper and local
holdup probes 16 in. [40 cm] from tool There is conveyance on any type of wireline
bottom or multiline (conductive slickline).
· Physical combinability with various
perforating and logging services Memory services have been completed on
· Common sensors for memory and real- slickline, on coiled tubing and below tubing-
time applications conveyed perforating guns.
· Resistance to corrosion (exceeding
NACE specifications) “Sensors are so stable that wellsite
· Logging-while-drilling environmental calibration is not required.”
specification
· Condensed packaging By integrating a spinner, X-Y caliper and
· High-quality pressure data (CQG local probes, the average velocity, hole size
Crystal Quartz Gauge) and geometry, and water holdup are
independently measured as the required
inputs for calculating individual flow rates.
All these sensors are located 16 in. from
the tool bottom, which allows logging in
wells with reduced sumps.

The Flow-Caliper Imaging tool includes a

directional fullbore spinner, an independent,
self-centralizing X-Y caliper with a
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significant range, and local electrical

probes.

The FloView* probe technology directly

determines water holdup, and a bubble
count measurement yields a simple, robust
estimate of hydrocarbon flow rate and
accurate identification of fluid entry points.

In wells with high producing rates, jetting

influence is minimized and friction effect is
compensated for by the design of the
Gradiomanometer* tool.

A choice of high-resolution CQG* Crystal

Quartz Gauge, Sapphire* strain pressure
gauge or an additional quartz gauge offers
flexibility for high-profile surveys or
advanced well testing.

When in recorder mode, the data are

memorized downhole and retrieved at
surface with a portable acquisition system.
Each sensor can be programmed up to 10
data points per second, and more than 100
hr of continuous data can be recorded.

Combined Services

Wellbore and reservoir characteristics

are defined through simultaneous real-
time logging combinations. The
GHOST* Gas Holdup Sensor Tool
quantifies gas holdup and differentiates
gas and liquid entries. The RST*
Reservoir Saturation Tool offers sigma,
carbon-oxygen, water flow, three-
phase holdup and spectrometry
logging. The SCMT* Slim Cement
Mapping Tool evaluates the cement-to-
casing bond and locates channels. The
FloView device adds additional
electrical probe sensors to increase
wellbore coverage in deviated or
horizontal wells.

The PS Platform string combines the

Basic Measurement sonde and the
Flow-Caliper Imaging tool in 13.5 ft
[4.11 m]. This minimum configuration,
along with the optional
Gradiomanometer and UNIGAGE*
carrier tools, logs in both memory and
real-time modes. The additional
GHOST, FloView, RST and SCMT tools
provide answers in real time.

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PS Platform Specifications

Maximum pressure 15,000 psi [1035 bar]

Maximum temperature 300°F [150°C]
Maximum tool OD (no rollers) 1 11/16 in. [43 mm]
Maximum tool OD (rollers) 2 1/8 in. [54 mm]
Shocks Class 6 specifications
H2MS Exceeds NACE specifications
Sensor Length Measurement Accuracy Resolution
Basic measurement 8.3 ft Pressure (strain gauge) ± 6 psi [0.4 bar] 0.1 psi [0.007 bar]
sonde [2.52 m] Pressure (quartz design) ± 1 psi [0.07 bar] ± 0.01 psi [0.007 bar]
Temperature 0.01% full scale 0.01°F [0.006°C]
1.8°F [± 1°C]
Gradiomanometer 4.8 ft Fluid density ± 0.04 g/cm3 0.002 g/cm3
Tool [1.45 m]
Flow-Caliper 5.2 ft Flowmeter 5% (2% Hw > 90%) 2 ft/min
Imaging tool [1.59 m] Water holdup 10% in oil continuous [0.6 m/mm]
Bubble count phase
Relative bearing 10% (bubble size >
X-Y caliper (2-11 in.) 0.04 in. [1 mm]) ±6 °
0.2 in. [5 mm]
UNIGAGE carrier 4.2 ft Pressure (quartz gauge) ± 1 psi [0.07 bar] ± 0.01 psi
[1.27 m] 0.01% full scale [0.0007 bar]
FlowView Tool 6.8 ft Water holdup Same as Flow-Caliper 0.1 in.
[2.07 m] Bubble count Imaging tool
Relative bearing 0.25 in. [5 mm]
1-axis caliper (2-9 in.)
Ghost Tool 7.1 ft Gas holdup 5% without probe 0.1 in.
[2.18 m] Bubble count protector
Relative bearing 7% with probe protector
1-axis caliper (2-9 in.) Better than 0.1% for
2%> HG> 98%
1% (bubble size >
0.002 in. [0.1 mm] ±
6°
0.25 in. [5 mm]

RST Specifications

Maximum pressure 15,000 psi [1035 bar]

Maximum temperature 300°F [150°C]
Maximum tool OD (RST-A) 1.68 in [43 mm]
Maximum tool OD (RST-B) 2.5 in. [63 mm]

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Sensor Length Measurement

RST-A tool 23 ft [7.01 m] Sigma
Porosity
C/O ratio
Spectrometry
Water flow log
Three-phase
holdup log
RST-B tool 22 ft [6.7 m] Sigma
C/O ratio
Spectrometry

CMT Specifications

Maximum pressure 10,000 psi [670 bar]

Maximum temperature 300°F [150°C]
Maximum tool OD 1 11/16 in. [43 mm]

Sensor Length Measurement Resolution

SCMT 10.9 ft Amplitude 2 in. (at
[33.3 m] Cement map 1800 ft/hr)

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An Example:
The following example was for a producing well. Nevertheless, similar considerations can be
applied for an injector. There may be less concern over the oil and water percentages, unless
this is run in a producer, which has seen breakthrough from an injector.

The PS Platform service was run in a well having 5-in. casing, a deviation of 31° and
unwanted water and gas production. The objective was to obtain a flow profile and determine
water and gas entry points.

The well was logged using a string composed of one weight bar, the PS Platform Basic
Measurement sonde equipped with a telemetry module and a Sapphire strain gauge, the Flow-
Caliper Imaging tool and, because three-phase flow was expected, a Gradiomanometer
sensor. The total operating time was 3 hr.

The thermometer reacted strongly to the top two fluid entries, and the bubble count
measurements gave even sharper indications of hydrocarbon entry points than did the
spinner. The X-Y caliper data indicated scaling and casing corrosion, as well as probable
damage from perforations at X640 ft and X320 ft.

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The three-phase flow profile indicated that:

The first production comes from an entry a few feet above total depth (X645 ft) that is
producing 800 BWPD and 150 BOPD.
The second entry (X440 ft) also produces water and oil: 2200 BWPD and 500 BOPD.
The third entry (X320 ft) produces no water but produces a large amount of gas and
2000 BOPD.

Based on this interpretation, other wells in the area were reevaluated to determine if this
lower (X645) interval was present and could be completed to add to production. After
removing fill in the wellbore of one well, this interval was perforated and initial production
increased by 500 STB of oil per day.

Spartek Systems
#4 - 4 Erickson Crescent
Sylvan Lake, Alberta,
Canada T4S-1P5

http://jaguar.rttinc.com/~spartek/index.htm

SS8000 Production Logging Tool String

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The SS8000 is a1" O.D. production logging tool string. The fullbore spinner module will
collapse to 1.25 inches. The system includes a Sapphire based pressure sensor, RTD platinum
wire fast response temperature sensor, fluid capacitance meter, x-y caliper, gamma ray, CCL,
and integrated z-axis accelerometer measurement. The telemetry/power module provides for
real time bi-directional communication with the host surface logging system.

The system can be used for monitoring CO2 and waterflood projects.

Operation Specifications:
Temperature range 150o C
Pressure Rating 10,000 psi (maximum)
Module Length Diameter
Fullbore Spinner 2.20 ft 1.25 in
Pressure/Temp/Capacitance 2.70 ft 1.00 in
Power/Telemetry Module 2.50 ft 1.00 in
X-Y Caliper 3.20 ft 1.00 in
Gamma Ray / CCL 3.29 ft 1.00 in
Housing Types Stainless 17-4
Inconel 718 (Optional)

Performance Specifications:

Pressure Accuracy 0.022 % Full Scale

Pressure resolution 0.0004% Full Scale

Pressure Drift <3 psi/year

Primary Features Applications

· 1" OD · Monitoring Well Performance

· Compact Length · Problem Diagnostics
· Modular · Time Lapse Logging
· Built in Diagnostics
· Tracer Injection

Subsurface Technology AS
Subsurface Technology AS ("SubTech") [now part of Weatherford] have, developed and
provided custom-built TFL ("Through Flow Line", or "Pump Down") tools. Saga Petroleum ASA
had used TFL for well maintenance on Snorre. SubTech developed hydraulic/mechanical
operated TFL tools for Saga. The tools provided, could locate and position a memory-based
production logging tool (PLT) string.

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[1] While this organization apparently serves U.S. based operations, their web site information on PLT is quite comprehensive and
useful for those who are not experienced with PLT.

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