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Programming Paradigms CSI2120: Jochen Lang EECS, University of Ottawa Canada

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This document discusses programming paradigms in Prolog including binary trees, graphs, and logic programming. It covers binary tree representations and operations like insertion and deletion. It also discusses graph representations and algorithms for graph search, coloring, and solving mazes modeled as graphs. Logic programming concepts like recursion and backtracking are used to implement these tree and graph algorithms in Prolog.

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Programming Paradigms CSI2120: Jochen Lang EECS, University of Ottawa Canada

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135 views19 pages
This document discusses programming paradigms in Prolog including binary trees, graphs, and logic programming. It covers binary tree representations and operations like insertion and deletion. It also discusses graph representations and algorithms for graph search, coloring, and solving mazes modeled as graphs. Logic programming concepts like recursion and backtracking are used to implement these tree and graph algorithms in Prolog.

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This document discusses programming paradigms in Prolog including binary trees, graphs, and logic programming. It covers binary tree representations and operations like insertion and deletion. It also discusses graph representations and algorithms for graph search, coloring, and solving mazes modeled as graphs. Logic programming concepts like recursion and backtracking are used to implement these tree and graph algorithms in Prolog.

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© All Rights Reserved
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135 views19 pages

Programming Paradigms CSI2120: Jochen Lang EECS, University of Ottawa Canada

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This document discusses programming paradigms in Prolog including binary trees, graphs, and logic programming. It covers binary tree representations and operations like insertion and deletion. It also discusses graph representations and algorithms for graph search, coloring, and solving mazes modeled as graphs. Logic programming concepts like recursion and backtracking are used to implement these tree and graph algorithms in Prolog.

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Programming

Paradigms
CSI2120

Jochen Lang
EECS, University of Ottawa
Canada
Logic Programming in Prolog

• Data structures
• Trees
– Representation
– Examples
– Binary search tree
• Graphs
– Representation
– Graph problems

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Binary Trees

• Tree where each element has one parent and up to two


children
– Common data structure

b c

d e f g

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Binary Trees in Prolog

• Define a fact for a node in the data structure


t(element, left, right)
– element is the value stored at the node
– left is the left subtree
– right is the right subtree
– an empty subtree can be marked with a ‘nil’
• A tree with only the root node is t(1,nil,nil)
• A balanced binary tree with three nodes
1
t(1,t(2,nil,nil),t(3,nil,nil)).

2 3

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


A Binary Tree

treeA(X) :- X= 73
t(73,
t(31,
31 101
t(5,nil,nil),
nil),
t(101, 5 83
t(83,nil
t(97,nil,nil)),
nil)). 97

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Inorder Traversal

inorder(nil). 73
inorder(t(Root,Left,Right)) :-
inorder(Left),
write(Root), 31 101
write(' '),
inorder(Right).
5 83
?- treeB(X), inorder(X).
5 31 73 83 97 101
X = t(73, t(31, t(5, nil, nil), nil), 97
t(101, t(83, nil, t(97, nil, nil)),
nil)).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Binary Search Tree

• Sort predicate (assuming no duplicates)


precedes(Key1, Key2) :- Key1 < Key2.
• Boundary case: Searched for node found
binarySearch(Key, t(Key, _, _)).
• Search in left subtree
binarySearch(Key, t(Root, Left, _)) :-
precedes(Key, Root),
binarySearch(Key, Left).
• Search in right subtree
binarySearch(Key, t(Root, _, Right)) :-
precedes(Root, Key),
binarySearch(Key, Right).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Element Insertion in a BST

• Boundary case insert new leaf node


insert(Key, nil, t(Key, nil, nil)).
• Insert new node on the left
insert(Key, t(Root, Left, Right),
t(Root, LeftPlus, Right)) :-
precedes(Key, Root),
insert(Key, Left, LeftPlus).
• Insert new node on the right
insert(Key, t(Root, Left, Right),
t(Root, Left, RightPlus)) :-
precedes(Root, Key),
insert(Key, Right, RightPlus).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Deleting a Key at the Root

• Boundary case replace key with the right subtree


deleteBST(Key, t(Key, nil, Right), Right).
• Boundary case replace key with the left subtree
deleteBST(Key, t(Key, Left, nil), Left).
• Delete root and replace with maximum left key
deleteBST(Key, t(Key, Left, Right),
t(NewRoot, NewLeft, Right)) :-
removeMax(Left, NewLeft, NewRoot).
– arguments of removeMax
% removeMax(Tree,NewTree,Max)

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Deleting any Key

• Search on the left subtree for key to delete


deleteBST(Key, t(Root, Left, Right),
t(Root, LeftSmaller, Right)) :-
precedes(Key, Root),
deleteBST(Key, Left, LeftSmaller).
• Search on the right subtree for key to delete
deleteBST(Key, t(Root, Left, Right),
t(Root, Left, RightSmaller)) :-
precedes(Root, Key),
deleteBST(Key, Right, RightSmaller).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Deleting the Maximum Element

• boundary case right-most node is maximum


removeMax(t(Max, Left, nil), Left, Max).
• recursion on the right of the root node (for tree nodes
sorted with less than).
removeMax(t(Root, Left, Right),
t(Root, Left, RightSmaller), Max) :-
removeMax(Right, RightSmaller, Max).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


General Graphs

• A binary tree is a tree, and a tree is a (restricted) graph


• Graph representation
g([Node,…],[edge(Node1,Node2,Weight),…]).
– directed edge
edge(g(Ns,Edges),N1,N2,Weight):-
member(edge(N1,N2,Weight),Edges).
– undirected edge
edge(g(Ns,Edges),N1,N2,Weight):-
member(edge(N1,N2,Weight),Edges);
member(edge(N2,N1,Weight),Edges).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Neighbors of a Node

• Find all neighboring nodes and the connecting edge (use with edge/4
predicate).
neighbors(Graph,Node,Neighbors):-
setof((N,Edge),edge(Graph,Node,N,Edge),Neighbors).
– Define a graph
graphA(X) :- X=g([a,b,c,d,e,f],
[edge(a,b,3), edge(a,c,5), edge(a,d,7),
edge(e,f,1), edge(d,f,6)]).
– Example queries 5
?- graphA(X), neighbors(X,c,V). a c
3
V = [ (a, 5)].
e
b
?- graphA(X), neighbors(X,a,V). 7
1
V = [ (b, 3), (c, 5), (d, 7)].
6
d f

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Graph Coloring

color(g(Ns,Edges),Colors,GC):-
generate(Ns,Colors,GC),
test(Edges,GC).
generate([],_,[]).
generate([N|Ns],Colors,[(N,C)|Q]):-
member(C,Colors),
generate(Ns,Colors,Q).
test([],_).
test([edge(N1,N2,_)|Ns],GC):-
member((N1,C1),GC),
member((N2,C2),GC),
C1\=C2,
test(Ns,GC).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Graph Coloring Queries

?- graphA(X), color(X,[red,blue,white,green],V).
X = g([a, b, c, d, e, f], [edge(a, b, 3), edge(a,
c, 5), edge(a, d, 7), edge(e, f, 1), edge(d, f,
6)]),
V = [ (a, red), (b, blue), (c, blue), (d, blue),
(e, red), (f, white)] ;
X = …,
V = [ (a, red), (b, blue), (c, blue), (d, blue),
(e, red), (f, green)] ;
X = …,
V = [ (a, red), (b, blue), (c, blue), (d, blue),
(e, blue), (f, red)] ;
…

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Graph Problem: Labyrinth
link(0,1). % start = 0
link(1,2). 0 1 2 3
link(2,6).
link(6,5).
link(6,7). 4 5 6 7
link(5,4).
link(5,9).
link(9,8). 8 9 10 11
link(8,12).
link(9,10).
link(10,11).
link(9,13). 12 13 14 15
link(13,14).
link(14,15). % finish = 15

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Labyrinth Solution

• Predicate generating undirected edges


successor(A,B) :- link(A,B).
successor(A,B) :- link(B,A).
• Define the finish node
finish(15).
• Boundary case if finish is reached
pathFinder([Last|Path],[Last|Path]) :-
finish(Last).
• Go to the next node in a depth first manner unless it is a loop
pathFinder([Curr|Path],Solution) :-
successor(Curr,Next),
\+member(Next,Path),write(Next),nl,
pathFinder([Next,Curr|Path],Solution).

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Example: Labyrinth
?- pathFinder([0],S).
1
2
6
5
4
9
8
12
10
11
13
14
15
S = [15, 14, 13, 9, 5, 6, 2, 1, 0] ;
7
false.

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms


Summary

• Binary tree
– tree representation
– binary search tree
– insert an element
– delete an element
• Graphs
– graph representation
– graph search
– graph coloring
– labyrinth

CSI2120: Programming Paradigms

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