9.5 Evaluation of Waste Water

9.
5 EVALUATION
OF WASTE WATER
■ Proper sampling techniques are vital for accurate
testing in evaluation studies.
■ To be representative of the entire flow, samples should

be taken where the waste water is well mixed.
■ A representative sample is then integrated by mixing

together portions of individual samples relative to flow
rate at sampling times.
Example: Hourly samples were taken of the waste water entering a treatment plant.
The recorded flow pattern is given in Figure 9-2a. Tabulate the portions to be used
from the hourly grabs to provide composite samples for the 24h duration and during
the period of maximum 8h loading, between 0900 and 1700. The composite sample
volumes needed for laboratory testing are approximately 2500 ml.
Solution:
The following relationship determines the portion per unit of flow needed from
individual samples to provide a desired composite volume.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

Portion of sample needed per unit of flow =
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Fig 9-2a Typical municipal waste water flow pattern
2500 𝑚𝑙
■ Portion for the 24 h period = 𝑙 = 1.5 ml per l/s
72 (24)
𝑠
2500 𝑚𝑙
■ Portion for the 8 h period = 𝑙 = 3 ml per l/s
100 (8)
𝑠
Calculations for the portions of hourly samples to be used in
compositing are tabulated as follows:
Time Flow (l/s) Portions of hourly samples in milliliters for:
24 h composite 8 h composite
Midnight 49 1.5 x 49 = 74
0100 42 1.5 x 42 = 63
0200 36 1.5 x 36 = 54
0300 31 1.5 x 31 = 47
0400 29 1.5 x 29 = 43
0500 31 1.5 x 31 = 46
0600 39 1.5 x 39 = 58
0700 56 1.5 x 56 = 84
0800 62 1.5 x 62 = 93
0900 90 1.5 x 90 = 135 3 x 90 = 270
1000 104 1.5 x 104 = 156 3 x 104 = 312
1100 113 1.5 x 113 = 169.5 3 x 113 = 339
Noon 116 1.5 x 116 = 174 3 x 116 = 348
1300 112 1.5 x 112 = 168 3 x 112 = 336
1400 106 1.5 x 106 = 159 3 x 106 = 318
1500 100 1.5 x 100= 150 3 x 100 = 300
1600 95 1.5 x 95 = 142.5 3 x 95 = 285
1700 91 1.5 x 91 = 136.5 3 x 91 = 273

1800 87 1.5 x 87 = 130.5
1900 81 1.5 x 81 = 121.5
2000 76 1.5 x 76 = 114
2100 69 1.5 x 69 = 103.5
2200 63 1.5 x 63 = 94.5
2300 54 1.5 x 54 = 81
Total composite 2596 ml 2520 ml

sample volume
CHAPTER 10
WASTE WATER COLLECTION
SYSTEMS
STORM SEWER SYSTEM
■ The storm sewer is a system designed to carry rainfall runoff

and other drainage. It is not designed to carry sewage or
accept hazardous wastes. The runoff is carried in underground
pipes or open ditches and discharges untreated into local
streams, rivers and other surface water bodies.
2 Common Types of Storm-Water Inlet
❑Curb inlet
❑Gutter inlet
Curb Inlet
vertical openings in
the road curbs
through which storm
water flows.
Gutter Inlet
is an opening covered
by a grate through
which the drainage
falls.
Catch basin
■ A catch basin is an
engineered drainage structure
with the sole function of
collecting rainwater and
snowmelt from streets and
parking lots and transporting
it to local waterways through a
system of underground piping,
culverts, and / or drainage
ditches.
Manhole
■ A manhole is a hole in
a road or path, covered
by a metal plate that can
be removed. Workers
climb down through
manholes when
they want to examine or
clean the drains.
Sewer Pipes
■ Are set as shallow as

possible to minimize
excavation while providing
0.6 to 1.2 m of cover above
the pipe to reduce the
effect of wheel loadings.
■ Flowing full velocities used in design of storm sewers are a
minimum of 0.90 m/s and a maximum of about 3.0 m/s
■ The lower limit is set so that the lines are self cleansing to
avoid deposition of solids, and the upper limit is fixed to
prevent erosion of the pipe by grit transported in the water.
Difference between Storm Sewer and Sanitary Sewer
■ The sanitary sewer is a system of underground pipes that carries

sewage from bathrooms, sinks, kitchens, and other plumbing
components to a wastewater treatment plant where it is filtered,
treated and discharged.
Difference between Storm Sewer and Sanitary Sewer
■ The storm sewer is a system designed to carry rainfall runoff

and other drainage. It is not designed to carry sewage or
accept hazardous wastes. The runoff is carried in
underground pipes or open ditches and discharges
untreated into local streams, rivers and other surface water
bodies
■ Example: a) What is the maximum population that can be served by a 200
mm sanitary sewer laid at minimum grade using a design flow of 1500
l/person-d and a flowing full velocity of 0.60 m/s. b) Compute the diameter
of storm drain to serve the same population based on population density =
7500 persons per 𝑘𝑚2 , coefficient of runoff = 0.40, 10 year rainfall
frequency curve in figure 4-21, a duration (time of concentration) = 20 min
and a velocity of flow = 1.5 m/s.
Solution:
𝜋(0.2)2
a) Q = VA = 0.60 x
4
3 1000 𝑙
= 0.0188 𝑚 /s ( ) = 18.8 l/s
1 𝑚3
The maximum population that can be served is:
𝑙 𝑠
18.8 𝑥 86400
𝑠 𝑑
= 𝑙 = 1080 persons
1500𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑎𝑦
1080 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
b) Drainage area = = 0.144 𝑘𝑚2
7500 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 /𝑘𝑚2
From Figure 4-21 for duration = 20 mins, I =108 mm/h

Q= 0.278 x 0.40 x 108 x 0.144 = 1.7 𝑚3 /s
Based on Figure 4-10, for Q = 1.7𝑚3 /s and V= 1.5 m/s, pipe diameter = 1200 mm
Therefore, a 1200 mm diameter storm sewer is needed to drain the housing area of
1080 persons that can be served by a 200 mm diameter sanitary sewer.

9.5 Evaluation of Waste Water

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9.

■ To be representative of the entire flow, samples should

■ A representative sample is then integrated by mixing

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

Time Flow (l/s) Portions of hourly samples in milliliters for:

0900 90 1.5 x 90 = 135 3 x 90 = 270

1000 104 1.5 x 104 = 156 3 x 104 = 312

1100 113 1.5 x 113 = 169.5 3 x 113 = 339

Noon 116 1.5 x 116 = 174 3 x 116 = 348

1300 112 1.5 x 112 = 168 3 x 112 = 336

1400 106 1.5 x 106 = 159 3 x 106 = 318

1500 100 1.5 x 100= 150 3 x 100 = 300

1600 95 1.5 x 95 = 142.5 3 x 95 = 285

1700 91 1.5 x 91 = 136.5 3 x 91 = 273

1900 81 1.5 x 81 = 121.5

2000 76 1.5 x 76 = 114

2100 69 1.5 x 69 = 103.5

2200 63 1.5 x 63 = 94.5

Total composite 2596 ml 2520 ml

■ The storm sewer is a system designed to carry rainfall runoff

■ Are set as shallow as

■ The sanitary sewer is a system of underground pipes that carries

■ The storm sewer is a system designed to carry rainfall runoff

From Figure 4-21 for duration = 20 mins, I =108 mm/h

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