Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2019 ISSN NO: 2231-6876

REVIEW STUDIES ON BIO-DIESEL PRODUCTION FROM PHYSIC NUT (JATROPHA

CURCUS) OIL
Prof. Dhanapal Venkatachalam, Samuel Thavamani B, Alphy Joseph
Department of Pharmacognosy, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Velappara, Palakkad, Kerala – 678 702.
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history Objective: Jatropha curcus belonging to the Family, Euphorbiaceous commonly known as
Received 20/12/2018 physic nuts. It is well known herb all over the world. J.curcas oil is not edible and is
Available online traditionally used for manufacturing soap and other medicinal applications. It is an
03/05/2019 alternative fuel for diesel engines. This review is based on focusing on the biodiesel
production from the plant Jatropha curcas. Methods: Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha
Keywords curcas seed oil involved three steps include extraction of oil from the seed, acid-catalyzed
Jatropha Curcus, transesterification, and base-catalyzed transesterification, each of which is well-known and
Biodiesel Production, widely-utilized in today’s biodiesel industry The produced bio diesel was characterized to
Physiochemical Parameters. obtain its physicochemical parameters such as flash point, pour point, cloud point, viscosity
and density. Results: The results obtained from the calculation of the yield of oil extracted
revealed 54% of oil could be obtained from the Jatropha seeds used. According to the results,
the values obtained from the analysis of the oil especially free fatty acid, density and
kinematic viscosity of the oil were found to compare well with the standard (ASTM), which
was an indication that the extracted oil was good and suitable for biodiesel production The
considered parameters oil content, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value and acid
value. These parameters were done in order to study the oil property of J curcas L which
makes the oil most suitable for biodiesel production. Conclusions: In these reveals that
biodiesel has become more attractive as an alternative to fossil diesel because of its
environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resource. J. curcas L. is a
promising source of biodiesel since its seeds contain high amount of oil and the species has
good agronomic traits.

Corresponding author
Prof. Dhanapal Venkatachalam
Professor & H.O.D
Department of Pharmacognosy,
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical studies,
Vellapara, Palakkad-678702, Kerala
[email protected]
+ 919443952113
+91-7904937309
1900

Please cite this article in press as Dhanapal Venkatachalam et al.Review Studies on Bio-Diesel Production from Physic Nut
(Jatropha Curcus) Oil. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2019:9(02).

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Vol 9 Issue 02, 2019. Dhanapal Venkatachalam et al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876

INTRODUCTION:
Jatropha curcas L. or physic nut is a drought resistant large shrub or small tree, belonging to the genus Euphorbiaceae,
producing oil containing seeds (Jongschaap et al, 2007). Jatropha curcas L. is the commonest specie found in India, but many species
exist in different parts of the world. Heller,(1996) reported about 165-175 species that were known from the genus Jatropha Bhagat
and Kulkarni(nd) report 14 wild and cultivated species in India. Jatropha is suitable for quick and efficient domestication compared
with other woody species (Achten, et al, 2010). Names used to describe the plant vary per region or country. It is most commonly
known as ‘Physic nut‟. In Mali it is known as “Pourghere”. Unlike the major oil seed crops, there are currently no agronomically
improved varieties available for J. curcas. At present, the varieties being used to established plantations in Africa and Asia are
inedible (King et al,2009) Due to its toxicity, J.curcas oil is not edible and is traditionally used for manufacturing soap and medicinal
applications (Jongschaap et al, 2007).
Due to the fact that the seeds of J.curcas contains some toxins compounds such as those reported by (King et al, 2009) a
protein (curcin) and phorbol-esters (diterpenoids), other researchers (Goel, et al,2007) suggested that the detoxification or complete
removal of phorbol esters is essential before its use in industrial or medicinal applications.
Biodiesel production is one of the current areas of research in academics because of the serious search for alternative effect of
temperature and mixing rate variation on biodiesel production from Jatropha using sodium hydroxide catalyst and methanol. In the
work, high temperature and high mixing intensity were found to increase the rate constants of the process best combination of the
parameters for production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas were 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 0.92% NaOH catalyst, 60oC
reaction temperature and 60 min of reactionel from Jatropha curcas seed oil using potassium hydroxide catalysed transesterification
process1. In order to achieve this aim, extraction of the oil from Jatropha curcas seed using solvent extraction method, Then the oil
from Jatropha curcas is mainly converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines2 The cake resulting from oil extraction, a protein-
rich product, can be used for fish or animal feed (if detoxified). It is also a biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or to produce
biogas, and a high-quality organic fertilizer3 In 2007, Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future
biodiesel production. It is resistant to drought and pests, and produces seeds containing 27-40% oil, averaging 34.4%. The remaining
press cake of jatropha seeds after oil extraction could also be considered for energy production. However, despite their abundance and
use as oil and reclamation plants, none of the Jatropha species have been properly domesticated and, as a result, their productivity is
variable, and the long-term impact of their large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown 4 2009 research found that
Jatropha biodiesel production requires significantly more water than other common bio fuel crops, and that initial yield estimates
were high5
This paper attempts to review the production of biodiesel from the seeds of Jatropha curcus.

Plant profile:

Figure 1- Jatropha curcus plant with unripe fruit. Figure 2- Fresh seeds of Jatropha curcus

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Figure 3- Seeds of Jatropha curcus. Figure 4- Dried seeds of Jatropha curcus.

The origin of Jatropha curcas and the Countries that are prominent in growing the plant:
Jatropha curcas originates from central America and was distributed by Portuguese seafarers via the cape Verde Islands to
countries in Africa and Asia .(Hernning,2003). Jatropha is widely grown in Mexico,Nicaragua, N.E.Thailand and in parts of India.

Chemical Composition of Jatropha curacas L.

Seed:
The seeds contain around 20% saturated fatty acids and 80% unsaturated fatty acids, and they yield 25–40% oil by weight. In
addition, the seeds contain other chemical compounds, such as saccharose, raffinose, stachyose, glucose, fructose, galactose, and
protein. The oil is largely made up of oleic and linoleic acids. Furthermore, the plant also contains curcasin, arachidic, myristic,
palmitic, and stearic acids and curcin.

Seed Husks
Seed kernel contains predominantly crude fat oil and protein while the seed coat (husk) contains mainly fibre.

Seed Cake
Seed cake makes an excellent organic fertilizer with high nitrogen content similar to, or better than, chicken manure with
macronutrient contents such as Nitrogen% (4.4-6.5), P% (2.1-3.0), K% (0.9-1.7), Ca% (0.6-07) and Mg% (1.3-1.4) seed cake contains
mainly proteins and carbohydrates.

Seed Oil
Jatropha seed oil chemically consists of triacylglycerol with linear fatty acid chain (unbranched) with/without double bonds.

Biodiesel production from seed oil of the Jatropha curcas plant

The production of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas seeds were comprised of three major steps:
1. Extraction of seed oil: A solvent extraction method is used to extract the oil from crushed Jatropha seed flakes.
2. Treatment of seed oil: The free fatty acid content in the seed oil is reduced by acid-catalyzed transesterification to give a higher
biodiesel yield product in the third and final step.
3. Conversion of seed oil to biodiesel: This step utilizes base- catalyzed transesterification process which effectively produces
biodiesel from the treated Jatropha Curcas seed oil6
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Extraction of oil from Jatropha seeds:

In preparation for oil extraction from the Jatropha seeds, they (the seeds) were sun dried, shelled and weighed. After then,
they were sun dried again, ground and the weight of the ground seeds was taken. Solvent extraction method, using n-hexane as the
solvent, was employed in extracting the oil from the ground seed meal. The choice of n-hexane as the extraction solvent was owing to
the fact that it is non-poisonous and volatile with high affinity for oil. Besides, it can be easily recovered. At the end of oil extraction,
the extract was filtered and the solvent was recovered using a rotary evaporator.The oil was further evaporated in an oven at 105ºC to
eliminate residual solvent and moisture content. The percentage yield was then calculated using the relationship given in the following
Equation7

%Yield =% Weight of sample / Weight of oil 100

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Extraction of Seed Oil Alternatives

Alternatives methods for extracting the oil with in Jatropha seeds include mechanical pressing and ultrasonification. Of
these, mechanical pressing with either manual or electrical power is most common. This technique lacks in efficiency, though, as only
50-60% of the oil is able to be extracted from the seed husks. Also, heat generated during pressing of the oil and reduces the overall
quality and yield. Ultra sonification, another method considered, entire the use of high-intensity acoustic energy and specialty
equipment. The chosen method, solvent extraction, utilizes a solvent to extract oil from the seed husks. Many chemicals can serve as
the solvent for this process, including hydrocarbon solvents like hexane, halogenated solvents like trichloroethylene, and supercritical
solvents such as supercritical CO2. Hexane was chosen as the best solvent for this process due to two favorable characteristics—an
extraction grade of 48-98% and a narrow distillation range8

Determination of the Characteristics of the Oil

The oil extracted from the Jatropha seeds was characterized and its physicochemical parameters such as acid value,
saponification value, Iodine value, free fatty acids, density and kinetic viscosity were determined by official methods 9-13. It results
showed to be sure that it would be suitable for biodiesel production.
Acid value - (mgKOH/g) - 4.77
Saponification value - (mgKOH/g) - 115.83
Iodine value- (mEq/g) - 119.1
Free fatty acid - (mgKOH/g) - 2.3
Density - (g/cm3) - 0.874
Kinematic viscosity - (cm3/s) - 4.57

Process description for biodiesel production:

As previously mentioned the proposed method for biodiesel production requires three main steps. These steps include hexane
solvent extraction, acid-catalyzed transesterification, and base-catalyzed transesterification, each of which is well-known and widely-
utilized in today’s biodiesel industry. These steps also allow for a high yield of the final biodiesel product, the primary goal of process
optimization, and each has been classified into one of four areas of the resulting simulation. Extraction of seed oil via hexane solvent
extraction takes place in Area 100, treatment and conversion via transesterification occurs in Area 300, and biodiesel treatment and
methanol recovery take place in Area 400. Hexane recovery, another important step, occurs in Area 200. Simulation of this process
was based on an annual biodiesel production of two million gallons14

Biodiesel Production
Transesterification process, which is the process of converting extracted oil into biodiesel, was carried out in this work by
reacting the extracted Jatropha oil with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to produce ester and glycerol.
At the end of the reaction, glycerol and biodiesel formed two layers. After settling, the glycerol was at the bottom while the biodiesel
was at the top of the container used. The layers were later separated from each other by draining the glycerol from the bottom of the
flask containing the mixture. The initial triglyceride content of the oil was determined by titrimetric analysis. Keeping reaction
temperature and stirring rate constant at 65ºC and 460 rpm respectively, three different biodiesel production conditions were varied.
Firstly, transesterification was done keeping the molar ratio of oil to methanol at 4:1 and 2.5% catalyst concentration and varying
reaction time. Secondly, keeping the reaction time at 75 minutes, 4:1 molar ratio and varying the catalyst load, another set of biodiesel
was produced. Thirdly, the methanol to oil molar ratio was varied while keeping constant the reaction time at 75 min and the catalyst
concentration at 2.5%. Thereafter, another biodiesel production was carried out using the obtained optimum parameters from the
investigations carried out before, and the yield of that was determined by titrimetric analysis and appropriate calculations 15

Design Alternatives
There are several design alternatives for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas seed oil. Alternatives for the main
steps of the production process are as follows16

Treatment of Seed Oil and Conversion of Seed Oil to Biodiesel Alternatives

Biodiesel production process was designed as follows, beginning with the extraction of the raw seed oil. First, raw Jatropha
Curcas seeds are crushed in a grinder. The Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) is then removed from the seed flakes using hexane solvent
extraction. The hexane solvent extraction and recycle system is comprised of a rotocel extractor, a stripper column, a rotary dryer, and
a decanter. The recycle system effectively separates the hexane from both the extracted flakes and the hexane-JCO mixture, also
known as the miscella. This extraction system consists of the equipment required to separate the hexane from the miscella and wet
seed cake17 Hexane found in the miscella exiting the rotocel extractor is recovered by stripping it from the JCO. This takes place in the
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steam-fed stripping column, and hexane is recovered from the hexane-wet flake slurry by evaporating it with steam in the rotary dryer.
The water-hexane mixtures are condensed and sent to the decanter, where the water is separated and the hexane is recycled18
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Section X-100
The heart of the solvent extraction process, the extractor, must transport the Jatropha curcas flakes as intended but still allow
adequate exposure of the flakes to the hexane stream. The extraction of JCO from seed husks begins by feeding ground Jatropha
curcas seed flakes into the extractor of choice for this design, a continuous rotocel extractor (X-100). This device resembles a
carousel, with walled, annular sectors that lie on a horizontal plane and are slowly rotated by a motor. The cells, which catch and hold
the solids, have perforated undersides to allow for solvent drainage. Each cell successively passes through a solids feed area, a series
of solvent sprays, a final spray and drainage area, and a solids discharge area. Fresh solvent is supplied to the cell at a rate of 2373
L/hr, with flakes being supplied at a rate of 2760kg/hr. The wet seed cake is then fed into a discharge hopper and sent to the rotary
dryer, while the miscella is sent to the stripper for hexane recovery19

Section X-101
The wet seed cake exiting the rotary extractor contains 25-30 wt% hexanes. To recover this hexane, the cake is fed directly
into a rotary dryer (X-101). This dryer consists of a rotating cylindrical shell that is slightly inclined. This incline is specified as
having a slope of less than 8cm/m from the horizontal plane. The wet seed cake is fed into the dryer at the high end of the shell, and
the dry cake is discharged from the low end. A steam stream flows counter-current to the solids at a rate of 250L/hr, thus evaporating
the hexane from the seed cake. The bulk solids occupy 10-18% of the cylinder volume with a residence time of 30 minutes. The dry
cake exiting the rotary dryer is then sent to an incinerator, with hexane-water vapors being condensed and collected into a decanter.
Heat produced from dry cake incineration is used for heat exchange and to preheat the steam used in this step, providing an added
level of efficiency and cost savings20

Section T-120
The miscella leaving the extractor is approximately 66 wt% hexane. To recover this hexane, the miscella stream is fed into a
stripper column (T-120). The stripper of choice is a vertically structured column with eight valve trays, each separated by 12 inches.
The column is 22 feet tall and has a diameter of 8.4 inches. There is a four foot head space above the top tray where entrained liquid is
removed. Also, a 10- foot space below the bottom tray adds bottoms surge capacity. Two streams enter into the stripper—the miscella
and a steam stream used to strip hexane from the JCO within the miscella. The steam stream is fed conditions of 160°C and 240 kPa,
and the column operates at 160°C and 200 kPa. The boiling point of the JCO, approximately 870°C, is far greater than that of hexane,
approximately 69°C, so the hexane stripped JCO flows downward and exists as the bottoms product. This process is highly-effective,
removing approximately 99.99% of the hexane from the JCO. The resulting hexane-steam mixture is condensed and sent to the
decanter, and the JCO is pumped to the appropriate storage tank. All condensed hexane-water mixture is collected into the decanter
where, because of a difference in densities, the hexane and water separate. This solution is then heated to remove the hexane, and the
water is discharged to the sewer. The vaporized hexane is recycled and directed back to the rotocel extractor 21

Area 200: Hexane Recovery

Thus, Area 200 was designed to prevent excessive emission of hexane from the closed systems in Area 100. In addition to
increasing plant safety through confining all hexane into a single system, this design also provides the benefit of increased hexane
recovery for recycle. Vapors from the extractor, the condensers, the rotocel extractor, and the heaters are all directed to Area 200 in
order to recover any hexane present. The hexane recovery system consists of a vent condenser and a mineral oil stripper-absorber
system22

Section E-200
As indicated in the above figure, a vent blower maintains a slight negative pressure on the entire extraction system. If a leak
occurs in the system, this pressure will cause air to enter into system, rather than having hexane leak out. The vent vapor from the
condensers and process tanks first enters the vent condenser (E-200), and then continues to the mineral oil absorption column23

Section T-210
The mineral oil absorption column (T-210) is a vertically structured column with nine valve trays, each separated by 12
inches. The column is 23feet tall and has a diameter of 13.9 inches. There is a four foot head space above the top tray where water
vapor is allowed to be removed. A 10-foot space below the bottom tray adds bottoms surge capacity. Two streams enter into the
absorber—hexane water vapor and a cooled mineral oil stream used to absorb hexane vapors. The vapor streams flow counter current
to a stream of cooled mineral oil. Because hexane and mineral oil are both non-polar liquids, they are miscible. The cooler the mineral
oil, the higher is hexane’s affinity to dissolve into it. The vapor, now free of hexane, exits the top of the column and is safely
discharged into the surrounding atmosphere. The mineral oil absorbs the hexane and collects in the bottom of the column. After
exiting the bottom of the column, the solution is pumped through a heater, and sent to the stripper column 24
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Section T-211
The mineral oil stripper column (T-211) is a vertically structured column with nine valve trays, each separated by 12 inches.
The column is 23feet tall and has a diameter of 13.9 inches. There is a four foot head space above the top tray where water vapor is
allowed to be removed. A 10-foot space below the bottom tray adds bottoms surge capacity. Two streams enter into the stripper - rich
oil from the absorber column and steam which is used to strip hexane vapors from the mineral oil. In this column, the heated mineral
oil-hexane mixture flows counter current to the steam stream, stripping the hexane from the mineral oil. The hot mineral oil, now free
of hexane, is pumped through the oil cooler. The hexane vapor and steam from the top of the column are condensed in the vent
condenser and the hexane-water mixture is sent to the decanter V110, where hexane and water are separated and hexane is recycled 25

Area 300: Treatment and Conversion of Seed Oil to Biodiesel

Area 300 is comprised of two batch tank reactors and two decanters. The treatment of the crude JCO, an acid-catalyzed
transesterification process, reduces the free fatty acid content of Jatropha curcas seed oil from 10-20% to less than 1%, achieved by
converting the free fatty acids into biodiesel intermediates. This increases the overall efficiency of the conversion process that follows,
where the seed oil is converted into biodiesel. This conversion process is a base-catalyzed transesterification process which occurs in
the second batch reactor. Following each batch tank is a decanter which allows the reactor effluents to settle and separate before
continuing on to the next step in the process26

Section X-300
JCO enters the first batch reactor tank (X-300) at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 60°C. For each batch, 6665 L of
JCO is fed into the reactor, where base-catalyzed transesterification takes place. This process requires that the Jatropha curcas seed
oil be treated with 0.28 volume/volume of methanol, using 1.43% volume/volume of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. The volumes
of methanol and sulfuric acid added to the reactor are 2458 L and 16 L, respectively. Both the methanol and the sulfuric acid enter at
atmospheric pressure and 25°C. This reaction has been optimized to run for 88 minutes at a temperature of 60°C. The optimized
reaction time for each batch is 88 minutes. A head space of approximately 10 % of the overall volume was specified for this reactor,
and the size of the reactor tank will be 10500 L. The exit stream contains 9174 L, consisting of 33% treated JCO and 60% biodiesel;
the remainder is comprised of methanol, sulfuric acid, FFAs, and water 27

Section V-310
The exit stream from the reactor flows into the horizontal decanter (V-310), where a gravity-induced settling occurs and two
layers separate due to density differences. Two layers that separate in this decanter an organic layer containing JCO, biodiesel, FFAs,
and a small amount of sulfuric acid, and a second layer containing water, glycerol, methanol, and the remaining sulfuric acid. The
organic layer then proceeds to the second reactor, while the second layer continues for treatment in Area 40028

Section X-301
The second reactor (X-301) converts the remaining source oil into biodiesel. This step also neutralizes the sulfuric acid in the
treated Jatropha curcas oil stream leaving the reactor. This reactor tank carries out a base-catalyzed transesterification reaction which
converts the JCO in the form of mono-, di-, and triglycerides into the final biodiesel product. The purified JCO is added in batches of
9130 L and treated with 0.20 volume/volume of methanol, approximately 2557 L, and with 0.55% weight/volume of sodium
hydroxide, approximately 85.4 kg. Each batch has an optimized reaction time of 30 minutes and runs at a temperature of 60°C.
A headspace of approximately 10% of the total volume is necessary, with a reactor tank size of 13500 L. The side products in
this reactor include glycerin, sodium sulfate, water, and residual soaps. These side products must be treated in Area 400 before a
sellable product can be achieved29

Section V-311
The exit stream from the second reactor flows into a second horizontal decanter (V-311) to allow for settling and the
separation of layers. Similar to the previous decanter, the organic layer contains mostly biodiesel, with trace amounts of JCO, FFAs,
and sodium sulfate. The bottom layer is comprised of glycerol, methanol, sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate, and residual soaps. The
biodiesel-rich layer is treated in Area 400 to increase its purity. The bottom layer will also be directed to Area 400 for treatment and
methanol recovery 30

Area 400: Biodiesel Treatment and Methanol Recovery

Section T-400
Distillation column (T-400) separates methanol from the crude glycerol and vapors vented from Area 300. The separated
methanol is recycled back to methanol feed area and is reused in Area 300. The glycerol exiting the bottom of the distillation column
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is sent to storage and is ready for resale. This column operates with a pressure of 101.3 kPa. Crude glycerol enters at a flow rate of
88.3 L/hr. The column contains 10 stages, with the feed entering in the 6 th stage. The specified diameter is six inches and its height is
15 feet, with an optimized reflux ratio of 1.34. The distillate is comprised of 70 mol% glycerol, 12.8 mol% water, and a remainder of
Na2SO4 salts 31
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Section V-410
The glycerol leaving the bottom of the distillation column is collected into a storage tank (V-410), which has been specified
to hold up to 10 batches. This equates to approximately a 15,000 L capacity 32

Section T-401
The counter current liquid-liquid extraction spray column (T- 401). This design allows for a pure product with as little waste
water as possible. Crude biodiesel from Area 300 enters the bottom of the column and travels upward while contacting water droplets
sprayed from the top of the column. The washed biodiesel exits the top of the spray column and is collected into a storage tank (V-
411). Waste water exiting the bottom of the column is sent into the drainage system. Washing the biodiesel is extremely important
because contaminates such as unreacted methanol and catalyst will damage equipment and burn poorly in diesel engines. This is
reflected in the ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards which require the removal of glycerin, catalyst, alcohols, and FFAs. In order to
wash the biodiesel, water is sprayed into the tower as the dispersed phase. As it travels through the crude biodiesel, the water collects
methanol, dissolved salts, and unused catalyst found in the diesel. The total volume of water suggested for washing biodiesel is a
standard 2:1 volumetric ratio of water to biodiesel. The column operates with a pressure of 101.3 kPa. Crude biodiesel enters the
column at a rate of 897 L/hr. The column contains 10 stages, with the feed entering in the 6th stage. The diameter is six inches and its
height is 15 feet, with an optimized reflux ratio of 1.34. The distillate is comprised of 96.2mol% Jatropha-based biodiesel, 1.78 mol%
water, and a remainder of methanol. 4.5.4.33

Section V-411
The biodiesel exiting the top of the distillation column is collected into a storage tank (V-411), which has been specified to
hold up to 10 batches. This equates to approximately a 90,000 L capacity. 34

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Exploitation of Jatropha (Gubitz, et al, 1998)

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CONCLUSION
Biodiesel has become more attractive as an alternative to fossil diesel because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it
is made from renewable resource. J. curcas L. is a promising source of biodiesel since its seeds contain high amount of oil and the
species has good agronomic traits. These properties of J. curcas L. have attracted a lot of projects developers. At present, many
countries have started cultivating Jatropha trees on large scale, although little is known about the positive and negative effects of the
large scale production of J. curcas L. on ecology as well as other socio-economic situations. There is need to research on the life cycle
analysis (LCA) for the biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. at small scale and industrial production units particularly in
developing countries where there is large scale production of J. curcas L. The LCA studies will result in data on the energy balance,
the greenhouse gas balance and the land use impact of the J. curcas L. biodiesel system.

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