International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161

©2017 INPRESSCO®, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet

Research Article

Rationalization Energy Based on Automatic Street Lighting System

Hasan Noaman Muslim^* and Ameer H. Ali#

^Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

#Najaf Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 31001 Al-Najaf, Iraq

Received 01 July 2017, Accepted 01 Sept 2017, Available online 02 Sept 2017, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)

Abstract

Conservative street lighting systems in zones with a low frequented passerby are lightened most of the nighttime
without purpose. The result is that a large amount of energy is wasted uselessly. With the broad availability of
electronics components like LDR that sense the light and control on it, powers conserving street lighting systems
become reality. Therefore, the purpose of this invention is to provide a smart street lighting system which saves power
of lighting street at night instead of loss it because the load of cars and walkers is few. This purpose is accomplished
via use of controlling circuit which turns on a group of lamps at a specific time and after the time over, this group is
turned off while another set of lights are turned on also with a specific time and so on. This work is focusing on
developing automatic lighting system with using of light-dependent resistor (LDR) as a sensor of the sunshine and
using a timer (NE555 IC). This system is low cost as it does not contain expensive sensors and it is also easy to
implement as take very low space for installation.

Keywords: Lighting system; Automatic; LDR; Timer; NE555; Control circuit; Sensor; Voltage regulator

1. Introduction principle operation of the proposed system is as

follows: all day time, all lights in the street are turned
1 Lighting systems are an important facility of cities. A off. At night time, all the lights of the street are
constant lightening is the best solution in busy areas. In switched automatically to illuminate the roads. But at
the former case, a lot of people are walking around all midnight, there are a few flow of cars and walkers in
night long, moving from their workplace or a shopping the street and no need for full lighting, therefor, the
tour to restaurants, cinemas and parks. However, only control circuit will turn on a group of lights and turn off
a low number of residents and passersby using the the other group. After a specific time, the first group
streets during the night coming from their work moves will be turned off and will turn on the others and so on.
to their homes. The temporal need for lighted streets is The diagram of the system is as shown in Fig.1.
in relation to a continuous illumination of streets, often
incredibly small. As energy consumption is an issue of
increasing interest due to possibility of saving energy
in public street lighting systems (R Műllner et al, 2011).
The research focus followed in this work is to
introduce an efficient street lamp switching system.

2. Proposed System

This work is mainly focused on alternatings in street

lighting control and a rationalization in the
management of street lighting. This is complemented
by an controlling circuit that controls on lighting the Fig.1 Block diagram of the proposed system
street at 24 hours and this is based on a sensor that
senses the sunlight and it is called light dependent
resistor (LDR). The controlling circuit consists of the The main features of this work are:
following main components: (NE555 IC, light
dependent resistor (LDR), Relay DS2Y–S–DC5V). The  System is applicable, fast response, reliable, and
very efficient because the controlling on lighting is
*Corresponding author’s ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9163-7207 automatically without using any switches.
1700| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)
Hasan Noaman Muslim and Ameer H. Ali Rationalization Energy Based on Automatic Street Lighting System

 Low cost and the components are simple and each photon delivers energy to it. If the photon energy
available in market relatively. is greater than the energy band gap of the
 Easy maintenance and low space for installation semiconductor, free mobile charge carriers will be free
and low power supply. and the resistivity of the semiconductor is decreased.
Light dependent resistors are an inexpensive and
3. Basic Theory of the System simple detector in any electric circuit which turned on
and off automatically according to the level of ambient
light for example, light-measurement, light detecting
This system consists of three main parts (three blocks,
circuits and night security lighting (B.L. Theraja et al,
or three circuits) as shown in Fig.2 and each part will 2005).
be explain as follows.
II. NE555 IC

The NE555 timer is a multipurpose and widely used IC

device. It is a highly stable controller able to generate
accurate timing pulses. There are two types of 555
operation: firstly, a stable operation that the frequency
and duty cycle are accurately controlled with one
Fig.2 Parts of the automatic lighting system. capacitor and two external resistors. The second status
is the monostable operation in which the time delay is
3.1. Sensor Circuit Block controlled by external capacitor and resistance as
shown in Fig.4. After IC is triggered, there will be a time
The aim of this circuit is to sense the sunlight at day delay before the chip changes states. It is called 555
time and gives a signal to the control circuit to turn off because it consists of three internal resistors of 5 KΩ. It
lights in the street. And at night, this circuit send a has some of important features those are: High current
signal to the controlling circuit to turn on the lights in drive capability (200mA), adjustable duty cycle, turn
the street. This circuit consists of main following off time less than 2μSec, timing from μ Sec to hours and
electronic components: operation is specified for supplies of 5 V-15 V (M.
I. Light dependent resistor (LDR). Morris Mano et al, 2006).
II. NE555 IC.
III. Voltage regulator L7809CV.
IV. Necessary resistors, transistors and capacitors.

I. Light dependent resistor (LDR)

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), photoconductor,

photocell or photoresistor is a device which has a
resistance that changes according to the amount of
light dropping on its surface. When the light falls on
LDR, then the resistance varies as shown in Fig.3.
Fig.4 NE555 monostable circuit (M. Morris Mano et al,
2006).

III. Voltage Regulator L7809CV

There are sets of batteries that act as voltage sources; a

1.5V, 3V, 4.5V, 6V, 9V and 12V. A power supply can be
built using a transformer connected to the AC supply to
step the AC voltage to a required amplitude, then the
AC voltage is rectified and filtering with a capacitor,
and finally the DC voltage is regulated using an IC
Fig.3 Light dependent resistor and its symbols (B.L. regulator that shown in Fig.5. The regulators can be
Theraja et al, 2005). designated for operation with load currents from
hundreds of mA to tens of amperes, matching to power
LDRs are used in circuits where it is required to detect ratings from mW to tens of watts. The operation of DC
the ambient level of light and the presence of light in voltage conversion to another DC voltage is called a
order to generate a light triggered switch. The DC-to-DC conversion and the element which does this
resistivity of a semiconductor depends on the number operation is called DC-to-DC converter or step-down
of free charge carriers available in it. When the (buck) PWM DC-DC converter or step-up (boost) PWM
semiconductor is not irradiated, the number of charge DC-DC converter or a voltage regulator. Also, it is
carriers is small and hence resistivity is high. But when providing a thermal overload protection and short
light in the form of photons strikes the semiconductor, circuit protection (R. Boylestad et al, 2009).
1701| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)
Hasan Noaman Muslim and Ameer H. Ali Rationalization Energy Based on Automatic Street Lighting System

circuit consists of main following electronic

components:
I. Three NE555 IC.
II. Necessary resistors, transistors, diodes and
capacitors.

4. Practical Work and Results

All electronic components of each section (sensor

section, control section and timer circuit) are wired to
Fig.5 Voltage regulator (R. Boylestad et al, 2009)
perform this system as shown in Fig.7. The operation
of the overall proposed circuit can be simplified to the
3.2. Control Circuit Block following points:
1- The LDR is connected at triggering Pin of NE555
The function of this circuit is summed up in receiving (U4-Pin2) as shown in Fig.7 and Fig.8. At daytime, the
the signal coming from NE555 IC and control on it to LDR resistance equals to 100Ω which prevent
turn on or turn off the lighting in the street triggering NE555-U4. Therefore, the output of it is low
opportunely, where in the daytime all the lights are and all the circuit is off. Consequently, there are no-
turned off and in the night all the lights are turned on lighting in the street.
and at the midnight half-and-half lighting. This circuit
consists of main following electronic components:
I. NE555 IC in which explained in the previous
section.
II. Relay DS2Y–S–DC5V.
III. Necessary resistors, transistors, diodes and
capacitors.

II. Relay DS2Y–S–DC5V

Fig.7 Pin description of NE555IC (M. Morris Mano et al,
Relays are control electrical switch that can be 2006).
switched using low current to control a high current
load. All relays operate using the basic principle. Relays 2- At the beginning of the night, the LDR resistance
have two circuits: a control circuit and a load circuit as equals to 2MΩ which allows to trigger NE555-U4
shown in Fig.6. The control circuit consists of a small making the output voltage of (Pin3 of U4) is high and
coil that controls the operation of the load circuit this output will go to transistor NPN337 which turn on
which has a switch. When no voltage is applied, there is relay-X3 to turn on all lights in the street (full–lighting
no current flow through the coil. No current means no
in the street). On other hand, the same output of
magnetic field induction, and the switch is open. When
NE555-U4 goes to the Pin1 of NE555-U5 to be as GND
the voltage is supplied to coil, the current flows
through the coil produces the magnetic field required (ground). Consequently, the output of NE555-U5 will
to close the switch and hence operation of load. The be connected to coil of relay-X1 which turn off the
relay is a widely used element in telecommunication relay-X3 according to timer of NE555-U5.
equipment, office equipment, computer peripherals, 3- After the time of NE555-U5 is finished, the output of
security alarm systems, medical equipment and for it will be low and this output goes to transistor PNP
control circuit purposes (A. E. Fitzgerald et al, 2003). and this makes the relay-X1 is on. Because of the
double side relay-X1 contacts, the first side of contacts
will cut the power supply of NE555-U5 with relay-X3,
and thus cancelling the full lighting state. On the
second side of relay-X1 (relay-X2), the NC state of relay
will be NO to turn on the timing circuit which consists
of three NE555 ICs (U1-U2-U3). With each NE555-U1-
U2-U3, there is a capacitor (C3) between Pin3 of first
NE555-U1 and Pin2 of second NE555-U2 and also
between U2 and U3 as well as U3 and U1. When
NE555-U1 is operate as timer to turn on a group of
lights, the capacitor will charge and after the time is
over, the capacitor will trigger the second timer (U2)
Fig.6 Schematic of relay (A. E. Fitzgerald et al, 2003) because the capacitor is connected to the Pin2 of the
timer. And the same operation is repeated to the third
3.3. Timing Circuit Block timer (U3) and back to the first timer NE555-U1.
The function of timing circuit is to generate a three 4- After continuity operation of alternating lighting in
alternative times at midnight. This function is the street until the morning, the LDR again will be as a
implemented according to the control circuit. This low resistance and this make the circuit off.
1702| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)
Hasan Noaman Muslim and Ameer H. Ali Rationalization Energy Based on Automatic Street Lighting System

Fig.8 Wiring circuit of overall proposed system

1703| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)
Hasan Noaman Muslim and Ameer H. Ali Rationalization Energy Based on Automatic Street Lighting System

The obtained results for three cases are: Conclusions

1. The no lighting case when there the sunlight The research focus followed in this work is to
incidents on LDR sensor at daytime as shown in Fig.9. introduce an efficient street lamp automatic switching
system. Simply, replacing common bulbs with energy
saving LED lamps can reduce energy consumption.
Also, a timely switching of street lights which depend
on pedestrians personal is an important and essential
solution to reduce the useless energy consumption.
The idea of this work summarized in using a smart
Fig.9 No lighting case at daytime system for street lighting based on automatic switching
of street lights by making the system turned off the
2. The fully lighting case when the sunlight is absent lights at daytime and turned on these lights at
from LDR sensor at the beginning of the night as shown beginning of lights and after that alternating lighting at
in Fig.10.
midnight period. This work can be updated for a future
work by:

 Using a microcontroller PIC with LDR sensor.

 Operation of the system wirelessly (the control on
it wirelessly).
 Using the same electronic circuit to be as a traffic
light by canceling the state of no lighting at
Fig.10 Full lighting case at night
daytime.
3. Half and half lighting case (alternating lighting) at  Using this system in industrial applications such as
midnight period as shown in Fig.11. operation of three water pumps alternately and
this status is found in pumps water filter.

References

R. Műllner and Andreas Riener, (2011), An Energy

Efficient Pedestrian Aware Smart Street Lighting
System, International Journal of Pervasive Computing
and Communications, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp. 147-161.
B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, (2005), Electrical Technology, S.
Chand & Company Ltd., 1st Multicolor Edition.
M. Morris Mano, Michael D. Ciletti, (2006), Digital Design,
Prentice-Hall, 4th Edition.
R. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, (2010), Electronic Devices
And Circuit Theory, Prentice-Hall, 9th Edition.
A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Stephen D. Umans,
(2003), Electric Machinery, McGraw-Hill Companies, 6th
Fig.11 Alternating lighting case at midnight Edition.

1704| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)