1

Global
Warmin
g And
Green
House
Effect

SUBMIT
TED TO:-

Mr.Kaush
ik Sir

SUBMI
TTED
By:
Reg.no1
1605106
 2

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing our assignment, I had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who
deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much Pleasure. We would
like to show our gratitude Mr.Kaushik Sir for giving us a good guideline for assignment throughout
numerous consultations.

We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided
us in writing this assignment.

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support
and help of many individuals.I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this assignment within the limited time frame.
 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCTION 5,6

2 GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES 7

3 GREENHOUSE EFFECT 8

4 GREENHOUSE GASES 9-11

5 RESPONSES TO GLOBAL WARMING 12-15

6 LEGAL REGULATION OF GLOBAL WARMING IN INDIA 16-17

7 CASE STUDY 18-21

Effect Of Global Warming On Indian Metropolitan City Of Mumbai

Impact Of Global Warming On Agriculture Sector Of Rajasthan

8 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21

9 CONCLUSION 22

10 REFERENCES 23

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is when the earth heats up (the temperature rises).  It happens when greenhouse
gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane) trap heat and light from the sun
 4

in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the temperature.  This hurts many people, animals,
and plants.  Many cannot take the change, so they die.1

The average facade temperature of the globe has augmented more than 1 degree Fahrenheit since
1900 and the speed of warming has been almost three folds the century long average since 1970.
This increase in earth’s average temperature is called Global warming. More or less all
specialists studying the climate record of the earth have the same opinion now that human
actions, mainly the discharge of green house gases from smokestacks, vehicles, and burning
forests, are perhaps the leading power driving the fashion. 2 The gases append to the planet's
normal greenhouse effect, permitting sunlight in, but stopping some of the ensuing heat from
radiating back to space. Based on the study on past climate shifts, notes of current situations, and
computer simulations, many climate scientists say that lacking of big curbs in greenhouse gas
discharges, the 21st century might see temperatures rise of about 3 to 8 degrees, climate patterns
piercingly shift, ice sheets contract and seas rise several feet. With the probable exemption of
one more world war, a huge asteroid, or a fatal plague, global warming may be the only most
danger to our planet earth.

1
Dr. P Ishwara Bhat, and Sri Bhat Sairam, “International Environmental Law Principles: Defining Terms”, The
Karnataka Law Journal, 2005(3), p.1
2
Sprinz and Martin Weifs, Domestic Politics and Global Climate Policy, 1st edition, Jaipur: Techno Science
Publications, 1996, p. 88
 5

GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES

Many things cause global warming.  One thing that causes global warming is electrical
pollution.  Electricity causes pollution in many ways, some worse than others.  In most cases,
fossil fuels are burned to create electricity.  Fossil fuels are made of dead plants and animals. 
Some examples of fossil fuels are oil and petroleum.  Many pollutants (chemicals that pollute the
air, water, and land) are sent into the air when fossil fuels are burned.  Some of these chemicals
are called greenhouse gasses.3

As said, the major cause of global warming is the emission of green house gases like carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc into the atmosphere. The major source of carbon dioxide is
the power plants. These power plants emit large amounts of carbon dioxide produced from
burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation.4 About twenty percent of carbon
dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from burning of gasoline in the engines of the vehicles.
This is true for most of the developed countries. Buildings, both commercial and residential
represent a larger source of global warming pollution than cars and trucks. Building of these
structures require a lot of fuel to be burnt which emits a large amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. Methane is more than 20 times as effectual as CO2 at entrapping heat in the
atmosphere. Methane is obtained from resources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria
in bogs and fossil fuel manufacture. When fields are flooded, anaerobic situation build up and
the organic matter in the soil decays, releasing methane to the atmosphere. The main sources of
nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, cars with catalytic converters, the use of
fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of organic matter. Another cause of global warming is
deforestation that is caused by cutting and burning of forests for the purpose of residence and
industrialization5.

3
H. A. C. Prasad, J. S. Kochher, “Climate Change and India: Some Major Issues and Policy Implications,”
Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, March 2009, p. 8
4
S. Sivkumar, “Environmental Protection: International and National Perspectives”, CULR, 2004, p. 291
5
Bhaskar Kumar Chakravarty, “Environmentalism: Indian Constitution and Judiciary”, JILI, vol. 48, Jan-Mar 2006,
p. 99
 6

Temperature changes

Two millennia of mean surface temperatures according

to different reconstructions, each smoothed on a
decadal scale, with the instrumental temperature record
overlaid in black6.

Evidence for warming of the climate system includes

observed increases in global average air and ocean
temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and
rising global average sea level. The most common
measure of global warming is the trend in globally averaged temperature near the Earth's surface.
Expressed as a linear trend, this temperature rose by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005.
The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost doubles that for the period as a
whole (0.13 ± 0.03 °C per decade, versus 0.07 °C ± 0.02 °C per decade). The urban heat island
effect is estimated to account for about 0.002 °C of warming per decade since 1900.
Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.13 and 0.22 °C (0.22 and

6
S. Sivkumar, “Environmental Protection: International and National Perspectives”, CULR, 2004, p. 291
 7

0.4 °F) per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements7. Temperature is
believed to have been relatively stable over the one or two thousand years before 1850, with
regionally varying fluctuations such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.

Estimates by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the National Climatic Data
Center show that 2005 was the planet's warmest year since reliable, widespread instrumental
measurements became available in the late 19th century, exceeding the previous record set in
1998 by a few hundredths of a degree. Estimates prepared by the World Meteorological
Organization and the Climatic Research Unit show 2005 as the second warmest year, behind
1998. Temperatures in 1998 were unusually warm because the strongest El Niño in the past
century occurred during that year. Global temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that
overlay long term trends and can temporarily mask them. The relative stability in temperature
from 2002 to 2009 is consistent with such an episode. 8

External forcing

External forcing refers to processes external to the climate system (though not necessarily
external to Earth) that influence climate. Climate responds to several types of external forcing,
such as radioactive forcing due to changes in atmospheric composition (mainly greenhouse gas
concentrations), changes in solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit
around the Sun. Attribution of recent climate change focuses on the first three types of forcing.
Orbital cycles vary slowly over tens of thousands of years and thus are too gradual to have
caused the temperature changes observed in the past century.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

The greenhouse effect is when the temperature rises because the sun’s heat and light is trapped in
the earth’s atmosphere.  This is like when heat is trapped in a car. On a very hot day, the car gets
hotter when it is out in the parking lot.  This is because the heat and light from the sun can get
into the car, by going through the windows, but it can’t get back out.  This is what the
greenhouse effect does to the earth.  The heat and light can get through the atmosphere, but it
7
M. C. Mehta v Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 1086
8
Md Zafar Mahfooz Nomani, “Enviro-Constitutional Ethos in Right Duty Discourse: Towards the Creation of an
Equitable and Sustainable Socio-Legal Order”, Indian Journal of Environmental Law, Vol.1, 2000. p. 61
 8

can’t get out.  As a result, the temperature rises. The sun’s heat can get into the car through the
windows but is then trapped.  This makes whatever the place might be, a greenhouse, a car, a
building, or the earth’s atmosphere, hotter.  This diagram shows the heat coming into a car as
visible light (light you can see) and infrared light (heat).  Once the light is inside the car, it is
trapped and the heat builds up, just like it does in the earth’s atmosphere.

Sometimes the temperature can change in a way that helps us.  The greenhouse effect makes the
earth appropriate for people to live on.  Without it, the earth would be freezing, or on the other
hand it would be burning hot.  It would be freezing at night because the sun would be down.  We
would not get the sun’s heat and light to make the night somewhat warm.  During the day,
especially during the summer, it would be burning because the sun would be up with no
atmosphere to filter it, so people, plants, and animals would be exposed to all the light and heat.

Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it, if there gets to
be too many gases, the earth can get unusually warmer, and many plants, animals, and people
will die.  They would die because there would be less food (plants like corn, wheat, and other
vegetables and fruits).  This would happen because the plants would not be able to take the heat. 
This would cause us to have less food to eat, but it would also limit the food that animals have. 
With less food, like grass, for the animals that we need to survive (like cows) we would even
have less food.  Gradually, people, plants, and animals would all die of hunger9

GREENHOUSE GASES

Greenhouse gasses are gasses are in the earth’s atmosphere that collect heat and light from the
sun.  With too many greenhouse gasses in the air, the earth’s atmosphere will trap too much heat
and the earth will get too hot.  As a result people, animals, and plants would die because the heat
would be too strong. Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the
atmosphere, and earth's surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter
(W/m2).

9
Art. 48A - The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and
wildlife of the country. Art. 51A (g) - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India- to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
 9

Recent atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increases. Monthly CO2 measurements display
seasonal oscillations in an upward trend; each year's maximum occurs during the Northern
Hemisphere's late spring, and declines during its growing season as plants remove some
atmospheric CO2.
The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by
gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by
Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C (59 °F). The
major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70 percent of the greenhouse
effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26 percent; methane (CH4), which causes 4–9
percent; and ozone (O3), which causes 3–7 percent. Clouds also affect the radiation balance, but
they are composed of liquid water or ice and so have different effects on radiation from water
vapor.

The destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons is sometimes mentioned in

relation to global warming. Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between
the two is not strong. Reduction of stratospheric ozone has a cooling influence. Substantial ozone
depletion did not occur until the late 1970s. Ozone in the troposphere does contribute to surface
 10

warming10. Aerosols

Ship tracks over the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. The climatic impacts
from aerosol forcing could have a large effect on climate through the indirect effect.

Global dimming, a gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's
surface, has partially counteracted global warming from 1960 to the present. The main cause of
this dimming is aerosols produced by volcanoes and pollutants. These aerosols exert a cooling
effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight. The effects of the products of fossil fuel
combustion—CO2 and aerosols—have largely offset one another in recent decades, so that net
warming has been due to the increase in non-CO 2 greenhouse gases such as methane. Soot may
cool or warm the surface, depending on whether it is airborne or deposited. Atmospheric soot
aerosols directly absorb solar radiation, which heats the atmosphere and cools the surface. In
isolated areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming
due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds. When deposited,
especially on glaciers or on ice in arctic regions, the lower surface albedo can also directly heat
the surface. The influences of aerosols, including black carbon, are most pronounced in the

10
Law and Environment by Ashok K. Jain
 11

tropics and sub-tropics, particularly in Asia, while the effects of greenhouse gases are dominant
in the extra tropics and southern hemisphere11.

Solar variation in solar output have been the cause of past climate changes. The effect of
changes in solar forcing in recent decades is uncertain, but small, with some studies showing a
slight cooling effect, while others studies suggest a slight warming effect.

Greenhouse gases and solar forcing affect temperatures in different ways. While both increased
solar activity and increased greenhouse gases are expected to warm the troposphere, an increase
in solar activity should warm the stratosphere while an increase in greenhouse gases should cool
the stratosphere.

CLIMATE MODELS

Calculations of global warming prepared in or before 2010 from a range of climate models under
the SRES A2 emissions scenario, which assumes no action is taken to reduce emissions and

11
Law on Protection on Environment and Prevention of Pollution, by R.G. Chaturvedi.
 12

regionally divided economic development.

The geographic distribution of surface warming during the 21st century calculated by the
HadCM3 climate model if a business as usual scenario is assumed for economic growth and
greenhouse gas emissions. In this figure, the globally averaged warming corresponds to 3.0 °C
(5.4 °F).

The main tools for projecting future climate changes are mathematical models based on physical
principles including fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and radiative transfer. Although they
attempt to include as many processes as possible, simplifications of the actual climate system are
inevitable because of the constraints of available computer power and limitations in knowledge
of the climate system. All modern climate models are in fact combinations of models for
different parts of the Earth. These include an atmospheric model for air movement, temperature,
clouds, and other atmospheric properties; an ocean model that predicts temperature, salt content,
and circulation of ocean waters; models for ice cover on land and sea; and a model of heat and
moisture transfer from soil and vegetation to the atmosphere. Some models also include
 13

treatments of chemical and biological processes. Warming due to increasing levels of greenhouse
gases is not an assumption of the models; rather, it is an end result from the interaction of
greenhouse gases with radioactive transfer and other physical processes. Although much of the
variation in model outcomes depends on the greenhouse gas emissions used as inputs, the
temperature effect of a specific greenhouse gas concentration (climate sensitivity) varies
depending on the model used. The representation of clouds is one of the main sources of
uncertainty in present-generation models.

Global climate model projections of future climate most often have used estimates of greenhouse
gas emissions from the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). In addition to
human-caused emissions, some models also include a simulation of the carbon cycle; this
generally shows a positive feedback, though this response is uncertain. Some observational
studies also show a positive feedback. Including uncertainties in future greenhouse gas
concentrations and climate sensitivity, the IPCC anticipates a warming of 1.1 °C to 6.4 °C
(2.0 °F to 11.5 °F) by the end of the 21st century, relative to 1980–1999.12

Models are also used to help investigate the causes of recent climate change by comparing the
observed changes to those that the models project from various natural and human-derived
causes. Although these models do not unambiguously attribute the warming that occurred from
approximately 1910 to 1945 to either natural variation or human effects, they do indicate that the
warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

The physical realism of models is tested by examining their ability to simulate current or past
climates. Current climate models produce a good match to observations of global temperature
changes over the last century, but do not simulate all aspects of climate. Not all effects of global
warming are accurately predicted by the climate models used by the IPCC. Observed Arctic
shrinkage has been faster than that predicted. Precipitation increased proportional to atmospheric
humidity, and hence significantly faster than current global climate models predict.

RESPONSES TO GLOBAL WARMING

12
http://www.globalwarming360.net/tag/global-warming-effects
 14

Mitigation

Reducing the amount of future climate change is called mitigation of climate change. The IPCC
defines mitigation as activities that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, or enhance the
capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHGs from the atmosphere. Many countries, both developing
and developed, are aiming to use cleaner, less polluting, technologies. Use of these technologies
aids mitigation and could result in substantial reductions in CO2 emissions. Policies include
targets for emissions reductions, increased use of renewable energy, and increased energy
efficiency. Studies indicate substantial potential for future reductions in emissions. Since even in
the most optimistic scenario, fossil fuels are going to be used for years to come, mitigation may
also involve carbon capture and storage, a process that traps CO2 produced by factories and gas
or coal power stations and then stores it, usually underground.

Adaptation

Other policy responses include adaptation to climate change. Adaptation to climate change may
be planned, e.g., by local or national government, or spontaneous, i.e., done privately without
government intervention. The ability to adapt is closely linked to social and economic
development. Even societies with high capacities to adapt are still vulnerable to climate change.
Planned adaptation is already occurring on a limited basis. The barriers, limits, and costs of
future adaptation are not fully understood13.

Geoengineering

Another policy response is engineering of the climate (geoengineering). This policy response is
sometimes grouped together with mitigation. Geoengineering is largely unproven, and reliable
cost estimates for it have not yet been published. Geoengineering encompasses a range of
techniques to remove CO2 from the atmosphere or to block incoming sunlight. As most geo
engineering techniques would affect the entire globe, the use of effective techniques, if they can
be developed, would require global public acceptance and an adequate global legal and
regulatory framework.

13
Environment (Protection) Rules 1986.
 15

UNFCCC

Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).The ultimate objective of the Convention is to prevent "dangerous" human
interference of the climate system. As is stated in the Convention, this requires that GHGs are
stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change,
food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable
fashion.

The UNFCCC recognizes differences among countries in their responsibility to act on climate
change. In the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, most developed countries took on legally
binding commitments to reduce their emissions. Policy measures taken in response to these
commitments have reduced emissions. For many developing (non-Annex I) countries, reducing
poverty is their overriding aim.14

At the 15th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, held in 2009 at Copenhagen, several UNFCCC
Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord. Parties agreeing with the Accord aim to limit the
future increase in global mean temperature to below 2 °C. The 16th Conference of the Parties
(COP16) was held at Cancún in 2010. It produced an agreement, not a binding treaty, that the
Parties should take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to meet the 2 °C goal. It
also recognized the need to consider strengthening the goal to a global average rise of 1.5 °C.

LEGAL REGULATION OF GLOBAL WARMING IN INDIA

Almost every national government in the United Nations now has a minister and a department
tasked with policy on the environment, and many regional and local governments have also
developed this capacity. Since 1992 the volume and quality of environmental legislation
(international, national and local) has expanded hugely, and international agreements have not
only raised the profile of environmental change but also begun to drive global policy change.
Domestic or national law refers to the legal system applicable to a defined territory over which a

14
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/ 0725_coralbleaching.html
 16

sovereign power has jurisdiction. International Law, on the other hand, regulates the conduct of
the States and other international actors. Over the years domestic and international systems of
law have evolved in parallel. In certain fields and regions of the world, international law has
shaped and significantly contributed to the development of domestic environmental law. Yet
international environmental law also reflects domestic experiences considered successful by the
Community of Nations. The result is a complex relationship in which the two levels of
environmental law mutually contribute to and reinforces each other. National governments
represent their countries in international environmental negotiations, but they are not entirely
free to formulate policy positions. While it may be possible for these representatives to ignore
domestic constituents in the prenegotiation phase, national governments in democratic states
ultimately rely on majorities in legislatures or in public referenda in order to ratify international
agreements. Furthermore, even the ratification of international environmental agreements cannot
guarantee that these will be successfully implemented since industries, courts, and interest
groups often find sufficient leeway to delay and, potentially, circumvent the implementation of
international obligations at the domestic level. Therefore, government positions are likely to be
influenced by domestic pressure groups in anticipation of the challenges posed by ratification15.

Pre Constitutional era The history of the evolution of law in relation to pollution and other
environment problems can be traced to the ancient period. From the Vedas, Upanishads, Smritis
and other ancient literatures we find that man lived in complete harmony with nature. From the
ancient scriptures of Hindu religion one learns that the people gave so much importance to trees,
plants, wild lives and other things of nature that they developed a long tradition of protecting and
worshiping nature. Environmental ethics has always formed an inherent part of Indian religious
precepts and philosophy.

Yajnavalkya Smriti, a historic Indian text on statecraft and jurisprudence, suggested to have been
written before 5th century AD, prohibited the cutting of trees and prescribed punishment for such
acts. Kautalya’s Arthashastra, written in Mauryan period, emphasized the need for forest
administration. Ashoka went further, and his Pillar Edicts expressed his view about the welfare
of environment and biodiversity. Thus, ancient India had a philosophy of environmental
management enshrined in old injuctions contained in various scriptures and smrities
15
Protection of Environment and Role of Law by S.K. Bhattacharyya.
 17

Law of Torts

The law of torts is largely uncodified and also based on accepted principles. Thus the common
law principles including nuisance, negligence, trespass and strict liability are the oldest form of
remedies to abate the hazards of pollution. In India the law of torts has been generally followed
to provide equity, justice and good conscience. The Supreme Court has evolved the principle of
absolute liability in addition to the above traditional categories as it felt that the rule of strict
16
liability laid down in Ryland v Fletcher was no longer suitable in the prevailing socio-
economic conditions of the country.

The Indian Penal Code, 1860

The Indian Penal Code 1860, enacted during the British rule, contains one chapter (Chapter XIV)
on offences affecting public health, safety, convenience, decency and morals. It deals with
offences affecting public health, safety and conveyance, which covered aspects like water, are
and noise pollution. Section 268 covers public nuisance. It defines public nuisance as any act or
an illegal omission which cause any common injury, danger, or annoyance to the public or to the
people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause
injury, obstruction, danger or annoyance to person who may have occasion to use any public
right.15 Sections 269 and 272 deal with adulteration of food or drink for sale and adulteration of
drugs respectively. Section 277 lays down that, whoever, voluntarily corrupts or fouls the water
of any public spring or reservoir, so as to render it less fit for the purpose for which it is
ordinarily used shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months,
or with a fine which may extend to Rs. 500, or with both. Section 278 lays down that whoever
voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in dwelling
or carrying on business in the neighborhood or passing along a public way shall be punished with
fine which may extent to Rs. 500. Sections 284, 285 and 286 deal with negligent conduct with
respect to poisonous substances, combustible matter and explosive substances. Sections 428 and
429 cover mischief to animals

16
AIR 2006 S.C 2038
 18

In M C Mehta v. Union of India 17 the Supreme Court directed the exhibition and broadcast of
environmental messages and information by the media and introduction of environment as a
compulsory subject in schools and colleges. The Court issued detailed directions regarding the
compulsory screening of slides and documentaries in cinema halls and the broadcast of
programmes on radio and television. The UGC was told to prescribe courses on environment in
the universities syllabi. The State Governments and Education Board were directed to take
immediate steps to include environment in the school curricula. To ensure strict compliance of
its directions, it has come heavily on defiant states enjoining upon them to strictly implement
them under the supervision of the state authorities

In P.C Cherian v. State of Kerala 18, the Kerala High Court said that the carbon particle (carbon
black) emitted from two rubber factories amounted to an actionable public nuisance under
section 133 of the code of criminal Procedure 1973. The court took judicial notice of the health
effects of air pollution and it had to strike a balance between the community interest and the
interest of the workers in protecting their jobs. The court held that there is no scope for doubt
that carbon black on the clothes of the residents, which make them soiled, and their deposits on
food articles would cause annoyance to them all.

In Karnataka, Industrial Areas Development Board v Sri. C Kenchappa & Ors. 19 the Court
overturned a direction by the Karnataka High Court to the appellant to leave a land of one km as
a buffer zone to maintain a ‘green area’ around the periphery of a village. In this case the
judiciary has made specific mention of the entire world facing the serious problem of
environmental degradation due to indiscriminate development and due to industrialization,
burning of fossil fuels and massive deforestation leading to degradation of environment resulting
in global warming.

CASE STUDY
Effect of Gobal warming on Indian metropolitan city of Mumbai
It was besieged with India's heaviest downpour of the century in July 2005, killing nearly 600
people. According to the Indian Meteorological department, was the heaviest ever rainfall
17
AIR 2000 SC 1834
18
AIR 2004 SC 1834
19
AIR 2006 S.C 2038
 19

received in a single day, anywhere in India recording 94.4 cm in the last 100 years. It broke the
record of previous highest rainfall at one place in India at Cherrapunjee in Meghalaya of 83.82
cm recorded on July 12th, 1910.Cherrapunjee in the North Eastern state of Meghalaya is a
generally well known for being the wettest place in the world.
In the same year, there was another record broken in Eastern Indian state of Orissa, for unusual
mercurial rise in summer, June 2005 recorded the highest temperature of 46.3 degree Celsius in
Bhubaneswar of the last 33 years which is 10 degrees above normal, leading to a heatwave.
Speaking of heat wave, the 1998 heat wave in Orissa was recorded as one of the worst, claiming
more than 2000 lives in1998 was the warmest year globally.
Extremes of climatic changes surpassing their usual statistical ranges and tumbling records in
India should be an early alarm to all of us to sit back and take notice. Extreme weather could be a
manifestation of global climate change and global warming.
We are not insisting that the record-breaking Mumbai rain or heat waves in Orissa have a direct
causal association with global warming /global climate change but at the same time, we should
also not ignore them as “simple local aberrations”. Extreme weather events such as severe
storms, floods and drought have claimed thousands of lives during last few years and have
adversely affected the lives of millions and cost significantly in terms of economic losses and
damage to property. Just to take few examples: Floods are an annual feature in Bihar, but the
2004 floods were unique for its severity. Andhra Pradesh reeled under heat wave in 2003 killing
1,421 people, which is an all-time high in the history of Andhra Pradesh. Orissa is no stranger to
cyclones but the 1999 cyclone was again unprecedented for the sheer severity with wind speed
reaching over 300 km per hour leaving nearly 10000 dead and has gone down in history as the
Super cyclone. Cheerrapunjee, the world's wettest place is going through a rare rain crisis and is
experiencing dry spells. This year while Mumbai was being flooded, Cheerrapunjee received less
than average rain fall in June and July with distressing situation subsequently. According to the
meteorological department officials the unusual pattern of rainfall can be attributed to the
monsoon trough moving southwards from normal position of the Cherrpunjee-Assam-Bihar belt.
The shift has caused more rains in Orissa and Maharashtra belt20.

IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AGRICULTURE SECTOR OF RAJASTHAN

Rajasthan is the largest state of India in terms of area. Rajasthan has 32 districts. It has a rich and
colourful history making it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. According to
State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC), it was found that Rajasthan has been identified
as one of the four most vulnerable states. This desert comprises a very dry part. And it is one of
the most prone areas to climatic changes. Due to the unpredictable climatic patterns, the crop
production is highly affected in this state.

20
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/ 0725_coralbleaching.html
 20

Effects of global warming Change on Agriculture: Depending upon the natural resources,
agriculture sector is vulnerable to climate change and vagaries of nature. Climate change is likely
to negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries. Climate change affects agriculture
in a number of ways including through change in average temperatures, rainfall and climate
extremes (e.g., heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; change in atmospheric carbon dioxide
and ground-level ozone concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods; and
change in sea level. Climate change is impacting the natural ecosystems and is expected to have
substantial adverse effects in India, mainly on agriculture on which 58% of the population still
depends for livelihood21.

Climate Scenario in Rajasthan: Rajasthan has been identified as one of the four states most
vulnerable due to climate change by State Action Plan On Climate Change (SAPCC). Rajasthan
being the largest state in India with two-thirds of its area as Thar Desert is particularly
characterized by low and erratic rainfall, high air and soil temperature, intense solar radiation and
high wind velocity, and then to the soil of Rajasthan does support a substantial agricultural
population (almost 80%) who harvest protein rich crops like Jowar & Bajra. Also, the
agricultural sector accounts for almost 22.5% of the States GDP. Rajasthan is the largest
producer of Rapeseed & Mustard that accounts for 44.61% of the total national produce. Also,
wheat, corn & millets are the three most important crops of the region, along with pulses 22.
Climate Change is increasing the pressure on already scarce resources and if proper measures are
not taken, migration towards the cities will soon reach new heights. Given the fragility of the
resource base in much of Rajasthan, agriculture is a high risk activity23.

21
Record and the Departmental Reports of: Agriculture, Public Health HPGCL, HUDA, Forest, Health, Transport,
Irrigation, Industries, Mining, Rural Development
22
State of the Environment Report Haryana, 2006
23
Environmental Jurisprudence: Indispensable for growth with sustainability(Chronicle)
 21

CONCLUSION

Global warming is due to the increased carbon dioxide in air due to pollution caused by man so
to reduce the global warming man must respect nature. Avoid using unnecessary use of
automobiles, planting lots of tree & recycling the objects, making more use of non-conventional
energy sources. Due to global warming sea level are increasing. Greenhouse effect the nature it
increases the temperature which is harmful for environment.

AT LAST SAVE THE NATURE SAVE THE EARTH.

 22

SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TO STOP GLOBAL WARMING

People are doing many things to try to stop global warming.  One thing people are doing is
carpooling.  Carpooling is driving with someone to a place that you are both going to.  This
minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases put into the air by a car24.

Another thing that people are doing is being more careful about leaving things turned on like the
television, computer, and the lights.   A lot of people are taking time away from the television,
and instead, they are spending more time outdoors.  This helps our planet out a lot.  Now, more
people are even riding busses, walking to school, and riding their bikes to lower the amount of
greenhouse gases in the air.  Planting trees and recycling also helps.  If you recycle, less trash

24
Law and Environment by Ashok K. Jain.
 23

goes to the dump, and less trash gets burned.  As a result, there are fewer greenhouse gasses in
our atmosphere. 

Watch what you buy.  Many things, such as hairspray and deodorant, now are made to have less
of an impact on the atmosphere.  Less greenhouse gasses will rise into the air, and global
warming will slow down25

REFERENCE

BOOKS

1. Environmental Law in India by Gurdip Singh

2. Law and Environment by Ashok K. Jain

3. Global Environment Change and International Law by G. Singh

4. Environment Protection, Problems, Policies, Administration & Law by P. Diwan.

5. The Environment(Protection) Act 1986, Indian Law Institute, New Delhi India (1992)

6. Law on Protection on Environment and Prevention of Pollution, by R.G. Chaturvedi.

7. Environmental Law in India by S.C. Shastri.

25
Judicial Activism and Public Interest Litigation by P.N. Bhagwati.
 24

WEBSITE

http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/ 0725_coralbleaching.html

http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/peg_caa/pegcaain.html

http://www.globalwarming360.net/tag/global-warming-effects

BARE ACTS

Civil Procedure Code 1908.

Constitution of India 1930
Criminal Procedure Code 1973.
Environment (Protection) Rules 1986.
Environment (Protection) Act1986.