CHAPTER 5: Understanding Data and Ways To Systematically Collect Data

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
ILOCOS NORTE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TRADES
Laoag City
LECTURE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

CHAPTER 5: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect
Data
Basically, a qualitative research is aimed at gaining a deep understanding of a specific organization

or event, rather than surface description of a large sample of a population. It aims to provide an
explicit rendering of the structure, order, and broad patterns found among a group of participants.
Qualitative Research Design Strategies

 Case Study: In a case study, a single person, program, event, process, institution,
organization, social group or phenomenon is investigated within a specified time frame.
Case studies are routinely employed in business, medicine and law.
 Ethnography: Rooted in anthropology, ethnography involves the study of an intact group,
logically defined, in its natural context for a sustained time interval. The researcher is
typically an observer or a participant observer.
 Phenomenology: The researcher develops an understanding of an individual’s or group’s
perception of reality as he or she constructs it. These realities may be expressed as an
event, program, relationship, emotion, etc. It is rooted in philosophy.
 Grounded Theory: Grounded theory is a general research methodology used in building
naturalistic theory and is rooted in sociology.
 Focus Groups: Focus groups are panels, facilitated by a moderator, who meet for a specified
time period to exchange perspectives, knowledge, and/or opinions on a particular topic.
 Historical Research: Historical research relies on records, diaries, oral histories,
photographs, and other artifacts to describe, analyze, and explain past events, philosophies,
etc. The artifacts and records used are driven by the particular study and its research
question(s).
Comparison of Qualitative Methods

METHOD STUDY FOCUS ANALYTIC FOCUS DISCIPLINES
describe, explain, or multidisciplinary / varied
Case Study event, person, program assess and evaluate a study of people, groups,
phenomenon or events
describe a culture /
Ethnography culture / cultural group cultural anthropology
cultural group
discern the essence of philosophy /
Phenomenology individual experience
the lived experience psychology / sociology
cultural groups / generate theory about a sociology / symbolic
Grounded Theory
phenomenon basic social process interaction / criminology
produce high quality
multidisciplinary /
data if they are
Focus Groups group interview programs, communities,
employed for the right
and organizations
purposes
Historical records, diaries, oral describe, analyze, and philosophy / humanities
Research histories, photographs, explain past events, sociology /
and other artifacts philosophies, etc. multidisciplinary
Sampling Procedure
 Sampling, as it relates to research, refers to the selection of individuals, units, and/or
settings to be studied.
 Qualitative studies often use purposeful sampling, that is, a sample that has the
characteristics relevant to the research questions. Qualitative research, typically starts with
a specific group, type of individual, event, or process.
Types of Sample
Probability (Random) Samples Non – Probability Samples
Simple random sample Convenience sample
Systematic random sample Purposive sample
Stratified random sample Quota
Multistage sample Snowball
Multiphase sample Theoretical
Cluster sample
Methods of Sampling
 Simple random sampling is the most straightforward of the random sampling strategies. We
use this strategy when we believe that the population is relatively homogeneous for the
characteristic of interest.
 Systematic sampling yields a probability sample but is not a random sampling strategy. It
takes every nth person from the sampling frame.
 Stratified random sampling is used when we have subgroups in our population that are
likely to differ substantially in their responses or behavior. This technique treats the
population as though it were two or more separate population and then randomly samples
within each.
 Multistage sampling is the most sophisticated sampling strategy and is often used in large
epidemiological studies.
 Cluster sampling is useful when it would be impossible or impractical to identify every
person in the sample.
 Convenience sampling selects a particular group of people but it does not come close to
sampling all of a population.
 Purposive sampling targets a particular group of people. When the desired population of
the study is rare or very difficult to locate and recruit for a study, purposive sampling maybe
the only option.
 Theoretical sampling identifies manifestations of a theoretical construct of interest so as to
elaborate and examine the construct. This strategy is similar to purposive sampling, except
it is more conceptually focused. This is used in grounded theory studies.
 Snowball sampling identifies cases of interest from people who know other people who
would be a good interview participant.
Prepared by: HAZEL MARIANNE L. MARIANO

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Republic of the Philippines

LECTURE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

Basically, a qualitative research is aimed at gaining a deep understanding of a specific organization

Qualitative Research Design Strategies

Comparison of Qualitative Methods

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