Study the information about the past perfect:

Complete
d action The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another Tony knew Istanbul so well because
before action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a he  had visited  the city several
something specific time in the past. times.
in the past

Duration
By the time Alex finished his studies,
before We use the past perfect with non-continuous verbs* to show that something
he  had been  in London for over
something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
eight years.
in the past

Specific
She  had visited  her Japanese
times with It is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the past perfect.
relatives once in 1993 before she
the past Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
moved in with them in 1996.
perfect

She  had visited  her Japanese

If the past perfect action did not occur at a specific time, the simple past can relatives once in 1993 before she
Past moved in with them in 1996.
be used instead of the past perfect when 'before' or 'after' is used in the
perfect
sentence. The words 'before' and 'after' actually tell you what happens first,
and past
so the past perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences in the She  visited  her Japanese relatives
simple
example are correct. once in 1993 before she moved in
with them in 1996.

Past
If past perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a
perfect, She  had  never  seen  a bear before
specific time, the past perfect is not optional. For this reason, the simple past
not past she moved to Alaska.
cannot be used.
simple

*Non-continuous verbs usually indicate actions you cannot see somebody doing. They include:

Abstract
to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist, etc.
verbs                

Possession
to possess, to own, to belong, etc.
verbs

Emotion verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind, etc.

Зверни увагу!

Don't mix up the present perfect and the past perfect.

Both tenses talk about something that happened before a point in time.

In the present perfect, our reference point is in the present.

In the past perfect, our reference point is in the past.

I  have lived  in this city for six months. (the present perfect) – an action that started in the past and continues in the
present.

When I arrived at work, I discovered that I  had left  my keys at home. (the past perfect) – an action that happened
before a time in the past.

Study the information how to form the past perfect.

  
  

  

subject + had + past You  had decided  what to do by 5

Affirmative
participle o'clock yesterday.

subject + had + not + past You  had not  decided  what to do by 4

Negative
participle o'clock yesterday.

had + subject + past Had  you  decided  what to do by 6

Interrogative
participle o'clock?

Past participle

  
 Irregular verbs You have to know all the forms of the irregular verbs very well. For the past perfect go – went – gone
you need the form of the verb which can be found in the 3rd column of the table of
                                the irregular verbs                                  

Regular verbs add -ed work – worked

  

Sometimes there are exceptions in spelling when adding -ed:

 
Consonant after a
stop – stopped
short, stressed vowel at the double the consonant:
swap – swapped
end of the word
                                                 

In British English double one -l at the end of the word: travel – travelled

One -e at the end of the love – loved

leave out the -e; add -d:
word save – saved

Verbs ending in -y verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u); add
play – played
  -ed:

 
change 'y' to 'i' after a consonant; then add -ed: worry – worried
 

  

  

Compare the past perfect and the past perfect continuous:

They  had eaten  dinner when their friends came. (the past perfect) - a past action which happened before another
past action.

 Study the information about the past perfect continuous.

  

The past perfect continuous is used to talk about actions or situations that were in progress before some other
actions or situations. There are also other uses:

 
 

They  had been waiting  for the bus for half an hour before it came.  (the past perfect continuous) - we put emphasis
on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past.

Choose the correct variant to complete the sentences. All the sentences are in the past perfect.

1. She told me that she ___________ a ghost.

    

 had seen

 had saw

 has been seeing

    

2. _______________ your homework before you went to the cinema?

    

 Finished had you

 Had you finish

 Had you finished

    

3. When they came home, Sue ______________ dinner already.

    

 has been cooking

 is cooking

 had cooked
   

4. His mother was angry because he _____________ her with the shopping.

   

 has not helped

 did not help

 had not helped

  

5. Where _______________ before she moved to Chicago?

   

 he lives

 had he live

 had she lived

   

2. Past perfect continuous

Умова завдання:

1,5Б.

Fill in the gaps with the verb in brackets using the past perfect continuous.

  

Example: Sam gained weight because he _______  for 2 years. (overeat)

Answer: Sam gained weight because he had been overeating for 2 years.

  

1) When the boss came back, I _________there for 6 months. (work)

     

 had been working

 have been working

 had been worked

 
2)  When they cancelled the flight to Alicante, the storm ____________ all afternoon with no sign of abating. (rage)

     

 had been rageing

 had been raging

 has been raging

3)  Chef Jones ______ the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. (cook)

     

 had been cookeing

 had been cooking

 has been cooking

Listen to the song "Goodbye My Lover" by James Blunt.

  
«Goodbye My Lover» by James Blunt
  
Complete the gaps in the lyrics with the verbs in the past tenses.
 
1.  You touched my heart, you    my soul.
 
2.  Yes I saw you were   and I knew I had won.
 
3.  My heart was   by you.
 
4.  I've kissed your lips and    your hand.
 
5.  You have   the one for me.