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L33-Max and Min Values PDF

The document defines local and absolute maximum and minimum values for functions of two variables. It presents the theorem that if a function is continuous on a closed and bounded set, it achieves an absolute maximum and minimum value. To find these values, one finds the critical points inside the set, the maximum and minimum on the boundary, and selects the largest and smallest of these values. An example applies this process to find the absolute maximum value of 7 and absolute minimum value of 4 for the function f(x,y)=x^2 + y^2 + x^2y + 4 on the set |x| ≤ 1, |y| ≤ 1.

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86 views17 pages

L33-Max and Min Values PDF

The document defines local and absolute maximum and minimum values for functions of two variables. It presents the theorem that if a function is continuous on a closed and bounded set, it achieves an absolute maximum and minimum value. To find these values, one finds the critical points inside the set, the maximum and minimum on the boundary, and selects the largest and smallest of these values. An example applies this process to find the absolute maximum value of 7 and absolute minimum value of 4 for the function f(x,y)=x^2 + y^2 + x^2y + 4 on the set |x| ≤ 1, |y| ≤ 1.

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Hiếu Vũ
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Chapter 3: Partial derivatives

Lecture 3
Maximum and Minimum Values
 Definition 1a. A function of two
variables f(x,y) has a local maximum
value at (a,b) if f(x,y) ≤ f(a,b) when
(x,y) near (a,b).

r  0, such that f ( x, y )  f (a, b)


if d (( x, y), (a, b))  ( x - a) 2  ( y - b) 2  r

 Definition 1b. A function of two variables f(x,y) has a local


minimum value at (a,b) if f(x,y) ≥ f(a,b) when (x,y) near (a,b).
 Definition 2a. A function of two
variables f(x,y) has an absolute
maximum value at (a,b) if
f(x,y) ≤ f(a,b) for all (x,y) in the
domain of f

Definition 2b. A function of two variables f(x,y) has an


absolute minimum value at (a,b) if f(x,y) ≥ f(a,b) for all
(x,y) in the domain of f
 We use the word
“extremum value” to
indicate that f has either
max or min value
 Theorem. If f has a local maximum or minimum
at (a,b) and the first-order partial derivatives of
f exist there, then fx(a,b)=0 and fy(a,b)=0.

 Proof. Let g(x)=f(x,b). If f has a local


maximum (or minimum) at (a,b), then g has a
local maximum (or minimum) at x=a, so by
Fermat’s Theorem g’(a)=0. But g’(a)= fx(a,b) .
So fx(a,b)=0
 Similarly, by applying Fermat’s Theorem to the
function h(y)=f(a,y), we obtain fy(a,b)=0
 A point (a,b) is called a critical point (stationary
point) of f if fx(a,b)=0 and fy(a,b)=0 , or if one of
these partial derivatives does not exist (singular
point).
 If f has a local maximum or minimum at (a,b), then
(a,b) is a critical point of f.
 However, as in single-variable calculus, not all critical
points are maxima or minima.
 At a critical point, a function could have a local
maximum or a local minimum or neither.
Let f x (a, b)  f y (a, b)  0 ((a,b) is a critical point)

f xx (a, b) f xy (a, b)
D  f xx (a, b) f yy (a, b)   f xy (a, b) 
2

f yx (a, b) f yy (a, b)
 (a) If D>0 and fxx(a,b)>0, then f(a,b) is a local
minimum.
 (b) If D>0 and fxx(a,b)<0, then f(a,b) is a local
maximum.
 (c) If D<0, then f(a,b) is not an extreme value
 In case (c), where D<0, the point (a,b) is called a
saddle point of f and the graph of f crosses its
tangent plane at (a,b).
 If D=0, the test gives no information: f could have
a local maximum or local minimum at (a,b), or
(a,b) could be a saddle point of f.
 Find the local maximum and minimum values and
saddle points of
f(x,y)=x3y + 12x2 -8y
-Critial points satisfy:
f x ( x, y )  3x 2 y  24 x  0, f y ( x, y )  x 3  8  0  x  2
 f x ( x, y )  12 y  48  0  y  4
Unique critical point: (2, 4)
f xx ( x, y )  6 xy  24, f xy ( x, y )  3x , f yy ( x, y )  0
2

 D  122  0.
Thus, (2,-4) is a saddle point of f
 Find the local maximum and minimum values
and saddle points of the function
f(x,y)=x2 + y2+ x2y + 4
 A boundary point P of D is a point such that every
disk with center P contains points in D and also points
not in D. Boundary=set of all boundary points
 A closed set in R2 is one that contains all its
boundary points.
Ex: If f is continuous, then the following sets are closed:
A  {( x, y ) | f ( x, y )  c}, A  {( x, y ) | f ( x, y )  c}
B  {( x, y ) | f ( x, y )  c}, B  {( x, y ) | f ( x, y )  c}
C  {( x, y ) | d  f ( x, y )  c},
C  {( x, y ) | f ( x, y )  c}  {( x, y ) | f ( x, y )  d }
 A bounded set in R2 is one that is contained
within some disk. In other words, it is finite in
extent.
 Theorem: If f is continuous on a closed, bounded
set D in R2, then f attains an absolute maximum
value f(a,b) and an absolute minimum value f(c,d)
at some points (a,b) and (c,d) on D.
For a continuous function f on a closed, bounded
set D:
 1. Find the values of f at the critical points of f
inside D.
 2. Find the extreme values of f on the boundary of
D.
 3. The largest of the values from steps 1 and 2 is
the absolute maximum; the smallest of these
values is the absolute minimum value.
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
f(x,y)=x2 + y2+ x2y + 4
on the set R={(x,y) | |x| ≤1, |y| ≤ 1}.
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
f(x,y)=x2 + y2+ x2y + 4
on the set R={(x,y) | |x| ≤1, |y| ≤ 1}.
Step 1: Find values of f at critial points
f x ( x, y )  2 x  2 xy  0 

  ( x  0, y  0), or (x   2, y  1)  R
f y ( x, y )  2 y  x  0 
2

 Only one critical point (0,0)  R, and f (0, 0)  4
Step 2: Find max and min of f on boundary of R
f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2  x 2 y  4
AA ' : x  1  f (1, y )  y 2  y  5,  1  y  1
min f AA '  f (1, 1/ 2)  19 / 4, max f AA '  f (1,1)  7
f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2  x 2 y  4
AB : y  1  f ( x,1)  2 x 2  5,  1  x  1
min f AB  f (0,1)  5, max f AB  f (1,1)  7

BB ' : x  1  f (1, y)  y 2  y  5,  1  y  1
min f BB '  f (1, 1/ 2)  19 / 4, max f BB '  f (1,1)  7

f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2  x 2 y  4
A ' B ' : y  1  f ( x, 1)  5,  1  x  1
min f A ' B '  max f A ' B '  5
Step3 :
min f  f (0, 0)  4
max f  f (1,1)  7

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