ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The rapid growth in the population has led to the surge in the volume of

waste being generated on a daily basis. Also it accelerates the demand for

consumption of resources and consumer goods. This increase in the generation of

waste due to continuous growth in the urbanization and industrialization has become

a severe problem for the local and the national government.

According to Kayva et al. (2017), the disposal of waste in large quantities

has created a greater concern over time for the world, which is adversely affecting

the human lives, plants, animals and environmental conditions. Wastes are the chief

contributor to pollution within our society, in which 2.12 tons of wastes are

generated across the world (The World Counts, 2019). That’s why segregation of

waste is important for proper disposal of vast amount of garbage that modern

society produces in an environmentally sensible mode. People became adapted to

tossing things away and never realize the consequences of their action.

The disposal method of a voluminous amount of generated waste has had an

adverse effect on the environment. Unplanned open dumping at landfill sites made

by municipal is a common method of disposal of waste (Iyer, 2018). In giving of

duties, segregation is important to avoid conflict and overlapping of responsibilities.

When duties are segregated properly, there is an assurance that the goals can be met

effectively and fast. In a working environment, it is beneficial that there are specific

persons doing specific things so that there will never be a waste of time and effort

(Sheila, 2011).
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According to Greenpeace Philippines Campaigner Abigail Aguilar (2018),

the Philippines has a good solid waste management law, but a lot more can be done

in terms of implementation. In addition, Republic Act 9003 or the “Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000” has provisions for solid waste reduction and

avoidance through recycling, composting, and other methods before disposal in the

appropriate facilities (Tantuco, 2018).

However, if not properly segregated. These types of garbage accumulate

quickly and pose significant harms. It can give rise to disease vectors which spread

harmful diseases. This also degrades the aesthetic value of natural environment can

degrade the aesthetic value of the natural environment and it is an unavailing use of

land resources (Subha, 2016).

Furthermore, (Aahash, 2018), the economic value of the waste generated is

not realized unless it is recycled completely. Several advancements in technology

have also allowed the refuse to be processed into useful entities such as waste to

energy, where the waste can be used to generate synthetic gas (syngas) made up of

carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and

steam; waste to fuel, where the waste can be utilized to generate biofuels.

Currently, there is no efficient system of segregation of dry, wet and metallic

wastes at a household level. Bajaj (2017) has recommended that the least cost, most

appropriate technological option for safe management should be developed. In

addition to the study of Meg (2018), if we let the workers to do the job in

segregating the wastes of humans, it will cost much money as the workers will be

paid for $30 in an hour to do that job, but they still have 60% turnover.
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3

Thus, the researchers will have proposed a cost effective “waste segregator

using a detector and alarm system” for proper management of waste. This

innovative segregator of garbage categorizes the waste as wet, dry, and metallic

objects. The system helps to monitor the waste collection process.

Additionally, Awale et al. (2017) stated that the wet waste is converted

either into compost, methane-gas or both. Compost can replace demand for

chemical fertilizers, and biogas can be used as a source of energy. While the dry and

metal waste could be reused or recycled.

Even if there are large scale industrial waste segregators present, it is always

feasible to separate the waste at the source itself. The benefits of doing so are that a

higher quality of the material is retained for recycling which means that more value

could be recovered from the waste. The occupational hazard for waste workers is

reduced. Also, the segregated waste could be directly sent to the recycling and

processing plant instead of sending it to the segregation plant (Pushpa, 2015).

Thus, this study is expected to aid the present problem of the community,

specifically reducing the rate of pollution and to lessen the availing of land

resources used for the dumping of wastes.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to construct a new sensor based garbage bins and alarm

system. This study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the characteristics of embedded system in terms of:

a) speed (sec),

b) power (watts), and

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c) distance (cm)?

2. What is the percentage of efficiency of the sensor based garbage bin and

alarm system in terms of the following:

a) wet waste,

b) dry waste, and

c) metal waste?

3. Is there a significant difference between the characteristics of embedded

system and the level of efficiency of the garbage detector and alarm system?

Significance of the study

Since the demand for consumption of resources in today’s world are rapidly

increasing, it is a must for every household to reuse, reduce, and recycle materials

that came from their trashes. The disposal of garbage in large quantities has created

a great concern affecting the human lives, and the environment.

This study bears important information about the construction of garbage

detector and alarm system for waste segregation by using microcontrollers

(Arduino) to classify the wastes as dry, wet, and metal waste. The development of

this study can possibly help the community and the environment to lessen the

growth of improper waste segregation. Furthermore, it may also reduce the

increasing rate of pollution within the society and to lessen the availing of land

resources used for the dumping of wastes.

Lastly, it is great that there could be a nature-friendly way of innovating this

kind of machine. This study may be an eye-opener to people to properly know how

to discipline themselves in the proper way of segregation of waste.

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Scope and Limitations

The study was limited on the construction of garbage detector and alarm

system for waste segregation along to the (1) characteristics of the embedded system

and (2) efficiency of sensor based garbage bin and alarm system.

The characteristics of embedded system was bounded along the variables (a)

speed (sec), (b) power (watts), (c) distance. Meanwhile, the efficiency of sensor

based garbage bin and alarm system were bounded to (a) dry waste, (b) wet waste,

and (c) metal waste.

This study was conducted at Ilocos Sur National High School (ISNHS)-Senior

High School (SHS) and in some areas of Pagburnayan, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur from

November 2019 to February 2020. Moreover, to comprehend the realization of the

objectives of the study, the garbage detector and alarm system was tested by

gathering data and using trial and error method.

In addition, the following statistical tools were used in the analysis of data that

were gathered: mean, percentage, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Operational Definition of Terms

For better and clearer understanding of the study, the following terms were

defined for the purpose of the study:

Efficiency. It refers to the ratio of the useful work performed by the machine

in separating wastes and it measures the extent to which input is well used for an

intended task or function.

Segregation. It refers to the process by which waste is separated into

different elements such as wet, dry, and metal waste

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Waste. It refers to any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is

worthless, defective and of no use.

Wet waste. It refers to an organic or biodegradable waste that will

decompose or decay over time.

Dry waste. It refers to any waste which will not rot or disintegrate

over time and has little or no moisture content. It is also being described as

inorganic or non-biodegradable waste given its lack of food products.

Metal waste. It refers to a recyclable materials left over from product

manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies,

and surplus materials.

Detector. It refers to a device or instrument designed to detect the presence

of a particular object or substance and to emit a signal in response.

Alarm System. It refers to an object that alerts through the use of sound.

Arduino. It refers to an open-source microcontroller board based on the

Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller.

Assumptions

The study was premised on the following assumptions:

1. The sensor based garbage bin and alarm system that will be constructed have

the ability to categorize wastes into dry, wet, and metal wastes.

2. The test and instruments that will be used are measurable

3. The variables included in the study are measurable

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Hypothesis

Based on the statement of the problem, the following hypothesis was

considered in this study:

1. There is no significant difference between the characteristics of embedded

system and the level of efficiency of the garbage detector and alarm system.
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Chapter II

REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Automations deals with the design of robots their manufacture and

applications. Automations gained more importance in the modern era since it

requires less cost to operate than a human labor to do the same task. Now a day’s

industry is turning towards computer based monitoring of tasks mainly due to the

need for the increased productivity and delivery of the final products with maximum

quality. The system has motors interfaced with the microcontroller. Recycling plays

a vital role in saving the environment. It helps in reducing the wastes everywhere

and therefore saves the environment from too much pollution (Aash et al., 2018).

In the study, “Sensor based smart dustbin for waste segregation and status

alert” by Keyva et al. (2017). The implementation of the output was three Separate

storage based dustbin is designed for automatic waste collection and segregation.

The sensor senses the content of the dustbin and sends the signals or the data to the

ARM microcontroller then the microcontroller reads the data from the sensor and

process the data received from sensor, and the same data will be sent to Dashboard

section and this section send mail/message to respective Municipal or Government

authority person or collection vehicle.

Currently there is no such system of segregation of dry, wet and metallic

wastes at a household level. That’s why the researchers propose a garbage detector

and alarm system, to monitor the sorting of different types of wastes.

On this note, this section will therefore give meaning, depth and substance to

the study as it presents related studies on the use of the garbage detector and alarm

system for segregation of wastes.

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On Arduino Nano

A microcontroller, sometimes called Microcontroller Unit is a single

Integrated Circuit (IC) that is typically used for a specific application and designed

to implement certain tasks like products and devices that must be automatically

controlled (Guidini, 2018). It is embedded inside of a system to control a singular

function by interpreting data it receives from its Input or Output peripherals using its

central processor. The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is

stored and uses instructions stored in its program memory to decipher and apply the

incoming data. It then uses its I/O peripherals to communicate and enact the

appropriate action (Rouse, 2019).

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on

the ATmega328P; offers the same connectivity and specs of the UNO board in a smaller

form factor. It is programmed using the Arduino IDE application wherein codes are

being entered to command an action to other devices to function. (arduinocc)

In the study of Naveen et al. (2018) entitled "Automated Waste Segregator

Using Arduino", they proposed an implementation of an automated waste segregator

using Arduino microcontroller, to control the entire process with ease and simplicity.

Another study by Chandramohan et al. (2017) proposes the same Automated

Waste Segregator (AWS). It was also designed to sort the refuse into metallic waste,

wet waste and dry waste. The AWS employs parallel resonant impedance sensing

mechanism to identify metallic items, and capacitive sensors to distinguish between

wet and dry waste. Experimental results show that the segregation of waste into
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metallic, wet and dry waste has been successfully implemented using the Automated

Waste Segregator.

On Moisture Sensor

The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content of

soil. This makes it ideal for performing experiments in courses such as soil science,

agricultural science, environmental science, horticulture, botany, and biology

(Vernier, 2019).

In addition, it is stated by Sunrom (2016) that it accurately detects amount of

moisture content in soil and outputs serial data at 9600 bps. Also outputs Analog

voltage as per level of moisture in soil. The sensor measures the dielectric constant

of the soil in order to find its volumetric water content

According to EPro Labs (2019), it uses capacitance to measure dielectric

permittivity of the surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function

of the water content. The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric

permittivity, and therefore the water content of the soil. The sensor averages the

water content over the entire length of the sensor. There is a 2 cm zone of influence

with respect to the flat surface of the sensor, but it has little or no sensitivity at the

extreme edges.

On Servo Motor

A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with

great precision. If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then

you use servo motor. It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo

mechanism. If motor is used is DC powered then it is called DC servo motor, and if

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it is AC powered motor then it is called AC servo motor. We can get a very high

torque servo motor in a small and light weight packages. (circuit digest).

In relation to the statement of Elprocus (2020), it implies an error sensing

feedback control which is utilized to correct the performance of a system. It also

requires a generally sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed

particularly for use with servomotors. Servo motors are DC motors that allows for

precise control of angular position. They are actually DC motors whose speed is

slowly lowered by the gears. The servo motors usually have a revolution cutoff from

90° to 180°. A few servo motors also have revolution cutoff of 360° or more. But

servo motors do not rotate constantly. Their rotation is limited in between the fixed

angles.

Moreover, a servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear

assembly and a controlling circuit. First of all, we use gear assembly to reduce RPM

and to increase torque of motor. Say at initial position of servo motor shaft, the

position of the potentiometer knob is such that there is no electrical signal generated

at the output port of the potentiometer. Now an electrical signal is given to another

input terminal of the error detector amplifier.

On Infrared Sensor

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain

characteristics of its surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting

infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being

emitted by an object and detecting motion.

It is found not just in industry, but also in every-day life. Televisions, for

example, use an infrared detector to interpret the signals sent from a remote control.
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Passive Infrared sensors are used for motion detection systems, and LDR sensors are

used for outdoor lighting systems. The key benefits of infrared sensors include their

low power requirements, their simple circuitry and their portable features (Chilton,

2014).

Moreover, the IR sensor detects the arrival of waste. Identification and

separation of waste is done by sensors. The microcontroller controls all the activity

of sensors. The results of this study have presented segregation of waste into metal,

wet and dry waste.

On Buzzer

A buzzer is a device which makes a buzzing or beeping noise. There are several

kinds of buzzers and the most basic is a piezoelectric buzzer, which is just a flat piece of

piezoelectric material with two electrodes. This type of buzzer requires some kind of

oscillator to drive it. If you apply a DC voltage you will just get a click. It is cheap, thin

and can be very loud without using very much power. A piezoelectric element also

produces a voltage in response to pressure, so piezoelectric buzzers can also be used as

crude pressure sensors or microphones (Quetchenbach, 2007).

In addition, according to RS Components (n. d.), piezo buzzer components

are parts used in the construction and alteration of piezo buzzers. It is is an audio

signaling device powered using piezoelectricity, which is created using a material

that generates an electric charge when placed under mechanical stress and were

invented by Japanese manufacturers.

On Garbage Bin

A dustbin is a container which is designed to hold refuse until it can be

removed or otherwise disposed of. There are various styles of dustbin, designed for
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specific uses. It tends to be small, so that they can fit in a variety of places, while

curbside bins are larger, allowing people to transfer rubbish from indoor dustbins

into larger outdoor ones for periodic collection. In addition to basic dustbins for

home use, it is also possible to see especially large versions and dumpsters for

industrial use (Wise Geek, n. d.)

Although an intrinsic part of our everyday routines, the dustbin's role as a

mediator of changing waste practices has rarely been considered. As bins become

reconfigured as environmental technologies for contemporary recycling program, is

argued that they provide a revealing indicator of new waste relationships in society. The

future of the bin and how adopting a bin‐centred approach can help researchers

and planners re-conceptualize waste ‘problems’ and so reconsider waste management

strategies are speculated upon (Heather Chappells & Elizabeth Shove, 2007).

According to Chaudhari (2016) the smart bin is an automated dustbin that helps

you in keeping our surrounding clean. It functions to minimize human interference in

collection and disposal of trash. The dustbin is fitted with number of features is that

enables it to perform its various functions whether it’s at work, at home, the dustbin will

act as your environment friendly trash fighting side-kick. The main theme of the work is

to develop a smart intelligent garbage alert system for a proper garbage management.

Smart bin is built on a microcontroller with metal detector, Ultrasonic sensor, Arduino

UNO, WiFi module. Arduino UNO is used to sense the particular level of garbage and

sensed information is send to clean up the dustbin

The design of the bin proposed by the researchers is different from usual. For

wet waste and dry waste, the upper portion inside it have a funnel shape for more

accurate detection of the metal sensor as it can only reach it up to 5 inches. While for
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metal waste bin the design has small square opening and it has cover to close the

opening after the detection. Also, the researchers constructed a cover of the bin to

protect the embedded systems and such from raining and too much exposure to sunlight.

The cover used was a metal plank with a curve lines, to hold the water down.

The preceding literature and studies relate closely to the present study

because they focused on garbage detector and alarm system for waste segregation

which are really important for the development of our community not just to reused

the resources that has been segregated but dominantly it will discipline the people

what the right thing to do to help their environment.

Conceptual Framework

To illustrate the study, a paradigm was used to determine the effectiveness of

contriving a garbage detector and alarm system for waste segregation. The interplay

of the input, the process and the output is exhibited in figure 1.

Input Process Output

Materials: Testing the

Arduino Nano efficiency of the Garbage
Moisture Sensor system in Detector and
IR Sensor detecting Alarm System
Buzzer separate wastes
Garbage Bin
Magnet
Characteristics:
Speed (bytes/second)
Power (watts)
Distance (cm)

Efficiency in:
Dry waste
Wet waste
Metal waste
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
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The study used Input-Process-Output model. The input variables were the

materials used in the making of the garbage detector and alarm system. The processes

involved were the methods that were used in the conduct of the study. The output

variable was the assessment of the efficiency of the waste detector and alarm system.

In addition, the relationships of the following variables were determined: the

input variables to the output variables.

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Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This portion presents the detailed discussion of the experimental methodology

of the present study. Specifically, it contains the materials and equipment needed in this

study. The experimental design of the study is also presented in this portion.

A. Materials and Equipment

The raw materials needed in conducting the study were as follows; 1)

Arduino Nano as the main microcontroller system of wet and dry wastes; 2) magnet

used in detecting the metal wastes; 3) buzzer; 4) battery; 5wires; 6) soldering lead;

7) moisture sensor; 8) IR proximity sensor; 9) servo motor; 10) battery cap; 11)

power bank 12) rivets; 13) glue stick; 14) metal epoxy; 15) aluminum foil; and 16)

garbage bin to completely assemble a functional sensor-based garbage detector and

alarm system.

While for the equipment needed in conducting the study were as follows: 1)

soldering iron to make a permanent connection between the electronic components;

2) soldering pump; 3) pliers; 4) drill; 5) glue gun; 6) rivet gun; 7) tape measure; 8)

tweezers; 9) wood saw; 10) ruler; and 11) multi meter.

B. General Procedure/ Treatment

B.1 Schematic Diagram

Construction of the sensor-

Collection and preparation of based garbage bin and alarm
materials system
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Testing the level of efficiency Gathering data on

of the sensor-based garbage characteristics of the
bin and alarm system embedded system

Statistical treatment of data

B.2 Collection and Preparation of Materials

All materials and equipment that were used for the study were gathered and

readied before the experiment. The materials and equipment that were not available

in the households was bought at electronic stores in Ilocos Sur and in online such as

Arduino Nano, magnet, buzzer, wires, soldering lead, moisture sensor, IR proximity

sensor, servo motor, battery cap, rivets, glue stick and metal epoxy. Meanwhile, for

the equipment’s bought at electronic stores was only desoldering pump.

B.3 Construction of Sensor-based Garbage Bin and Alarm System

In the garbage bin designed by the researchers, there were microcontrollers and

other operating parts of the system that were attached inside it. This microcontroller

processor was assembled together with other materials that were used such as:

Arduino Nano, wires, moisture sensor, IR proximity sensor, servo motor, and power

bank to effectively operate the segregator for dry and wet waste. Meanwhile, for the
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metal sensor, magnet, buzzer, and battery were attached in order to detect metal

wastes. These sensors were attached to the garbage bin to finished the innovative

machine output.

B.4 Gathering Data on Characteristics of Embedded System

There are 3 (three) characteristics of embedded system that was measured and

prepared on the study. These characteristics are listed below:

a) speed (sec) is measured using a timer,

b) power (watts) is measured by a multi meter, and

c) distance (cm) is measured using a ruler.

B.5 Testing the Percentage Efficiency of the Sensor-based Garbage Bin and

Alarm system

In testing the percentage efficiency of the sensor-based garbage bin and alarm

system, the trial and error method were used to determine the true acceptance of the

dry, wet, and metal detector in segregating wastes.

B.6 Statistical treatment of data

To the objectives set for in this study, the following statistical tools were

used to treat the data that was gathered:

Percentage was used to express the efficiency of the system in detecting

different type of garbage in hundredths.

Mean was used to indicate the average data collected in the characteristics of

the embedded system and the efficiency of the sensor based garbage bin segregator in sorting

different type of wastes.

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Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means of the

characteristics of the embedded system and the efficiency of the sensor based garbage

bin segregator in sorting different type of wastes.

C. Data Gathering Procedure

In the conduct of the study, the researchers went to Ilocos Sur National High

School (ISNHS)-Senior High School (SHS) and in some areas of Pagburnayan, Vigan

City, Ilocos Sur for making of the actual testing and experimentation of the sensor-

based garbage bin and alarm system in segregating dry, wet, and metal wastes.

The norms for interpretation for the extent of construction of garbage detector

and alarm system and for waste segregation are shown below:

Range of Score Item Descriptive Rating

4.01-5.00 Excellent (E)

3.01-4.00 Very Good (VG)
2.01-3.00 Good (G)
1.01-2.00 Fair (F)
0.01-1.00 Poor (P)
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Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results, analyses and interpretation of the data

gathered in the conduct of the study.

Problem 1. What are the characteristics of embedded system in terms of:

a) speed (sec),

b) power (watts), and

c) distance (cm)?

Table 1 presents the characteristics of embedded system of wet waste, dry waste

and metal waste along speed.

Table 1. Characteristics of embedded system of wet waste,

dry waste and metal waste along speed.

Trial Wet DR Dry DR Metal DR Total Mean DR

1 4 VG 4 VG 4 VG 4 VG
2 5 E 5 E 5 E 5 E
3 5 E 4 VG 5 E 4.67 E
4 5 E 4 VG 4 VG 4.33 E
5 5 E 4 VG 5 E 4.67 E
Mean 4.80 E 4.20 E 4.60 E 4.53 E

Norms:
Duration (in seconds)
Range Descriptive Rating Mean Range
1.30s and below Excellent(E) 4.01-5.00
1.31s – 2.00s Very Good(VG) 3.01-4.00
2.01s – 2.30s Good(G) 2.01-3.00
2.31s – 3.00s Fair(F) 1.01-2.00
3.01s and above Poor(P) 0.01-1.00

Presented in table 1 is the characteristics of the wet, dry and metal detector

along speed. For the speed of detection, it is depicted from the table that the overall

mean rating of the trials from the three garbage detectors have an overall mean

rating of 4.53 described as “Excellent”. This means that the garbage detectors are

very fast in detecting different wastes that are in line with them.
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When taken singly, the wet waste detector obtained the highest mean rating

of 4.80 with the description of “Excellent” while the dry waste detector gained the

lowest mean rating of 4.20 seconds interpreted as “Excellent”. These means that wet

wastes are easier to detect than the other two type of wastes.

For the wet waste segregator, trial 2,3,4 and 5 has the obtained the highest

mean rating of 5 while in dry waste segregator, trial 2 was the garbage that was detected

the fastest with the rating of 5. In Metal waste detector, trial 2,3 and 5 has the highest

men rating of 5. All three are depicted as "Excellent". This implies that the kind of

waste affects the speed of the sensors in detecting different kind of wastes.

Trial 1 was the slowest time recorded in the wet waste detector with the rate

of 4. For dry and metal wastes, trial 1,3,4 and 5 obtained the lowest mean rating the

rate of 4. This means that the waste detectors and segregators are still effective and

quick to detect the wastes.

In fact, TrashBot swallow’s garbage at the speed of around three seconds per

item, with 90% sorting accuracy rate, and continuously learns to recognize new

types of trash. In the future, it will have LEDs to confirm to users whether an item is

recyclable or not (Kaverina, 2018). In contrast to the researcher’s machine

segregator, it is way better than trashbots when it comes to speed.

Presented in Table 2 are the characteristics of embedded system of wet

waste, dry waste and metal waste along power.

As observed in the table, the overall mean rating of the three different type of

waste is 4.40 with a descriptive rating of “Excellent”. When taken singly, metal waste

garnered the highest mean rating of 5 and described as “Excellent”, followed by the
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dry waste with 4.20 and wet waste with 4.00 respectively and both described as

“Excellent”.

Table 2. Characteristics of embedded system of wet waste,

dry waste and metal waste along power.

Total
Trial Wet(watts) DR Dry(watts) DR Metal(watts) DR DR
Mean
1 3 G 4 VG 5 E 4 E
2 4 VG 4 VG 5 E 4.33 E
3 3 E 3 G 5 E 3.67 VG
4 5 E 5 E 5 E 5 E
5 5 E 5 E 5 E 5 E
Mean 4.00 E 4.20 E 5 E 4.40 E
Norms:
Duration (in kilowatts)
Range Descriptive Rating Mean Range
3.0W and below Excellent(E) 4.01-5.00
3.01W - 4.00W Very Good(VG) 3.01-4.00
4.01W - 5.00W Good(G) 2.01-3.00
5.01W - 6.00W Fair(F) 1.01-2.00
6.01W and above Poor(P) 0,01-1.00

On wet waste, trial 4 and 5 garnered the highest mean rating of 5 and rated

as “Excellent”. On the other hand, Dry waste earned the highest mean rating on

Trial 4 and 5 with a mean rating of 5 both described as “Excellent”. Moreover,

Metal waste garnered a mean rating of 5 on all trials and all described as

“Excellent”. This implies that the wet, dry, and metal waste segregating machine do

not consume too much energy from the battery or power bank that is being used.

Also, when a person tries to activate the metal waste detector using electricity, it can

only consume 0.30 pesos per day. In addition to this, with the dry waste segregating

machine using electricity, a person can only spend 1.42 pesos on a daily use.

Moving on, Wet waste obtained the lowest mean rating of 3 on Trial 1 and

trial 2 both described as “Good”. Furthermore, on the Dry waste, on Trial 3,

garnered the lowest mean rating of 3 and described as “Good”. In addition to this,

Metal waste earned a mean rating of 4 on Trial 1 and described as “Very Good”.
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 23

This implies that even if it obtained the lowest mean rating, the consumption

of energy of the dry and wet segregating machine and metal detector is not that

power consuming. Thus, a person can only spend 1.42 pesos in a day and 9.95 pesos

in a week using the wet and dry segregating machine with the help of electricity.

According to the Arduino.cc (2020), The Arduino Nano can be powered via

the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or

5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically

selected to the highest voltage source. In addition, When Arduino is sleeping with

power down sleep mode, the whole board consumes 15.5mA x 3V from the battery.

If you are using USB to power it say you use a power bank, it consumes about

18.5mA.

The characteristics of embedded system of wet waste dry waste along

distance is presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Characteristics of embedded system of wet waste,

dry waste, and metal waste along distance.

Total
Trial Wet(cm) DR Dry(cm) DR Metal(cm) DR DR
Mean
1 5 E 5 E 2 F 4 VG
2 5 E 4 VG 2 F 3.67 G
3 5 E 5 E 1 P 3.67 G
4 5 E 5 E 2 F 4 VG
5 4 VG 5 E 2 F 3.67 G
Mean 4.80 E 4.80 E 1.8 F 3.80 G
Norms:
Duration (in centimeter)
Range Descriptive Rating Mean Range
2.51 and above Excellent(E) 4.01-5.00
2.01cm -2. 50cm Very Good(VG) 3.01-4.00
1.51cm -2.00 cm Good(G) 2.01-3.00
1.1cm -1.50cm Fair(F) 1.01-2.00
.01cm – .5cm Poor(P) 0.01-1.00
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 24

As gleaned on the table, it is depicted that the overall mean ratings of the

trials from different wastes has a total mean rating of 3.80 described as “Good”.

This implies that the distance of detection is good and somehow, efficient.

When taken singly, the wet and dry waste detector obtained the highest mean

rating of 4.80 both described as” Excellent”. While the distance obtained by the

metal waste detector obtained a mean rating of 1.8 depicted as “Fair”. This depicts

that the dry and wet detector has a great range in detecting wastes while metal

detector is somehow short ranged.

For wet waste detector, Trial 1,2, 3, and 4 obtained the highest mean rating

of 5 described as “Excellent”. For dry waste detector, 5 mean rating was obtained by

trial 1, 3, 4, and 5 which described as “Excellent”. While for metal detector, Trial 1,

2, 4, and 5 obtained the highest mean rating of 2 which is depicted as “Fair”. This

means that metal wastes needed to be closer to the sensor to detect the waste.

Trial 5 was the lowest mean rating for wet waste detector obtained 4 mean

rating depicted as “Very Good”. For dry waste detector, trial 2 obtained the lowest

mean rating of 4 which described as “Very Good”. While for metal detector, trial 3

obtained the lowest mean rating of 1 described as “Poor.” This only means that dry

and wet detector can detect further than metal detector.

In line to the study of Iyer (2018), the obstacle detection range is 5 cm that can

be increased by 15 cms. An IR sensor can detect the heat of an object as well any

motion in the surrounding. The functioning of an IR module is pretty straightforward.

As the module contains both transmitter and receiver. When powered, IR transmitter
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 25

starts to transmit continuous IR waves, if an obstacle is placed in the path of the

waves, they get reflected back from the obstacle and are received by the receiver.

Problem 2. What is the level of efficiency of the sensor based garbage

bin and alarm system in terms of the following:

a) wet waste,

b) dry waste, and

c) metal waste?

Presented in Table 4 are the percentage efficiency of the garbage waste

segregator in sorting the wastes into wet waste, dry waste, and metal waste.

Table 4. Percentage of efficiency of sensor based garbage bin

and alarm system in detecting different type of wastes

Wet Dry Metal Total

Acceptance Trial DR DR DR DR
Waste Waste waste Mean
1 5 VE 3.34 E 5 VE 4.45 VE
2 5 VE 5 VE 1.67 F 3.89 E
True
3 3.34 E 5 VE 5 VE 4.45 VE
Acceptance
4 5 VE 5 VE 5 VE 5.00 VE
5 3.34 E 5 VE 5 VE 4.45 VE
Percentage Mean 4.34 VE 4.67 VE 4.33 E 4.45 VE
Norms:
Efficiency (percentage)
Range Descriptive Rating Mean Range
81%-100% Very Efficient (VE) 4.01-5.00
61%-80% Efficient (E) 3.01-4.00
41%-60% Good (G) 2.01-3.00
21%-40% Fair (F) 1.01-2.00
1%-20% Poor (P) 0.01-1.00

For the efficiency of the machine, it is depicted on the table, the overall mean

rating of the percentage efficiency of the sensor based garbage bin and alarm system is

4.45 (89%), described as “Very Efficient”. Which means that the machine itself is not

that perfectly efficient but at least majority of the wastes will be sorted properly.
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 26

Taken singly, dry waste obtained the highest mean rating of 4.67 (93.4%),

followed by wet waste with a mean of 4.34(86.8%) and 4.33 (86.6%) all described

as “Very Efficient”. This entails that most probably all dry waste will be sorted

properly into the right bin, while the wet and dry waste may commit more error than

dry in reading the wastes. In addition, the moisture sensor which is responsible for

detecting wet waste is not that fully accurate in detecting the right sort of bin.

Trial 1, 2 and 4 obtained the highest of 5(100%) in the wet waste. For the

dry waste, trial 2,3,4 and 5 have the highest mean rating of 5 (100%) while in metal

wastes, trial 1,3,4 and 5 obtained the highest mean rating of 5 (100%). All trials are

depicted as “Very Efficient”. This means that in wet waste the moister the waste the

higher chances that it will go the wet waste bin. Moreover, dry waste will surely be

at the dry waste bin and metals detected more accurately depending on size where at

least it will be close enough to the sensor to detect.

For wet waste, trial 3 and 5 obtained the lowest mean rating and trial 1 in the

dry waste with 3.34(66.8%) described as “Efficient’’. Trial 1 obtained the lowest

mean rating with 1.67 (33.4%) depicted as “Fair”. This only mean that the waste

being dumped may vary like for wet waste, it will commit more error if it has lack

of moisture, and since IR sensor can’t classify the wastes whether it is dry or wet

waste chances are moist objects might go to dry bin. While for metal sensor, it can’t

detect metal wastes if it is too small in size.

In line to the study of Sakharkar (2019), trash robot is a compact machine,

wherein it is not only idiot-proof but segregates waste to more than 90 percent

efficiency at any given time. Even if you put any mixed waste into it, the trash robot

will segregate and recycle it within minutes. This means that in compare to the
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 27

researchers automated segregator, the efficiency of trash robots in separating the right

sort of waste is lower than to the researcher’s output.

Problem 3. Is there significant difference between the characteristics of

the embedded system and the level of efficiency of sensor based garbage bin and

alarm system?

Table 5. Significant difference between speed of embedded system

along speed and efficiency of sensor based garbage detector
in detecting different type of wastes.

Treatments Mean df Sig Decision

Difference
Wet .062 4 .593 Reject Ho
Dry .356 4 .117 Reject Ho
Metal .271 4 .203 Reject Ho

Presented in Table 5 are the significant difference between characteristics of

embedded system along speed and the percentage efficiency of wet, dry and metal

wastes. The table manifest that the speed of the embedded system in detecting

wastes is significantly different to wet, dry and metal sensors. For the wet treatment,

there is a difference of .593, 117 for dry and .203 for the metal treatment. It can be

seen that the significance of the treatments are higher than the level of probability

which is 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was hereby rejected. This implies that

the speed has a significant difference on the wet, dry and metal waste sensors.

In line to the study of Suchitra et al. (2018), Wet and dry waste can be

distinguished based on their weight. A high speed blower system is used to blow dry

waste off the belt while most of the wet waste remains. It then falls off as the belt

rotates and is collected later.

 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 28

Table 6. Significant difference between power and efficiency of sensor based

garbage detector in detecting different type of wastes.

Treatments Mean df Sig. Decision

Difference
Wet .014 4 .873 Reject Ho
Dry .200 4 .533 Reject Ho
Metal .006 4 .916 Reject Ho

Presented in Table 6 is the significant difference between characteristics of

embedded system along power and the percentage efficiency of wet, dry and metal

wastes. It can be seen that there is a significant difference of .873 along the wet

treatment, .533 for dry and .916 for metal treatment which is higher on the level of

probability at 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis which states that there is no

significant difference between the power and efficiency of sensor-based garbage

detector in detecting types of wastes is hereby rejected. The implies that the power

of the embedded system in detecting wastes is significantly different to wet, dry and

metal sensors.

According to the Arduino.cc (2020), The Arduino Nano can be powered via

the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or

5V regulated external power supply (pin 27).

Table 7. Significant difference between characteristics of embedded system

along distance and efficiency of sensor based garbage detector
in detecting different type of wastes.

Treatments Mean df Sig Decision

Difference
Wet .058 4 .219 Reject Ho
Dry .049 4 .272 Reject Ho
Metal .022 4 .495 Reject Ho
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 29

Presented in Table 7 are the significant difference between characteristics of

embedded system along speed and the percentage efficiency of wet, dry and metal

wastes. As seen on the table, significant difference of .219 along the wet treatment.

For dry treatment, it has a significant difference of .272 while .495 for metal. All

three are greater than the level of probability at 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis that

`states that there is no significant difference is rejected. This implies that the

distance has a significant difference on the wet, metal and dry waste detectors.

In constituents to the study of Kayva (2017), waste is pushed onto conveyer

belt, the presence of waste is first identified by use of Infra-red sensora at start end

of the conveyor belt in a short ranged distance, the waste moves further for detection

with inductive sensor to detect it is metal. If it is detected metal, electromagnet

rotates to in a direction to collect the metallic waste. Then demagnetization takes

place and waste is dropped into dustbin.

 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 30

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations

formulated based on the findings stated.

Summary

The study is limited on the construction of garbage detector and alarm

system for waste segregation along to the (1) characteristics of the embedded system

and (2) efficiency of sensor based garbage bin and alarm system.

This study is conducted at Ilocos Sur National High School (ISNHS)-Senior

High School (SHS) and in some areas of Pagburnayan, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur from

November 2019 to February 2020.

Moreover, to comprehend the realization of the objectives of the study, the

garbage detector and alarm system is tested by gathering data and using trial and

error method. In addition, the following statistical tools will be used in the analysis

of data that will be gathered: mean, analysis of variance (ANOVA). and percentage.

Findings

Based on the data gathered and analyzed, the following are the salient

findings of the study:

1. On Characteristics of embedded system

On Speed. The overall mean rating of the trials from the three garbage

detectors have an overall mean rating of 4.53 described as “Excellent

On Power. The overall mean rating of the three different type of waste is

4.40 with a descriptive rating of “Excellent”

 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 31

On Distance. The overall mean ratings of the trials from different wastes has

a total mean rating of 3.80 described as “Good”.

2. On Percentage Efficiency of the sensor based garbage bin and alarm

system

On Wet. Wet waste sensor obtained a mean rating of 4.34(86.8%) described

as “Very Efficient”.

On Dry. Dry waste sensor obtained the highest mean rating of 4.67 (93.4%).

On Metal. 4.33 (86.6%) is obtained by the metal sensor described as “Very

Efficient”

3. On significant difference between the characteristics of the embedded

system and the level of efficiency of sensor based garbage bin and alarm

system

On Speed, (between the percentage efficiency of sensor based garbage

bin and alarm system.) The speed of the embedded system in detecting wastes is

significantly different to wet, dry and metal sensors. For the wet treatment, there is a

difference of .593, 117 for dry and .203 for the metal treatment. It can be seen that

the significance of the treatments are higher than the level of probability which is

0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was hereby rejected.

On Power, (between the percentage efficiency of sensor based garbage bin

and alarm system.) There is a significant difference of .873 along the wet

treatment, .533 for dry and .916 for metal treatment which is higher on the level of

probability at 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis which states that there is no

significant difference between the power and efficiency of sensor-based garbage

detector in detecting types of wastes is hereby rejected.

 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 32

On Distance, (between the percentage efficiency of sensor based garbage

bin and alarm system.) There is significant difference of .219 along the wet

treatment. For dry treatment, it has a significant difference of .272 while .495 for

metal. All three are greater than the level of probability at 0.05

Conclusions

Based from the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1) The speed of the sensor for wet, dry, and metal wastes are very fast

which makes it excellent efficient for segregation.

2) The power consumption of the machine was not that high and not

costly.

3) The sensor for dry and wet are can detect farther distance but for

metal detector it is only short range.

4) The efficiency of the machine in segregating wastes is not that fully

efficient but it is highly acceptable.

5) There is a significant difference of characteristics of the embedded

system and the percentage efficiency of sensor based garbage bin and

alarm system.

Recommendations

Based on the obtained results deduced from the study, the following

recommendations are therefore forwarded:

1) There should be an additional automated garbage bin for the

segregator of metal waste and plastic waste.

ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 33

2) The waste segregator should have solar panel to replace power

source since sunlight is very abundant as an alternative source of energy.

3) There should be a monitoring system of the level of the trash bin,

wherein when the garbage is full it will send messages in email to the

garbage collectors for them to collect it.

4) In wet waste there should be a shredder inside it in order to grind the

compost materials for faster decomposition process to turn it to fertilizers

5) All of the sensors must not just be automated instead all bins should

have an alarm system whenever they put it to the wrong sort of bin.

6) The product should be available in the market since it has a high

efficiency in segregating wastes.

 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 34

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 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 35

EPro Labs (2017). “Moisture sensor”. Retrieved from

https://wiki.eprolabs.com/index.php?title on February 27, 2020.

Gudino M. (2018). “Introduction to microcontrollers”. Retrieved from

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ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 37

APPENDICES
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 38

Appendix A

Tables

On Speed

Total
Trial Waste Wet Dry DR Metal DR DR
Mean
Banana Safety 1.32
1 1.67s Paper 1.46s 1.48 s E
peel pin s
Rotten Wet 1.23
2 1.25s 1.22s Needle 1.23 s E
calamansi Plastic s
Metal 1.13
3 rice 1.15s Plastic 1.65s 1.31 s E
gear s
Leftover Dry Stainless 1.65
4 1.19s 1.79s 1.54 s E
food leaf steel s
Wet 1.25
5 1.14s wood 1.47s coin 1.29 s E
tissue s
Mean 1.28s 1.52s 1.31 s 1.37 s E

On Power
Total
Trial Wet(watts) Dry(watts) Metal(watts)
Mean
1 4.76W 3.69W .06 3.33
2 3.66W 3.45W .06 3.01
3 4.61W 4.07W .09 2.96
4 2.98W 2.35W .06 2.70
5 2.89W 2.78W .03 2.88
Mean 3.43W 3.27W .072 3.0

On Distance
Total
Trial Wet(cm) Dry(cm) Metal(cm)
Mean
1 2.7cm 2.7cm .8cm 2.07
2 2.6cm 1.9cm .9cm 1.8
3 2.7cm 2.8cm .5cm 2
4 2.6cm 2.7cm .8cm 2.03
5 1.9cm 2.9cm .8cm 1.87
Mean 2.5cm 2.6cm .76cm 1.95
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 39

Appendix B

Arduino code

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo;

int IR_Sensor = A1;

int MO_Sensor = A0;

void setup() {
pinMode( IR_Sensor, INPUT );
pinMode( MO_Sensor, INPUT );

myservo.attach(9);

Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
if(digitalRead(IR_Sensor)==LOW){
delay(1000);

if(digitalRead(MO_Sensor )==LOW ) {myservo.write(45 );}

if(digitalRead(MO_Sensor )==HIGH) {myservo.write(135);}
}

if ( digitalRead(IR_Sensor) == HIGH ) {myservo.write( 90 );}

}
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 40

Appendix C

Circuit diagram
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 41

Appendix D

Documentation

Collection and preparation of materials

Construction of the sensor-based garbage bin and alarm system

 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 42

Gathering data on characteristics of the embedded system

Testing the level of efficiency of the sensor-based garbage bin and alarm system
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 43

CURRICULUM VITAE
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 44

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Profile

Name : EVA JANE PAGALANAN ALIBIN

Permanent Address : San Julian Norte, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

Date of Birth : February 3, 2002

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Parents : Mr. Efren A. Alibin

Mrs. Marcelina P. Alibin

Educational Background

Elementary : San Julian Elementary School

San Julian Norte, Vigan City
School Year: 2008-2014
Secondary

Junior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St., Barangay. VII, Vigan City
School Year: 2014-2018

Senior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St., Barangay. VII, Vigan City
School Year: 2018-2020
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 45

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Profile

Name : JESTER FELICIANO FRANDO

Permanent Address : 40-b Mabini St. Vigan City

Date of Birth : October 1, 2001

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Parents : Arnulfo F. Frando

Josephine F. Frando

Educational Background

Elementary : Burgos Memorial School West

Solid West, Vigan City
School Year:2008-2014
Secondary

Junior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St. Vigan City
School Year:2014-2018

Senior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St. Vigan City
School Year:2018-2020
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 46

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Profile

Name : CZARINA JOY FERRER RAMIREZ

Permanent Address : Pong-ol, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

Date of Birth : June 9, 2001

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Parents : Mr. Marvin P. Ramirez

Mrs. Almira F. Ramirez

Educational Background

Elementary : St. Paul College of Ilocos Sur

San Vicente, Ilocos Sur
School Year:2008-2014
Secondary

Junior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St. Vigan City
School Year:2014-2018

Senior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St. Vigan City
School Year:2018-2020
 ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 47

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Profile

Name : JASON KING ARTAJOS RAMOS

Permanent Address : Ayusan Norte, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

Date of Birth : November 19, 2001

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Parents : Mr. Jorge A. Ramos

Mrs. Margie A. Ramos

Educational Background

Elementary : Burgos Memorial School West

Solid West, Vigan City
School Year:2008-2014
Secondary

Junior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St. Vigan City
School Year:2014-2018

Senior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School

Gomez St. Vigan City
School Year:2018-2020