CONTENTS

 Introduction …..3
 Handwriting Analysis …..4
 Identification of admitted writings …..5
 Collection of admitted writings …..5
 Evaluation of writing …..6
 Preliminary Examinations
 Principles
 Individuality
 Natural Variations
 Fundamental divergences
 Personal features
 General Qualities …..9
 Writing habits .....11
 Individual Characteristics …..12
 Evidentiary value and admissibility …..15
 Bibliography …..17
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INTRODUCTION1
When there's a suspect in a crime and the evidence includes a handwritten note, investigators
may call in handwriting experts to see if there's a match. In some cases, it might be the one
piece of evidence that gets a suspect charged and eventually convicted. But what if it's a false
match? How exactly do experts go about analyzing someone's handwriting?

In the world of forensic analysis, which includes crime scene investigation, DNA testing, fiber
analysis, fingerprint analysis, voice identification and narcotics analysis, to name just a few of
the disciplines, handwriting analysis fits into the area of questioned documents. Questioned
document examiners (QDEs) analyze documents for signs of alteration, forgery and, when
sample documents are available, handwriting or typing comparisons to determine or rule out.
Handwriting analysis is a tedious and methodical process that relies on extensive knowledge of
the way people form letters, which characteristics of letter formation are unique and the
physiological processes behind writing - the ways in which a person's fine-motor skills can affect
his or her handwriting and leave clues about the author's identity.

The primary basis of handwriting analysis as a science is that every person in the world has a
unique way of writing. When we were all kids in primary school, we learned to write based on a
particular copybook - a style of writing. Which copybook our handwriting is based on depends
on when and where we grew up. So at first, we all probably wrote in a similar way to kids of our
own age and location. But with the passing of time, those writing characteristics we learned in
school - our style characteristics - became only the underlying method of our handwriting. We
developed individual characteristics that are unique to us and distinguish our handwriting from
someone else's. Most of us don't write the way we did in first or second grade. And while two
or more people may share a couple of individual characteristics, the chance of those people
sharing 20 or 30 individual characteristics is so unlikely that many handwriting analysts would
say it's impossible.

The process of handwriting analysis when comparing two documents - one by a known author,
one by an unknown author - starts not with checking for similarities, which any of us could do
with a fair degree of accuracy, but instead with checking for differences. It's the differences that
initially determine if it's possible that the same person wrote both pieces of text. If there are
key differences in enough individual characteristics, and those differences do not appear to be
the result of simulation, then the two documents were not written by the same person.
However, if the differences don't rule out a match, and there are significant similarities in the
individual traits in the two documents, singular authorship becomes a possibility.

Moving from possibility to probability is where the heavy lifting comes in.

1
“How handwriting analysis works”, by- Juli Layton, www.science.howstuffworks.com/handwriting-
analysis.htm
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HANDWRITING ANALYSIS
Forensic document examiners often deal with questions of document authenticity. To
determine whether a document is genuine, an examiner may attempt to confirm who created
the document, determine the timeframe in which it was created, identify the materials used in
its preparation or uncover modifications to the original text. Documents can be examined for
evidence of alterations, obliterations, erasures and page substitutions. Or the examiner can
study the methods, materials or machines that created the document, providing key
information that can identify or narrow the possible sources of the document. The ink, paper,
writing tools, ribbons, stamps and seals used in production of the document may all reveal
important clues. The examiner may even discover valuable evidence in a document’s invisible
impressions. A key element of document examination focuses on handwriting. Forensic
examination and comparison of handwriting, which includes hand printing and signatures, is
based on three main principles: (1) Given a sufficient amount of handwriting, no two skilled
writers exhibit identical handwriting features; (2) every person has a range of natural variation
to his or her writing; (3) no writer can exceed his or her skill level. 2

The various steps involved in the process of handwriting analysis are:

 Identification of admitted writings

 Collection of admitted writings
 Evaluation of writing
 Preliminary Examinations
 Principles
 Individuality
 Natural Variations
 Fundamental divergences
 Personal features
 General Qualities
 Writing habits
 Individual Characteristics
 Language
 Evidentiary value and admissibility
 IDENTIFICATION OF ADMITTED WRITINGS3
2
A Simplified Guide To Forensic Document Examination, at www.crime-scene-investigator.net

3
Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and trials, by- B. R. Sharma, Universal Law Publishing Co., 5 th ed.,
2014, at p- 686
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Admitted writings are found in the office where the person is employed. Applications for
appointment, leave or loan, acquittance rolls, pay, fingerprint records, office notings, orders
and acknowledgements are important for the purpose.
Admitted writings are available with the utility services water supply, electricity supply and
municipal authorities. Cancelled cheques and specimen signatures are with the banks.
Telegrams and other postal records are available with the post offices, income tax returns are
found in the income tax office.
Admitted writings are found in the college, university or training institution where the suspect
or the victim studied.
Admitted writings are letters to friends, relatives, businessmen, associates, insurances, and
finance companies, lawyers and the like. Vakalatnama is an important source of authentic
signatures.
Financial transactions, sale deeds, contracts, mortgage papers, lease deeds, sale slips, stock
certificates, etc., are good sources of admitted writings.
Signatures and other writings, given by a person in case(s) other than the case in hand, are
useful admitted writings. They prove especially useful in those cases where the person whose
writing is required is dead.
In a case of forged Will the alleged testator was dead. His signatures were not available. He had
contested a property dispute case, some years ago. The record of the case was summoned and
the signatures there on compared with disputed signatures.
Admitted writings are written by the suspect when he is not aware that the writing could be
used for comparison purposes with a questioned document. They show natural handwriting
characteristics. They allow detection of disguise in specimen writings.
Admitted writings are essential to evaluate most of the document problems involving
handwriting. No effort, therefore, should be spared to collect the right type of admitted
writings.

 COLLECTION OF ADMITTED WRITINGS4

The following points should be kept in mind while collecting admitted writings:

 Authenticity

The admitted signatures and writings should be authentic. Some signatures are written by
proxy. If such signatures are submitted for comparison, the whole investigation will proceed on
the wrong lines. The admitted signatures and writings should be accepted as authentic only
when the same are proved genuine by independent evidence and preferably accepted by the
concerned person as his writings.

4
See: Handwriting Forensics, by- B. R. Sharma, Chap.-7, Universal Publishers, Delhi.
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 Period

The admitted writings and signatures should belong to the period during which the questioned
document was executed. Some writings should belong to the periods immediately before and
some immediately after the execution of the questioned document. The handwriting in the
formative stage, for example, the handwriting of school children and even of college boys
undergoes major changes. If set handwriting is compared with the handwriting of the formative
stage, inconclusive results are obtained.

Old age, illness and accidents affect the writing abilities of a person. If the suspect has suffered
illness, accident or has grown old, the fact should be taken into consideration while collecting
the admitted standards and the expert should be informed accordingly. Illness and old age
sometimes deteriorate the handwriting drastically. Standard writings in such cases should be as
from as close a period to the alleged period of the questioned writings as possible.

Contemporary writings should always be collected whenever possible.

 EVALUATION
Identification of handwriting of a person is highly specialized. It needs a lot of experience, study
and patience. Never submit the documents to unqualified, self-styled or known dishonest
experts.

The identifications are based upon certain principles and detailed evaluation of study of both
class and personal individual handwriting characteristics. It has developed a terminology of its
own.

Handwriting identification and finding solution to various document problems is a time

consuming exercise. Never push the expert to hurry up as it can lead to erroneous results and
hence miscarriages of justice.

 Preliminary Examination5
The preliminary examination of a disputed document is done to find out if the document case is
fit for detailed examination or not. Usually it is checked whether the disputed document is:

1. Normal ?
2. Free from alterations ?
3. Free from trimming ?
4. Free from obliteration ?
5. Free from the infirmities of:
• Old age ?
• Intoxication ?
5
Handwriting Forensics, by- B. R. Sharma, chapter- 9, Universal Publishers, Delhi.
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• Disease ?

The preliminary examination of the standards is also done to find out if the standards are:

• Authentic, proved to be from the alleged source or accepted by the purported person ?
• Adequate (sufficient) ?
• Contemporaneous ?
• Disguised or otherwise ?

The preliminary examination, thus, determines the adequacy, authenticity and integrity of the
input materials and lays and provides the basic material for data generation through detailed
examination and evaluation.

 Principles6

I. Individuality

The handwriting of a person has a personality of its own which is different from that of any
other individual, even from his or father, mother, sister or brother; son or daughter; teacher or
friend.

"The handwriting of every individual is unique.

No two persons can write exactly alike."

Writing is a conscious act but repetition with passage of time makes it a subconscious act. The
output, to start with, is the sum total of schooling, training, writing experience, environments
and occupation in addition to mental, physical and emotional make-up of the person. It is
influenced by changes in life. No two persons can have the same mental or physical makeup or
same experiences in life. Therefore, their writings will always vary.

II. Natural Variations7

Natural variations in handwriting are subjective. They vary in nature and number with different
individuals but the range of variation for an individual is more or less constant, within a range,
with the same individual. Natural variations are due to the fact that our brain does not work
like a computer. It gets distracted easily both by the external and internal distractions. Likewise,
our fingers, hands and arms are not printing machines to recreate the same writing time and
again. Further, the handwriting of a person shows some variations due to:

1. Fatigue
2. Illness
3. Age
4. Writing materials
6
See Handwriting Forensics, by- B. R. Sharma, Chapter- 4, Universal Publishers, Delhi.
7
See Appendix in Sharma, BR. 2012, Handwriting Forensics, chapter 4, Universal Publishers, Delhi.
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5. Writing position
6. Physical disturbance (such as movement in a train)
7. Writing with the dormant hand (other than the one normally used)
8. Emotional disturbance
9. Lack of concentration during the writing process
10. Influence of drinks, drugs or both.

These variations affect the pictorial effect, line quality, size and slant. They do not change the
fundamental characteristics. However, with limited writing it may not be possible to identify
the writer due to these changes, in some cases.

In guided handwritings, where the hand of the writer is held by someone else, there is little
which is identifiable. Guided signatures are the result of the working of two minds. The result
cannot be attributed entirely to any of the two writers. No expert opinion is possible in such
cases.

III. Fundamental Divergences

The identification of common source of two handwritings can be established only if in addition
to similarities observed, there are no fundamental divergences.

General similarities are found in persons having been to the same school or their being
members of the same family inter se. For example, parents and siblings brothers, sisters, sons
or daughters may show general similarities. When the writings are closely examined, basic
differences are found which permit individualization of the handwritings.

IV. Personal Features

Handwriting of an individual is identified by a careful study of personal features. They are:

1. General qualities

2. Writing habits

3. Individual characteristics
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 General Qualities8
The following general qualities are noted and compared:

 Pictorial Effect

The pictorial effect of a writing shows the skill of the writer. The handwriting may be clumsy,
artistic, forceful, hesitating, laboured, or nervous. A clumsy handwriting indicates little writing
experience. The illiterate or the semi-literate writes clumsily. Artistic handwriting indicates
artistic bent of mind. Forceful writing is found in persons who write with abandon. Hesitating
and laboured writing is by persons who are ill, old or feeble and with most of the forgers. It is
very common in simulated or traced forgeries. Some persons are nervous and it is evident from
the irregularities in their writings.
The pictorial effect is the general appearance of the writing. A forger, if he is to succeed,
must imitate the pictorial effect. One, therefore, must not go by the pictorial effect.
'Appearance are deceptive' is literally true in handwriting identification.

 Rhythm

Rhythm is found in the handwritings of educated persons with ample writing experience
only. Rhythm is indicated by the flow of the writing, correct line quality and punctuation and
proportionate formation of letters and figures. It is the product of a lot of writing and reading
experience and cannot be imitated.

 Style

Style primarily depends upon the initial training but it gets modified according to individual
whims and adoption of certain forms which appeal to the individual. The style may be round,
angular or a mixture of the two. It may Lie artistic or simple.

 Movement

The writing may have been executed with the movements of the fingers, the wrist, (he
forearm, the whole arm or a combination of some of these.
The writing by movement of fingers alone is slow. The size of letters is small. Rhythm is
usually absent. School children or illiterate persons generally write with linger movement
mostly.
In writing with a hand movement the wrist acts as a fulcrum. The result is a slow and
laboured writing. The pictorial effect is usually poor.
The use of forearm and hand movements for writing is common with most of the writers
who write with speed. The writing is smooth and symmetrical.
The whole arm movement writing is possible when the arm does not rest on a support. The
writing is usually large and sometimes clumsy. The writing on a wall or on a blackboard
8
Supra note 3 at p.- 697
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involves whole arm movement. Most of the experienced writers combine finger, hand and
forearm movements.

 Pen Position

The pen may be held at an angle to the writing surface, varying from 15° to 90°. Usually it is
held at about 60°. The angle of the pen with reference to the base line also varies and is useful
in the identification of handwriting. Again, the nib of a pen is held at an angle. Consequently the
nib wears in a characteristic fashion. If the pressure is on the left hand side, the left part wears
more than the right part and vice versa. A few individuals may put equal pressure on both the
parts of a split nib pen (the pen are now a vanishing creed).

 Line Quality

The lines written by an experienced writer are smooth and uniform. The starting, finishing and
embellishment strokes are natural and smooth. Connecting strokes are uniform and continuous
except where the writer habitually lifts the pen to complete or modify the letters. On the other
hand, in simulated and traced forgeries there are frequent pen pauses, pen-lifts, kinks and
hesitation marks. The lines look laboured and drawn especially at starting and finishing points,
connecting and embellishment strokes and on curvatures of certain letters.

The line quality can, however, be poor if the writer is:

1. Weak and feeble.

2. Illiterate or semi-literate.
3. Unfamiliar with the script.
4. Using dormant hand to execute the writing.
5. Writing in a moving vehicle or in an unnatural position.
6. Using defective pen, paper, ink or support.

 Skill

The skill acquired by a person depends upon his initial training, writing experience and his
physical, emotional and intellectual personality. In addition artistic bent of mind in some
persons play the deciding role. Once a person acquired graphic maturity/ it remains with him
for a long time, He cannot improve upon it. It is because of this principle that a person with
inferior skill cannot simulate the writing of a person with superior skill. He can thus be easily
eliminated as a suspect.

 Tremors

Tremors are natural in the handwriting of some persons who are old, sick, drunk or illiterate.
These tremors have a pattern of their own. In simulated tremors, the forger is likely to place
them at wrong places and the number, shape and size of the tremors are different. The
fraudulent nature of the writing can, therefore, be established.
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 Writing Habits9
Writing habits are formed in the long process of learning and using a language. The following
points are noted:

 Headings

Some writers give headings to their writings not only at the top but to the paragraphs also. The
way of introducing and concluding a subject also have personal characteristics.

 Pet Words and Phrases

Certain words, phrases and sentences are favourite with writers. Their presence, frequency, use
or misuse are useful identification clues. They are of some importance in psycholinguistic
analysis.

 Paragraphing

The habit of paragraphing one's ideas depends upon education and use of the language. The
correct or incorrect use of paragraphs, their frequency and their average sizes are important.

 Spacing

Spacing of the words in a line, of lines in a paragraph and of paragraphs in a text are valuable
points to be studied. Spaces left as margins on the left and the right hand sides are
characteristic of an individual.

 Alignment

Alignments of writing lines with respect to an imaginary baseline and with other lines, of
signatures with the base line and of various lines in an address are distinctive features of a
writer. Alignment of letters in signatures, inter se, is highly characteristic habit.

 Punctuation

The shape of punctuation marks, their position and frequency, the choice of a particular
punctuation sign, under-scoring and bracketing are all characteristic of writing habits of a
writer.

 Figures and Abbreviations

The arrangement of figures, use and frequency of abbreviations and the choice of certain letter
formations are all products of habit.

9
Ibid at p.- 701
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 Individual Characteristics10
Individual characteristics of handwriting are the most important factors to determine the
authorship. They usually survive disguise and simulation in most of the forgeries. They are
carefully studied.

 Pen Pressure

Some writers write with heavy pressure causing indentation in the writing line. Some
persons put heavy pressure on certain words and letters only where they sub-consciously
want to lay emphasis. Normally a moderate pressure is used to achieve the necessary shading
of the letters and to get proper pictorial effect. The lines are lightly indented in such writings.
The pressure may be uniform, graduated or impulsive. Some Writers write very lightly. Their
writings are usually smooth and rhythmic. The lines are also of uniform thickness and quality.
Those who write with heavy pressure are slow writers.
Illiterate persons ordinarily write with heavy pressure.

 Shading

Shading in writing may be continuous, graduated or impulsive. Shading varies with different
individuals in its occurrence, form, frequency and intensity. Even if a hard nib is used, it is
possible to study the shading pattern microscopically.
Shading pattern of an individual is characteristic. It is not easy to imitate it. The forger
imitates shading through retouching. But a simple microscope reveals the retouching. The
natural shading pattern of the forger also appears at different places and proclaims the
forgery. In ball pen writing, shading has limited utility.

 Pen Pause

Experienced and well-trained writers do not ordinarily pause in writing the

letters of a word. Pen pause is natural in the writing of illiterate persons who find it difficult to
execute the writing. The pen pause from the forger's pen is different from the pause of an
illiterate person though the reasons for the pause are the same.
The pen pauses in a forgery are in the starting stroke, ending stroke, embellishments, at
difficult formation and in connectives. The pen pause in genuine writing will be either
throughout the writing or only at difficult formation but not in the starting strokes.
The pen pauses deposit extra ink. Sometimes the pen slips leaving some blank or light
shade ink gap. Pen slips are identified by this gap. The pen may slip to forward or backward
position. Pen pauses are easily detected with a magnifier or a microscope.

 Pen-lifts

Certain writers lift their pen for certain letter formations in genuine writings. For example,
they lift pen to put a dot, to cross a 't', to correct shading by retouching, to complete an
10
Ibid at p.-702
 P a g e | 11

incomplete letter or to modify a certain letter in a particular way. In forged writing the forger
lifts pen mostly to correct formations, connectives, etc. The pen-lift patterns of the two
genuine and the fake writers vary consistently. The consistent variations indicate forgery.
If the writer is in the habit of making pen-lifts, the number and positions of the lifts are
carefully noted. The number and positions vary in the forged signatures. The positions of pen-
lifts in forged writings are sometimes at very unlikely places such as in the starting or the
ending strokes or in the embellishments, or at the top or base of a long letter where normally
nobody lifts a pen. The pen- lifts in genuine writings are quite conspicuous, while in forgery
they are often covered by retouching to give the impression that the writing is continuous.

 Starting and Ending Strokes

Experienced writers start writing with a flourish of the pen in the air. When the pen touches
the paper, the flourish continues and gives a fine starting line. The fine and tapering stroke is
absent in forgeries. Instead the initial stroke is as thick as the rest of the writing because it is
drawn rather than written. Sometime the starting point is even thicker.
Similarly the ending stroke of a fluent writer tapers to a fine tip. In forgeries the end points
are blunt. The blunt ends are particularly conspicuous in the strokes which end horizontally or
downwards.

 Hesitations

The starting and ending strokes in a forgery show hesitations through tremors or lack of
firmness. When a forger starts a forgery, he is not certain whether he will be able to do the
job efficiently or not. Hence, the hesitation is observed in the starting strokes. When he
reaches the ending stroke he is worried whether he has been able to forge the signature well
or not. In contrast, in genuine signatures, these strokes are done rather more freely than the
rest of the writing. When, therefore, hesitation is observed in these strokes, they indicate
forgery.
Hesitations are also found in vertical lines in curvatures, loops, ovals and bulbs.

 Retouching

Retouching in genuine handwriting is done to complete, clarify or to produce a pictorial effect

in some letters. There is no effort to hide it. Retouching in fraudulent writings on the other
hand, most of the time, is intended to imitate the shading pattern of the genuine writer or to
hide pen-lifts or pen pauses. The two types of retouching are, therefore, easily distinguished.

 Embellishments

Certain writers improve pictorial effect of their writings, particularly signatures, by

embellishments (also known as rubrics) through extra strokes. They are flourishes of the pen.
These embellishments are peculiar to a writer.
The embellishment strokes are observed in the starting or in the ending of letters or with the
underscoring line after the signatures.
 P a g e | 12

 Abbreviations

Experienced writers, consciously or unconsciously start simplifying letters and words which they
frequently write. Sometimes the simplification is so peculiar that it is a highly characteristic
feature of the handwriting.
Simplification of signatures is a continuous process. It is possible sometimes to estimate roughly
from the simplified pattern the period of the signatures, provided admitted signatures are
available in sufficient numbers for an extended period, covering the questioned period.

 Placing

The positioning of dots, crossing strokes and placing of punctuation marks are highly
characteristic of an individual. The placing habit is observed in a sufficiently large amount of
writing. In one or two freak instances, the placing patterns differ even in genuine writings.

 Slope

Most of the forgers try to change the slant of their natural writing if one is trying to disguise his
handwriting or imitating the handwriting of another person. He may succeed in the effort, if the
questioned writing consists of a few words only. The forger reverts to the habitual slant in any
extended writing. The forger is seldom able to change the degree of slant substantially in rapid
writing. When an effort has been made to change the slant, the writing offers a bad pictorial
effect. There is a mixture of various slopes in different letters or in the same letter at different
places. Slants of the staffs of the letters 'f', 'g', 'h',
'k', 'p', 'q', 't', 'y' should be studied.
Slope is measured or estimated only in long letters. It is a difficult process and also not free
from errors.

 Size

The relative sizes of letters and words become almost fixed with the passage of time with a
writer. The length, breadth and size of the curves of various letters and words are personal
characteristic features. Even if a disguise is tried, the ratios of the length and breadth of letters
and words remain fairly constant. The comparison of the ratios is useful to detect forgery.

 Connective Strokes

Like pen-lift, joining of letters inter se is high characteristic habit. Length, shape and
positioning characterise the strokes.
Tire signatures in free hand forgeries are ordinarily larger than the genuine signatures.
 P a g e | 13

 EVIDENTIARY VALUE AND ADMISSIBILITY11

As a general rule, court always sees towards the direct evidence and tends to accept the evidence
of witness, who saw or hear or perused the fact. The court weighs only on direct and
circumstantial evidence, but Indian evidence act 1872 provides an exception to this rule by
inserting the sec.45 with speaks with the title opinion of experts.

Art. 45: When the court has to form an opinion on a point of foreign law, science or art or as to
identify of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinion on that point of persons especially
skilled on such law, science or art as question to identify handwriting of fingerprint are relevant
facts. Such persons are called experts. Sec. 47 of the evidence Act provides for the opinion of
handwriting expert. Same power is also mentioned under sec.73 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
The expert’s opinion on hand writing and finger prints also admissible in the court. The Judiciary
has been assigned a place of eminence importance under constitution of India. It is one of the
three pillars upon which India's democracy’s stand upon under Art 141 of the Constitution of
India, the law declare by Supreme Court of India shall be binding on all the courts of India.

The Judge has always made law in guise of interpreting it whether the law they legitimately
exercise of a judicial fiction. The brief theory that the judge only declares the law not makes it.
Judicial restraints and discipline are as necessary to the orderly administration of justice as they
are to be effectiveness of the army. The duty of restraints and humility of fiction should be
constant theme of our judges. Expert’s opinion no doubt a very important thing while deciding
the case the value of expert’s opinion in the court room depends upon the facts and
circumstances of each case.

The expert's opinions lead the case to a concluding point where justice is delivered to the victim
party or relatives. It is important to study whether the court can convict a person solely on the
basis of the expert’s opinion. How much the expert’s opinions are admissible and how much it is
not.
In the case of Omeed Chand Ramola V. State of Uttaranchal12 The accused is peon cum chonkidaar in the
bank, alleges misappropriated money interested to deposited in the another bank. The entrustment of
money to accused was proved from creditable evidence of witness and entrustment slip merely taking slip
after few days not affect the prosecution case. The prosecution adduced the evidence of Hand writing by
Rajinder singh yadav who process his report and the accused is convicted.

And in the cases of Govind Singh V. State and Others13 and LaI Chand V. State of Punjab14 statement of
witness was recorded and the statement of the accused was also recorded under Sec.313 of CrPC 1973
was also recorded. On the report of handwriting and expert's opinion accused was punished under Sec.
420 of IPC, 1860.

Therefore, it is submitted that there is an absolute necessity for an expert's opinions in almost, all fields be
it science or art.

11
“ Evidentiary value of expert’s opinion under law”, by- Harindeer Singh, at- www.academia.edu
12
2006 Cri. L.J. 951
13
2010 Cri. L.J. 505
14
2010 Cri. L.J. 699
 P a g e | 14

Finally we can say that, it is the court, who judged the value of expert's opinion in the court. It is the court
which is superior to the expert's opinion.

1. Gather sample from the crime scene carefully

2. Test the samples within minimum interval of time

3. There should be a nexus between crime and criminal

4. Development of forensic Science laboratories in rural areas also

5. Awareness programmes conducted by Forensic science laboratories

6. New laws relating to forensic science should be enacted by Indian government.

7. In our judicial system there must be more admissibility to scientific tests and expert’s opinion.
 P a g e | 15

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 BOOKS
 An introduction to Scientific Crime Detection, by- H. J. Walls
 Forensic Science in criminal investigation and trials, by- B. R.
Sharma.

 WEBSITES
 www.academia.edu
 www.crime-scene-investigator.net
 www.science.howstuffworks.com