Fluid Machines.

Mr. Sayan Das.

Teaching Assistant.
Department Of Mechanical Engineering.
Indian Institute Of Technology Kharagpur.
Tutorial-3.
Today I will be doing 2 problems on Francis turbine. The 1st will be a basic problem on the
concept of Francis turbine and 2nd will be based on the draft tube. So let us start with the 1st
problem. Let me read out the problem. A Francis turbine has a diameter, or the runner
diameter of the Francis turbine is given as 1.4 metre and it rotates at 430 rpm. Water enters
the runner, so the rotational speed of the runner is 430 rpm and the diameter of the runner is
1.4 meter.

(Refer Slide Time: 1:20)

Water enters the runner without shock with a flow velocity of 9.5 metre per second and
leaves the runner without Whirl and absolute velocity of 7 metre per second. The difference
between the sum of the static and potential heads at the entrance to the runner and at the exit
from the runner is 62 metres. The turbine develops a power of 12.25 megawatts, the flow rate
through the turbine is 12 metre cube per second with a net head of 115 metres. So we have to
find out the absolute velocity of water at the entry to the runner, the angle and the angle of the
inlet guide vanes.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:57)

Also we have to find out the entry angle of the runner blades and the loss of head in the
runner. So 1st let us see the velocity diagram for the Francis turbine at the outlet and the inlet.
So this is the velocity diagram at the inlet. This is the tangential velocity at the inlet or the
whirl velocity at the inlet, this region represents the peripheral velocity of the runner blade at
the inlet. This angle represents the inlet guide vanes angle and this angle represents the runner
blade angle at the entry or the inlet.

This is the relative velocity or VR1 at the inlet, this is the flow velocity at the inlet or VF1
and this is the absolute velocity at the inlet of the runner which is V1. So this is the inlet
velocity diagram, so basically in the 1st part we are required to find out the absolute velocity
at the inlet. The absolute velocity of water at entry to the runner, that is V1. So 1 st let us see
what are the parameters that are given.

So 1st the diameter of the runner is given as 1.4 metres, 2nd the rotational speed of the runner
is given as 430 rpm, next it is given that the water enters the runner without shock with a flow
velocity that is V F1, the flow velocity at the inlet is given as 9.5 metres per second. The
absolute velocity is given at the outlet at 7 metre per second. Next it is said that the difference
between the static and the potential heads at the entrance to the runner and at the exit is 62
metres, that is the sum of the static and the potential head, this is the potential head or the
static, sorry, static head at the inlet to the runner is given by P1 by rho G.

And the static ad, sorry the potential head at the entry is given as Z1. That is the elevation at
the inlet to the runner - the static head at the outlet to the runner is P2 by rho G + the potential
head at the exit of the runner is given by Z2. So this whole difference is given as 62 metres.
Next the power developed from the turbine is given as 12.25 megawatts. The flow rate is
given as 12 metre cube per second and the net head available is given as 115 metres.

(Refer Slide Time: 5:23)

So from this velocity diagram we see that the absolute velocity at the inlet is square root over
the tangential velocity at the inlet whole square + the square of the flow velocity at the inlet.
That is we are applying Pythagoras theorem to this triangle. So the flow velocity at the inlet is
given as 9.5 metre per second. So we are required to find out the tangential velocity at the
inlet. In order to find out we use the basic relationship that is the power developed, power
developed by turbine is equal to the power supplied to the runner by water.
So the power is equal to P is equal to rho Q into V W1 into U1, U1 is the peripheral velocity
of the runner blade at the inlet - VW 2 into U2. Now in the problem it was said that the flow
at the outlet of the runner blade exits radially, that is the tangential component is 0. So, we
are left with, now in this relationship, the only unknown right now is the peripheral velocity
of the runner blade at inlet, that is U1.

The other quantities that is Q is given in the problem, we know the density of water is 1000
KG per metre cube and we are also required to find out the tangential velocity of the, at the
inlet. The power P developed is given, so U1 is given as pie DN by 60.

(Refer Slide Time: 8:30)

That is U1 is equal to pie DN by 60 where D is the diameter of the runner blade which is
given, N is the rotational speed of the runner which is also given, the diameter of the runner is
given as 1.4 metres and the rotational speed of the runner is given as 430 rpm. Substituting
the values we get the value of peripheral velocity of the runner blade as 31.5 metre per
second. So from the relation, from this relationship right now we know the value of U1.

So we find out the value of tangential velocity at inlet as P by rho Q into U1. So substituting
the value we ultimately find the tangential velocity at inlet as 32.4 metre per second. So
finally returning to the basic formula for the absolute velocity at the inlet, VW1 square + V
F1 square, so substituting the values here, we ultimately get the fluid velocity at inlet as
33.76. Also we are required to find out the value of Alpha 1 which is the inlet guide vanes
angle and clearly from this velocity diagram we can see that alpha-1 is equal to the tan
inverse of VF1, that is alpha-1 is equal to tan inverse of VF1 by VW 1.
Substituting the values we ultimately get the value of the inlet guide vane angle as 16.34
degree. Next we are required to find out the runner blade angle at the inlet to the, at the entry.
That is beta 1. So beta 1 is given as tan inverse, inverse of, tan inverse of VF1 divided by this
part, this line which is actually VW 1 - U1. So beta 1 is given as tan inverse of, sorry VF1 by
VW 1 - U1. We know the flow velocity at the inlet, we also know the tangential velocity as
well as the peripheral velocity of the runner at the inlet. So substituting the values we
ultimately get the value of beta as 84.6 degree.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:20)

So right now let me return to the outlet velocity diagram, outlet velocity diagram. Since the
we are told that the velocity at the outlet or the water exits the runner radially, so guide vanes
angle at the outlet is 90 degree and VW2 is equal to 0. This is the runner blade angle at the
exit, this is the peripheral velocity of the runner at the exit, this is the relative velocity at the
exit and this is the absolute velocity of water at the exit. So finally what we are required to
find out is the loss of head in the runner.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:36)

For that we write the basic relationship of the head available, that is head available at the inlet
of the runner is equal to head available at exit of the runner + the head lost in the runner + the
head that is used up for the work done by the turbine. So if we represent the inlet to the
runner by suffix 1 or subscript 1, that is subscript 1 represents the inlet to the runner and
subscript 2 represents the outlet to the runner.

So the head available at the inlet, we can represent it by H1, the head level, available at the
exit of the runner we are presenting by H2, the head lost in the runner, that we are going to
find out is HF and let this be represented by HW. So the head that is used up for the work
done by the runner is actually the work done per unit weight of the fluid, which is actually
given by V W1 into U1 - VW 2 U2 by G. Again this is 0 as VW 2 is 0, so we are left with.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:45)

We know the values of V W1, U1 and G, so we can find out the value of HW. So we can
write HF as H1 - H2 - HW. So H1 now can written as P1 by rho G + V1 square by 2G + Z1,
H2 is P2 by rho G + that is the pressure head, + the velocity head at the exit + the potential
head. So H1 - H2 is you can write it as P1 by rho G + Z1 - P2 by rho G + Z2 + V1, that is the
difference in the velocity head. Now this part, it is given as 62 metres in the problem.

So and we are, and the velocity, absolute velocity at the outlet is also given in the problem, it
is given as 7 metres. And V1 I think we have found out, yes, V1 was found out as 33.76, so
33.76 square - V 2 value is 7, so 7 square. So we get the value of H1 - H2. So ultimately we
get the value of HF as H1 - H2 - of HW. All the values we have already found out, so
substituting all the values, we ultimately get this lost in head as 13.45 metres.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:18)

So we have found out all the quantities in problem 1, now let us move onto the next problem
which is based on draft tube. So let me read out the problem. The following data refers to an
elbow type draft tube, the area of the circular inlet is 25 metres square, the area of the
rectangle outlet is 116 metre square and the velocity of water at inlet to the draft tube is 10
metre per second. The frictional head loss in the draft tube equals 10 percent of the inlet
velocity head, elevation of the inlet plane above the tale rest level is 0.6 metres.

So we have to determine the vacuum or the negative head at the inlet and the power thrown
away in the tail rest. So let us write down the quantities that are given. Before that let me
show you a schematic of the draft tube.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:11)

So this is the draft tube, this is the tail rest and we will be considering this as the datum. This
is section 1 or the inlet to the draft tube and we are considering the tail rest as the section 2,
this is the elevation of the inlet of the draft tube above the tail rest level which is Z. So since
we are denoting the inlet section of the draft tube by subscript 1, we write the area at the inlet
A1 as 25 metre square and area out the outlet is given as 116 metre square. The velocity of
water at the inlet to the draft tube is given as V1 is equal to 10 metre per second.

And the frictional head loss in the draft tube equals to the 10 percent of the inlet velocity
head. That is we know the inlet velocity head, that is HF, we know the inlet velocity head is
V1 square by 2G and 10 percent of this, it is 0.1 into V1 square by 2G. So this is the head lost
in the draft tube, sectional head loss. And if we find out the value, it comes out as 0.51, we
know the value of V1, 0.51 metres. Next we are given that the elevation of Z, of the inlet of
the draft tube above the tail rest is 0.6 metres.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:05)

So 1st we have to find out the negative head at the inlet. So let us apply Bernoulli’s equation
between these 2 points. Before that let us apply the law of continuity of conservation of mass
between these 2 points. So we can write at the inlet we can equate at that, we can equate the
mass flow rate at the inlet and the outlet and we can write rho 1 A1 into V1 is equal to rho 2
A2 into V2. Since rho 1, since the density is constant, we are considering constant, so we can
finally write A1 V1 is equal to A2 V2.

We know the inlet area and the outlet area, we know the velocity at the outlet, sorry we know
the velocity at the inlet, so we can find out V2 as A1 V1 by A2 which comes out to be 2.155
metre per second. So now let us apply the Bernoulli’s equation between section 1 and section
2. So we can write P1 by rho G or the pressure head + the velocity head at the inlet + the
potential head is equal to P2 by rho G + V2 square by 2G +, since we are considering the
datum at the section 2 itself, so the elevation is 0 + the head lost which is HF.

Now since all the pressure, we are considering all the pressure in this, pressure head in this as
the, all the pressures that we are considering in this equation are the gauge pressures, that is
the pressure above the atmospheric level. So since the at the section 2, this section is exposed
to the atmosphere, so this is nothing but the atmospheric pressure. So you can take this as 0.
So ultimately the pressure head at the inlet can be written as - of Z, -1 by 2G V1 square - V2
square + H F.

So we know the value of Z, it is given as 0.6 metres, we know the value of both V1 and V2
and we have to find out the value of HF as 0.51 metres. So substituting all the values we
ultimately get the value of the negative pressure head as - 4.95 metres. So there is a suction
pressure at the inlet and suction pressure at the inlet of the draft tube is 4.95 metres. Next we
are required to find out the power that is thrown away in the tail rest.

So as you can see that the come at the exit of the draft tube, the velocity is not 0. So whatever
energy at the exit is lost, is lost due to the kinetic energy at the outlet. So the power that is
lost, or the power lost due to the kinetic energy can be written as, this is the 2 nd part, rho Q
into G into V2 square by 2 into G. So substituting all the values here, we know the value of
Q, it is 1000 into Q, that is, what is the value of Q, okay, the value of Q is nothing but the
product of A1 into V1 into 9.81, V2 we have found out as 2.155 square by 2 into 9.81.

So this comes out as 580.5 kilowatts. So this power is lost due to the velocity head present in
at the exit of the draft tube. So with this, this ends the 2nd problem.