ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS

AND MEASUREMENTS

ASHUTOSH SIDHAR
00476802818
ECE-3
 EXPERIMENT NO
Study of different types of display devices.
Theory: All the PCs that we use need to have some displays. Normally there are the standard monitors, but they
now are available in various varieties like LEC, LED. The evolution of the displays has not just only made the
space that they contain become less, but also has made them more efficient. But there are some certain
disadvantages as well which are associated with the new types of displays, like in the CRT's, one could see the
screen from any angel since the screen shape was a bit round. Now the flat screen has made the restriction that
only that person, who is viewing it from the 180° angle, can see the screen properly.

CRT: CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tubes and is the very old-style display which uses the florescent blue tube
and it projects the electrons to the screen at a time. These projections are responsible for creating the images on
the screen. These monitors are heavy and have been configured for some various sizes. They are available in the
sizes of 15 inches, 19 inches and the 21 inches. Also, the cathode ray tubes have some other types of options as
well. The thing is, the large would be the screen, the larger would be the tube and due to that, the weight would
increase as well. Some of them come along with some specified types of the resolutions which can be 1028 x
1025, XGA etc.

LCD: The new

technology is of LCDs. It
is the very common type of the display that one can find anywhere. This contains the liquid crystals and these
displays do not contain the tubes. So, there isn't any electronic gun as well and one doesn't have to worry about
the electrons painting the display. Instead, there is a back light that always keeps the liquid crystal display on.
The power is given to a transistor which then repolarizes light and that's what enables the light to come out and
show a specific color.

LED: LED is another new technology

which also has captured many of the consumer's choices. It is known as led since the backlight used in it is
normally a fluorescent light and it is used instead of using a normal backlight. But there is always the LCD there
which gives the screen information and helps us having the view. So, it's even better if it is called LED Backlit
LCD. The LED technology has been embedded in many ways. One of the ways is to have the LEDs at the edge
of screen. Inside the display, there is a component named defuser which is responsible for the distribution of the
light that comes through the whole back. Another method to use this technology is the usage of a whole array of
LEDs. This array isn't just there on the edges, but they are spread across the all back side of the display. Hence
the display gets lighter since it has more control of it. There is new type of LED too which has been introduced.
It's called the organic LED display. It is created of some organic material which lights up if it is provided with a
current.

Plasma: This is another new invention and it is named as the plasma display since there are some very small
sized cells present there. These cells are of the Nobel gases and when the voltage is provided to them, the ultra-
violate ray is generated and the each light is brightened and hence the light is emitted through the display. Now,
the phosphorus is being used instead of these cells and hence the color quality has been improved a lot. So, for
those who work for the video editing and they require some good displays, this one is the good option. They use
much power and the radio interfaces are put off as well. The interesting fact is that if one is living at some place
which is above the sea level, the display won't be so effective so if one is living on some mountain area, he
should make sure to check whether the specifications would work or not.

Projector: The projectors are

now also being used and almost every
organization use this to spread the information on the screen. The data can be projected at the wall and it can
become visible to many people at the same time. These are also known as the CD projectors, but the truth is,
that there are many various technologies which are being used for that displays and the LCD is not the only
option.
 LAB STUDY

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:

A measuring instrument is a device for measuring

a physical quantity. In the physical sciences, quality
assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity
of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-
world objects and events. Established standard objects
and events are used as units, and the process of
measurement gives a number relating the item under
study and the referenced unit of measurement.
Measuring instruments, and formal test methods which
define the instrument's use, are the means by which
these relations of numbers are obtained. All measuring
instruments are subject to varying degrees of instrument
error and measurement uncertainty.

DIGITAL MULTIMETER:

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-

milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines
several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can
measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use
a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital
multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also
show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital
multimeters are now far more common due to their lower cost and
greater precision, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some
cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value.
FREQUENCY METER:

A frequency meter is an instrument that displays

the frequency of a periodic electrical signal.
Various types of frequency meters are used. Many
are instruments of the deflection type, ordinarily
used for measuring low frequencies but capable of
being used for frequencies as high as 900 Hz.
These operate by balancing two opposing forces.
Changes in the frequency to be measured cause a
change in this balance that can be measured by the
deflection of a pointer on a scale. Deflection-type
meters are of two types, electrically resonant
circuits and ratiometers.

VOLTMETER:

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two
points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the
voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to
digital converter.
A voltmeter in a circuit diagram is represented by
the letter V in a circle.
Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles.
Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are
used to monitor generators or other fixed
apparatus. Portable instruments, usually equipped
to also measure current and resistance in the form
of a multimeter, are standard test instruments
used in electrical and electronics work. Any
measurement that can be converted to a voltage
can be displayed on a meter that is suitably
calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature,
flow or level in a chemical process plant.
AMMETER:

An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in
a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to
measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated
as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which relied on
the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th
century, improved instruments were designed which
could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate
measurements in electric power systems. It is generally
represented by letter 'A' in a circuit.
Types

• Moving-coil
• Moving magnet
• Electrodynamic
• Moving-iron
• Hot-wire
• Digital0
• Integrating

WATTMETER:

A modern digital wattmeter samples the voltage and current

thousands of times a second. For each sample, the voltage is
multiplied by the current at the same instant; the average over at
least one cycle is the real power. The real power divided by the
apparent volt-amperes (VA) is the power factor. A computer circuit
uses the sampled values to calculate RMS voltage, RMS current,
VA, power (watts), power factor, and kilowatt-hours. The readings
may be displayed on the device, retained to provide a log and
calculate averages, or transmitted to other equipment for further
use. Wattmeters vary considerably in correctly calculating energy
consumption, especially when real power is much lower than VA
(highly reactive loads, e.g. electric motors). Simple meters may be
calibrated to meet specified accuracy only
for sinusoidal waveforms. Waveforms for switched-mode power supplies as used for
much electronic equipment may be very far from sinusoidal, leading to unknown and possibly
large errors at any power. This may not be specified in the meter's manual.
GALVANOMETER:

A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument used

for detecting and indicating an electric current. A
galvanometer works as an actuator, by producing a rotary
deflection (of a "pointer"), in response to electric current
flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. Early
galvanometers were not calibrated, but their later
developments were used as measuring instruments,
called ammeters, to measure the current flowing through
an electric circuit.
Galvanometers developed from the observation that the
needle of a magnetic compass is deflected near a wire that
has electric current flowing through it, first described
by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820. They were the first
instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of
electric currents. André-Marie Ampère, who gave
mathematical expression to Ørsted's discovery and named
the instrument after the Italian electricity researcher Luigi
Galvani, who in 1791 discovered the principle of the frog
galvanoscope – that electric current would make the legs
of a dead frog jerk.
Sensitive galvanometers have been essential for the development of science and technology in
many fields. For example, in the 1800s they enabled long range communication through
submarine cables, such as the earliest transatlantic telegraph cables, and were essential to
discovering the electrical activity of the heart and brain, by their fine measurements of current.
Galvanometers also had widespread use as the visualizing part in other kinds of analog meters,
for example in light meters, VU meters, etc., where they were used to measure and display the
output of other sensors. Today the main type of galvanometer mechanism, still in use, is the
moving coil, D'Arsonval/Weston type.