CHAPTER 5 Principles of Convection

5-1 INTRODUCTION
5-2 VISCOUS FLOW
Shear stress:
du
  [5  1]
dy
  Dynamic viscosity

boundary layer : the region of flow that develops from the

leading edge of a plate in which the effects of the viscosity are
observed
The outside boundary of a boundary layer is usually chosen as
the point where the velocity of flow is 99 percent of the free-
stream value.
Three regimes of boundary-layer flow
1. Laminar flow
2. Transitional flow
3. Turbulent flow
The transition occurs when
u x u x
  5 105
v 
Renolds number

u x
Re x  [5  2]
v

For most analytical purposes, the critical number for the

transition is usually taken as 5105
The critical Re for transition is strongly dependent on the
surface roughness condition and the “turbulent level”of the
free-stream.
The normal range for the beginning of transition is between :
5 105 to 106
For very large disturbances present in the flow, transition
may begin with Renolds number as low as
105
Foe flows that are very free from fluctuation, the transition
may not start until
Re  2  106
The transition is completed at Re twice the value at the
transition begin.
The relative shape for the
velocity profiles in laminar
and turbulent flow

The laminar profile is approximately parabolic

Structure of turbulent profile :

Laminar sublayer that is nearly linear.
Turbulent portion which is relatively flat in comparison wit
h the laminar profile.
The physical mechanism of viscosity in fluids
In laminar flow, the viscosity is attributed to the
exchange of momentum between different laminas by the
movement of molecules.
For a gas  T

In turbulent flow, the momentum exchange between

different layers is caused by the macroscopic movement of
fluid chunks. We can expect a larger viscous-shear in
turbulent flow than in laminar flow, due to which the
velocity profile is flat in a turbulent boundary layer.
Flow in a tube

The critical Re
um d
Re d   2300 [5  3]
v
The range of Re for transition is
2000  Re d  4000
Continuity relation in a tube
is 
m  u m A [5  4]

m
Mass velocity  G   um [5  5]
A
Re based on mass velocity is defined as
Gd
Re d  [5  6]

5-3 INVISCOUS FLOW
The Bernoulli equation for flow along a stream results:

p 1 v2
  const [5  7 a ]
 2 gc
In differential form,
dp VdV
 0 [5  7b]
 gc
The energy equation for compressible fluid

1 2 1 2
i1  V1  Q  i2  V2  Wk [5  8]
2gc 2 gc
i is the enthalpy defined by

i  e  pv [5  9]
Equation of state of fluid

R
M
p  RT e  cv T i  c p T   8314.5 J / kg  mol.K

Rair  287 J / kg  K c p , air  1.005kJ / kg 0 C cv , air  0.718kJ / kg 0 C

Relations applicable to reversible adiabatic flow:

T0  1 2
 1 M
T1 2
 /(  1)
p0    1 2 
 1  M 
p  2 
1 /( 1)
0    1 2 
 1  M 
  2 
V
M
a
a  g c RT [5  10]

a  20.045 T m/ s [5  11]
 5-4 LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE
Assumptions:
1. Incompressible and steady flow
2. No pressure variation in the direction
perpendicular to the plate.
3. Constant viscosity
4. Viscous-shear in y direction is
negligible.

Two methods to study motion of

fluid.
1. Newton’s law of motion 2. Force balance
d  mV  x  Fx  increse in momentum flux in x direction
 Fx  d
Which applies to a system of Which applies to a elemental control
constant mass. volume fixed in space.
 Mass continuity equation
Mass in the left face is
udy
Mass out of the left face is
 u 
  u  dx dy
 x 
Mass in the bottom face is
vdx
Mass out of the top face is
 v 
  v  dy dx

 y 

Mass balance on the element is Mass continuity equation

 u   v  u v
udy  vdx    u  dx dy    v  dy dx  0
 x   y  x y
Derivation of momentum equation
Mass in the left face is
udy
Momentum flux in the left face is
udyu  u 2 dy
Momentum flux out of the left face is
2
 u 
  u  dx  dy
 x 

Mass in the bottom face is vdx

Momentum flux in the x direction entering the bottom face

vudx
 v 
Mass out of the top face is   v  dy dx

 y 
Momentum flux in the x direction leaving the top face
 v  u 
  v  dy  u  dy dx
 y  y 
Pressure forces on the left and right faces are pdy and [ p  (p / x)dx]dy
p
Net pressure force in the direction of motion is  dxdy
x
Viscous-shear force on the bottom face is u
 dx
y
Viscous-shear force on the top face is  u   u  
dx    dy 
 2u  y y  y  
Net viscous - shear force   2 dxdy
y
Balancing force and momentum in x direction gives
2
 2u p  u 
 2 dxdy  dxdy    u  dx  dy  u 2 dy
y x  x 
 v  u 
   v  dy  u  dy dx  vudx
 y  y 
Final result
 u u   2u p
  u  v    2 
 x y  y x
——Momentum equation
Integral momentum equation of the boundary layer.
Mass flow through plane 1
H
 udy
0
[a]

Momentum flow through plane 1

H

0
u 2 dy [b]
Momentum flow through plane 2
H d H 2 

0
u 2 dy 
dx  0
 u dy dx
 [c]

Mass flow through plane 2

d H
 0 udy dx
H

0
udy 
dx   [d]

Carried momentum in x direction by the flow through plane A-A

d  H
u  0 udy dx
dx  

The net momentum flow out of the control volume is

d  H 2  d H
 0 u dy dx  u  0 udy dx
dx   dx  
By the use of d    d  d or d  d    d

d  H d du
 0 udy dx   u 0 udy dx    0 udy dx
H H
u
dx   dx   dx  
d  H  du  H
   uu dy dx    udy dx
dx  0  dx  0 

The pressure force on plane 1 is pH

The pressure force on plane 2 is [ p  (dp / dx)dx]H

The shear force at wall is u 

  w dx   dx
y  y 0
Setting the force on the element equal to the net increase in momentum gives
dp d du
 w  H    0H  u  u  udy   0H udy [5  15]
dx dx dx
——Integral momentum equation of the boundary layer.

d  H 2  d  H
 0 u dy dx  u  0 udy dx
dx   dx  
For constant pressure ， from Bernoulli equation
dp VdV
 0
 gc
One obtains
dp du
dx
 0   u  
dx  5  16
Integral momentum equation of the boundary layer becomes
d  u 
   5  17
dx 0
 u  u udy    
y  y 0
 w
 Evaluation of boundary layer thickness
d  u 
   u  u  udy   w    5  17
dx 0 y  y 0
Boundary conditions are

u0 at y0  a Inserting the expression into equation [5-17]

u  u at y   b d


2  3 y
u 0 
1  y   3 y 1  y  
3
    1 
3
    dy
dx 2  2    2  2    
u
y
0 at y   c   
u  3 u
 
For constant-pressure condition y  y 0 2 
 2u
0 at y0 d 
y 2 Carrying out the integration leads to
suppose d  39  3 u
 u2   
u  C1  C2 y  C3 y 2  C4 y 3 dx  280  2 

Appling boundary conditions obtains Separation of variables leads to

3
u 3 y 1 y 140  140 
d  dx 
   
u 2  2     5  19 13 u 13 u
dx
  2 140 x
2

13 u
 const  5  20
at x0  0 , so that

x
  4.64 [5  20]
u

In terms of Renolds number

 4.64
 1/ 2
x Re x
u x
Re1x/ 2   5  21


Exact solution

 5 .0
 1/ 2
x Re x
 5  21a 
 5-5 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
Assumptions:
1. incompressible steady flow
2. Constant viscosity ,thermal
conductivity, and specific heat
3. Negligible heat conduction in
the direction of flow

Energy convected in left face

+ energy convected in bottom face
+ energy conducted in bottom face
+net viscous work done on element
= energy convected out right face
+ energy out top face
+heat conducted out top face
The viscous shear force over dx u
 dx
y
The distance through which the force moves in respect to the control volume dxdy is
u
dy 2
y  u 
The net viscous energy delivered to the element is    dxdy ［ 5-12
 y 
Energy balance corresponding to the quantities shown in figure 5-6］
is
 T T  u v   2
T  u 
2

c p u v  T    dxdy  k dxdy     dxdy ［ 5-22

 x y  x y    y 2
 y  ］

u v
Using  0
x y

And dividing by c p gives

2
T T  2T   u 
u v  2   
x y y c p  y 

——Energy equation of the laminar

boundary layer.
Order-of-magnitude analysis

u ~ u and y ~ u  70m / s
 2T T T  20℃  293K
so that  2 ~ 2
y  p  1atm
  u 
2
 u 2 u
Pr  
2
 0.7  70  0.012  1.0
2

  ~
c p  y  c p  2 c pT 1005 293
 u 2 T T  2T
 1 u v  ［ 5-25
c p T ［ 5-23 x y y 2 ］
］ u u  2u
v cp u v v ［ 5-26
Pr   x y y 2
 k ］
u 2 A striking similarity between [5-25] and [5-26]
Pr  1
c pT ［ 5-24
］
5-6 THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER
1. Thermal boundary layer

2. Definition of h
q T ［ 5-27 ］
 q ''   k
A y wall

q ''  h Tw  T  ［ 5-28
］
 k  T 
 y  wall ［ 5-29 ］
h
Tw  T
3. Temperature distribution in the thermal boundary layer
Boundary conditions

T  Tw At y=0 ［a
T
］
0 At y   t ［c］
y
T  T At y   t ［b］
 2T
0
y 2 At y=0 ［d
］
Conditions (a) to (d) may be fitted to a cubic polynomial
3
 T  Tw 3 y 1  y 
     ［ 5-3
  T  Tw 2  t 2   t  0］
4. Integral energy equation of the boundary layer
Energy convected in +viscous work with
in element +heat transfer at wall=energ
y convected out
The energy convected through plane 1 is
c p 0H uTdy
The energy convected out through plane 2 is
c p 0H uTdy 
d
dx

c p 0H uTdy dx  The net viscous work done within
element is
The mass flow through plane A-A   du  2 
  0H   dy  dx
d H
dx

0 udy dx    dy  
Heat transfer at wall
The energy carried with is

c pT
d H
dx

0 udy dx  dqw  kdx
T 
x  w
Combining the above energy quantities gives

  H  du  
2
d H
dx
 
0  T  T  udy   0   dy   
c p   dy  
T
dy
]w ［ 5-32 ］
 
——integral energy equation of the boundary layer.

5. Thermal boundary layer thickness

Inserting (5-30) and (5-19) into (5-32) gives
d H
dx
 
0  T  T  udy  
d H
dx

0      udy

d  H  3 y 1  y    3 y 1  y   
3 3
   u  1          dy 
dx  0  2  t 2   t    2  2     
   
T 3 
 ] y 0 
y 2 t
u 3 y 1 y
   
3
 5  19
u 2  2   
3
 T  Tw 3 y 1  y  ［ 5-3
    
  T  Tw 2  t 2   t  0］
Assume thermal boundary layer is thinner than the hydrodynamic boundary layer
Making substitution

  t / 
d   3 2 3 4   3  

  dx   20
θ u      5-33
280  2 

3  u d ( 2 )  3   5-34
Neglecting  gives
4
20   dx 2 

Performing the differentiation gives

1 u  2 d   2 d   
 
10   dx dx  
or
1 u  2 2 2 d   3 d   
 
10   dx dx 
But according to page 217
d  140 v dx
13 u

and
 2  280 vx
13 u

so that we have  3  4x 2 d 13 5-35
dx 14 v

Noting that  2 d  1 d  3
dx 3 dx

Solution is  3  Cx  3 / 4  13 a
14 v
When the boundary condition
t  0 at x  xo
 0 at x  xo

is applied , the final solution become

1/ 3
  x 
3 / 4 
  t  1 Pr  1 / 3 1   0   5-36
 1.026   x  
   
where Pr  v 5-37
a
When the plate is heated over the entire length

t
   1 Pr  1 / 3 5-38
 1.026
6. Prandtl number(see page 225) c 
v / p
Pr    5-39
a k / c k
p
7. Nusselt number
 k  T / y  w 3k
h   3k 5-40
T T 2 2
w  t

Substituting (5-21) and (5-36) gives

1/ 3
1/ 2  3/ 4
 u   x 
h  0.332k Pr1 / 3    1   0  
x  vx    x   5-41
     
Nusselt number
h x
Nu  x 5-42
x k
Finally, 1/ 3
1 / 3 1 / 2   x 
Nu  0.332 Pr Re  1   0  5-43
x x   x 

For the plate heated over its entire length

Nu x  0.332 Pr1 / 3 Re x1 / 2
5-44
9. Average heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number

0L hxdx 5-45

h L  2hx L
 0 dx
or 5-46a
Nu  hL  2Nu
L

k xL

Nu L  hL  0.664 Re L1/ 2 Pr1/ 3 5-46b

k
where
ReL  u L

Film temperature

T f  Tw  T 5-47
2
10. Constant heat flux
Nux  hx  0.453Re x1/ 2 Pr1/ 3 5-48
k
qw x
Nu x  5-49
k Tw  T 
q x qwL / k
Tw  T  1 0L Tw  T dx  10L w dx  5-50
L l kNux 0.6795 Re L1/ 2 Pr1/ 3

or 
qw  3 hx  L TW  T
2


11. Other relations

For laminar flow on an isothermal flat plate
0.3387 Re x Pr1 / 3
Nu x  5-51
1 / 4
For Rex Pr ＞ 100


1  0.0468
 Pr
2

/ 3


 

For the constant-heat-flux case, 0.3387 is changed to 0.4637,

and 0.0468 is replaced by 0.0207.
Basic laws for inviscous flow Velocity and temperature distributions
p 1 v2 u 3 y 1 y
3
  cons    
 2 gc u 2  2   
1 2 1 2  T  Tw 3 y 1  y 
3
i1  V1  Q  i2  V2  Wk     
2 gc 2 gc   T  Tw 2  t 2   t 
Mass continuity equation Results:
u v
 0  5.0
x y  1/ 2
Momentum equation x Re x
 u u   2u p t
  u  v    2     1 Pr  1 / 3
 x y  y x  1.026
Integral momentum equation  k  T / y  w 3k
h   3k
d  u  Tw  T 2 t 2
   u  u  udy   w   
dx 0 y  y 0
Nu x  0.332 Pr1 / 3 Re x1 / 2
Energy equation
2
T T  2T   u  A striking similarity
u v  2   
x y y c p  y  T T  2T
u v 
Integral energy equation x y y 2
u u  2u
  H  du  
 
2
d H T u v v
0  T  T  udy   0   dy    ]w x y y 2
dx c p   dy   dy
 
 5-7 THE RELATION BETWEEN FLUID
FRICTION AND HEAT TRANSFER
2
 u
w  C f [5-52]
2

The shear stress is

3
u 3 y 1 y
 w   u     
y  w u 2  2   

Using the velocity distribution given by equation(5-19), we have

u
w  3 
2 

Making use of the relation for the boundary-layer thickness gives

1
3 u  u  2
w     5  53
2 4.64  vx 

Combining (5-52) and (5-53) leads to

1
C fx 3 u  u  2 1 1
    0.323 Re x 2  5  54
2 2 4.64  vx  u2
The exact solution is
C fx 1
 0.332 Re x 2  5  54a 
2
[5-44] may be rewritten as
Nu x hx 2 1
  0.332 Pr 3 Re x 2
Re x Pr c p u

By introduction of Stanton number

hx
St x 
c p u 
2
St x pr 3  0.332 Re x
1
2  5  55
2 C fx
St x pr 3   5  56
2

——Reynolds-Colburn analogy
 5-8 TURBULENT-BOUNDARY-LAYER HEAT TRANSFER
Structure of turbulent flow:
1. Laminar sublayer
2. Buffer layer
3. Turbulent

The physical mechanism of heat transfer

in turbulent flow is similar to that in
laminar flow.
Difficulty: there is no completely adequate
theory to predict turbulent-flow behavior

velocity fluctuation in a turbulent flow

u  u  u  5  57
v  v  v  5  58
Shear stress giving rise to velocity
fluctuations in turbulent flow

v ' v'u '

 t   vu  5  59
v'  u '  0 u ' v'  0

Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length

( 湍流粘度与混合长度 )
du
 t   vu    M  5  60
dy
 M — eddy viscosity or eddy diffusivity

Mean free path and Prandtl mi Prandtl postulated:

xing length u
u    5  61
u
y
u  y    u  y    2
 u  u
y  t   u v  2     M  5  62
 y  y
u
u  y    u  y   
u  M  2  5  63
y y
 u
 M  2  5  63 Nondimensional coordinates
y u
Prandtal’s hypothesis
u   5  67
w 
  Ky  5  64
w  y
In the near-wall region y   5  68
v
t w Assu min g   cons tan t , (5  66) becomes
2
 u  dy 
 w  K 2 y 2  

du   5  69
 y  1  M v
1 w For laminar sublayer
u ln y  C  5  65
K 
M ~ 0
Universal velocity profile u  y  c
 u B.C : u   0, at y   0
 v  M   5  66
 y
u   y   5  70
For fully turbulent region
u
 M  2  5  63
 M /   1 y
u 1  w 1
From equation [5-65], we have 
y K  y   Ky  5  64
Substituting this relation along with equation
(5-64) into equation (5-63) gives
w
M  K y dy 


du   5  69
1  M v
M
or  Ky   5  71
v
Substituting this relation into Eq (5-69) for  M /   1an
d integrating gives
1
u  ln y   c  5  72 Universal velocity profile
K
Laminar sublayer : 0<y+<5 u  y
Buffer layer : 5<y+<30 u   5.0 ln y   3.05
Turbulent layer : 30<y+<400 u   2.5 ln y   5.5
For fully turbulent region For regions where both molecular and
turbulent energy transport are important
q T q T
    c p H  5  74   c p     H   5  75
 A turb y A y
Turbulent Heat Transfer Based on Fluid-Friction Analogy
1. Fluid-friction analogy 3. Average-friction coefficient for a flat plate:
0.455 A
 Cf  
Prt  M  5  76 (log Re L ) 2.584 Re L
for Re x  109
H
C fx A simpler formula for lower Reynolds number is
2
St x prt  3
 5  56 0.074 A
2 Cf   for Re  10 7
1/ 5 x
Re L Re L
2. The local skin-friction
coefficient over a flat plate: Table 5-1
1 / 5 Re crit 3 105 5  105 106 3  106
C fx  0.0592 Re x
A 1055 1742 3340 8940
for 5 105  Re x  10 7
4. Local turbulent heat transfer coefficient
C fx  0.370(log Re x ) 2.584
St x Pr 2 / 3  0.0296 Re x1/ 5
for 107  Re x  109
for 5 105  Re x  107
St x Pr 2 / 3  0.185(log Re x ) 2.584
for 107  Re x  109
5. Average heat transfer coefficient over the
entire laminar-turbulent boundary layer
Cf
St Pr 2 / 3  For higher Reynolds number,using
2
equation (5-79), one obtains
St Pr 2 / 3  0.037 Re L1/ 5  871Re L1
hL
for Re crit  5 105 and Re L  107 Nu L   [0.228 Re L (log Re L )  2.584  871] Pr1/ 3
k
From St  Nu /(Re L Pr) , the above equation for 107  Re x  109 and Re crit  5 105
can be rewritten as
hL 6. Equation suggested by Whitaker
Nu L   Pr1/ 3 (0.037 Re 0L.8  871)
k  
1/ 4

Alternatively, Nu L  0.036 Pr 0.43 (Re 0L.8  9200)  

 w 
1  xcrit 0.7  Pr  380
hturb dx 
L
h  0 hlam dx  
L xcrit  2 105  Re L  5.5 10 6

for the laminar portion 

0.26   3.5
1 w
St x pr 3  0.332 Re x
2
2

for the turbulent portion

Constant Heat Flux
St x Pr 2 / 3  0.0296 Re x 1/ 5
One obtains
Nu x  1.04 Nu x T
w  const
hL
Nu L   Pr1/ 3 (0.037 Re 0L.8  871)
k
 TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS
1. Velocity profile in a turbulent boundary layer
1/ 7
u  y The first case: The boundary layer is fully
 
u    turbulent from the leading edge of the plate:
2. Shear stress at wall

C f u2  0.381 Re x1/ 5
w  x
2
The second case: The boundary layer
C fx  0.0592 Re x 1/ 5 for 5 105  Re x  10 7
1/ 5
follows a laminar growth pattern up to
So that    Re crit  5  105 and a turbulent growth
 w  0.0296  u2
 u x  thereafter
3. Integrating the integral momentum equation 
   lam at xcrit  5  105
u
d  u 
   u  u  udy   w     5  17  lam  5.0 xcrit (5 105 ) 1/ 2
dx 0 y  y 0
Integrating [5-90] leads to
1/ 5
 
72

5 4/5

1/ 5
d   y  y 
1/ 7 1/ 7
      lam  (0.0296)  x  xcrit
4/5

dx 0    
1      dy  0.0296  7  u  4

  u x
  
Combining the above various relations gives
Integrating and clearing terms gives 
 0.381 Re x1/ 5  10.256 Re x1
1/ 5 x
d 72  
 (0.0296)  x 1/ 5 [5  90] for 5 105  Re x  107
dx 7  u 
 2
St x pr 3  0.332 Re x
1
2  5  55

St x Pr 2 / 3  0.0296 Re x 1/ 5

for 5 105  Re x  10 7
hL
Nu L   Pr1/ 3 (0.037 Re 0L.8  871)
k

(a) Semilog scale

Boundary-layer thickness for

(b) log scale atmospheric air at u=30m/s.
5-10 HEAT TRANSFER IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW

1. Velocity distribution
du u  0 at r  r0
r 2 dp   2rdx  2rdx
dr
or 1 dp 2 2
u (r  r0 )
1 dp 4  dx
du  r dr
2  dx r02 dp
u0  
and 4 dx
1 dp 2 u r2
u r  const  1 2 5-98
4  dx u0 r0
2. Energy balance analysis and
temperature distribution
dqw
0
dx
T
dqr   k 2rdx
r
 T  2T 
dqr  dr  k 2 (r  dr )dx  2 dr 
 r r 
T
2rdr c p u dx
r
Net energy convected out = n
et heat conducted in
T  T  2T 
rc p u dxdr  k   r 2 dxdr
r  r r 
which may be rewritten
1   T  1 T
 
ur r  r   r
 u r2
 1 2 5-98
u0 r0

1   T  1 T
  [5  99]
ur r  r   r

T 1 T  r 2 r 4 
r  u0   2   C1
r  x  2 4r0 
assume T  const
x
1 T  r 2 r4 
B.C: T T u0     C1 ln r  C2
 0 at r  0  x  4 16r02 
r
T  C1  0
k  qw  const
r  r  r0
T  Tc at r  0 so that C2  Tc
Inserting Eq (5-98) into Eq (5-99)

1 T u0 r02  r  1  r  
2 4
  T  1 T  r 2 
r  u 0 1   r T  Tc       
r  r   x  r02   x 4  r0  4  r0  
 
Bulk temperature
1. Definition of convection heat 4. Convection heat transfer coefficient
transfer coefficient in tube flow  T 
q  hA(Tw  Tb )  kA 
 r  r  r0
Local heat flux = q  h(Tw  Tb )
''

k (Tr ) r  r0
2. Bulk temperature ( 整体温度 ) h
r0 Tw  Tb
Tb T 
0
 2rdruc T p
T  u0 T  r r 3  u0 r0 T
r0     
  2rdruc
0
p r  r  r0  x  2 4r02  r  r 4 x
0

7 u0 r02 T
Tb  Tc  h
24 k 48 k

96  x 11 r0 11 d 0
3. Wall temperature
hd 0
3 u0 r02 T Nu d   4.364
Tw  Tc  k
16  x
 5-11 TURBULENT FLOW IN A TUBE

assume  M   H , or Pr  1
dividing (5  108) by (5  109) gives
q
du  dT (a
For laminar flow c p A
)
q dT assume q q
 k  const  w
A dy A Aw w
q dT
  Integrating (a)
c p A dy
qw u um Tb

For turbulent flow Aw wc p 

u 0
du   dT
Tw

q dT q wu m
 (   H ) (5  108)  Tw  Tb
c p A dy Aw w c p

   du du Heat transfer at wall is

    H   (   M ) (5  109)
   dy dy qw  hAw (Tw  Tb )
 Substituting ( B ) and ( C ) into ( A ) gives
qwu m
 Tw  Tb (A) h Nu d f
Aw wc p St    (D)
c p u m Re d Pr 8

Heat transfer at wall is Reynolds analogy for tube flow

qw  hAw (Tw  Tb ) 0.316

(B) f 
Re1d/ 4
Shear stress at wall is
Nud
p (d ) p d 0
2  0.0395 Re d1/ 4
w  0
 Re d Pr
4d 0 L 4 L
Nu d  0.0395 Re 3d/ 4
The pressure drop can be expressed in
terms of friction factor ( D ) is modified by Pr

L um2
f
p  f  St Pr 2 / 3 
d 2 8
So that Nu d  0.0395 Re 3d / 4 Pr1/ 3

f A more correct relation

w  u m2 (C)
8 Nud  0.023 Re 0d.8 Pr 0.4