CALCULUS 2

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Dr. Imam Jauhari Maknun, S.T., M.T., M.Sc.

Maret 2020
Materi UAS
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1. FUNCTIONS OF TWO OR MORE VARIABLES
2. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
4. DIFFERENTIABILITY, DIFFERENTIALS, AND LOCAL LINEARITY
5. THE CHAIN RULE
6. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND GRADIENTS
7. TANGENT PLANES AND NORMAL VECTORS
8. MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
9. LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
FUNCTIONS OF TWO OR MORE
VARIABLES
NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY
 There are many familiar formulas in which a given variable
depends on two or more other variables.
 The area A of a triangle depends on the base length b and height h
by the formula A = 1/2bh
 The volume V of a rectangular box depends on the length l, the
width w, and the height h by the formula V = lwh
 The terminology and notation for functions of two or more
variables is similar to that for functions of one variable:
z = f (x, y)
w = f (x, y, z)
u = f (x1, x2, . . . , xn)
NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY
NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY
EXAMPLE

Let

Find f (e, 0) and sketch the natural domain of f

Solution.

 To find the natural domain of f , we note that is defined only

when y ≥ −1, while ln (x2 − y) is defined only when 0 < x2 − y or y < x2.

 Thus, the natural domain of f consists of all points in the xy-plane for

which −1 ≤ y < x2.

NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY
 To sketch the natural domain, we first sketch the parabola y = x2 as
a “dashed” curve and the line y = −1 as a solid curve.
 The natural domain of f is then the region lying above or on the
line y = −1 and below the parabola y = x2
NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY
EXAMPLE

Let

Find f (0,1/2, 1/2) and the natural domain of f

Solution.

Because of the square root sign, we must have 0 ≤ 1 − x2 − y2 − z2 in order

to have a real value for f (x, y, z). Rewriting this inequality in the form :
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
 Recall that for a function f of one variable, the graph of f (x) in the

xy-plane was defined to be the graph of the equation y = f (x).

 Similarly, if f is a function of two variables, we define the graph of

f (x, y) in xyz-space to be the graph of the equation z = f (x, y). In

general, such a graph will be a surface in 3-space
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
Describe the graph of the function in an xyz-coordinate system

By definition, the graph of the given function is the graph of the equation :
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
Describe the graph of the function in an xyz-coordinate system

By definition, the graph of the given function is

the graph of the equation :
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
Describe the graph of the function in an xyz-coordinate system

By definition, the graph of the given function is

the graph of the equation :
LEVEL CURVES
We are all familiar with the topographic (or contour) maps in which a
three-dimensional landscape, such as a mountain range, is
represented by two-dimensional contour lines or curves of constant
elevation
LEVEL CURVES
 If the surface z = f (x, y) is cut by the horizontal plane z = k, then at all
points on the intersection we have f (x, y) = k.
 The projection of this intersection onto the xy-plane is called the level
curve of height k or the level curve with constant k .
 A set of level curves for z = f (x, y) is called a contour plot or contour
map of f.
LEVEL CURVES
EXAMPLE
The graph of the function f (x, y) = y2 − x2 in xyz-space is the
hyperbolic paraboloid (saddle surface).
LEVEL CURVES
EXAMPLE
Sketch the contour plot of f (x, y) = 4x2 + y2 using level curves of height k
= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
CONTOUR PLOTS USING TECHNOLOGY
Except in the simplest cases, contour plots can be difficult to produce
without the help of a graphing utility
CONTOUR PLOTS USING TECHNOLOGY
LEVEL SURFACES
 Observe that the graph of y = f (x) is a curve in 2-space, and the graph of

z = f (x, y) is a surface in 3-space.

 However, if k is a constant, then the graph of the equation f (x, y, z) = k

will generally be a surface in 3-space (e.g., the graph of x2 + y2 + z2 = 1

is a sphere), which we call the level surface with constant k.

 Some geometric insight into the behavior of the function f can sometimes

be obtained by graphing these level surfaces for various values of k.

LEVEL SURFACES
Describe the level surfaces of
The level surfaces have equations of the form
LEVEL SURFACES
Describe the level surfaces of
The level surfaces have equations of the form
GRAPHING FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES USING
TECHNOLOGY
GRAPHING FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES USING
TECHNOLOGY
GRAPHING FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES USING
TECHNOLOGY
EXERCISE 1
1. Let f ( x, y)  x 2 y  y
Find each value
a. f (2,1) d . f  a, a 4 
1 4
b. f (3, 0) e. f  , x 
x 
c. f (1, 4) f . f  2, 4 
what is the natural domain for this fucntion?

2. Sketch the graph of f

a. f ( x, y )  6
b. f ( x, y )  6  x
c. f ( x, y)  6  x  2 y
d. f ( x, y)  6  x 2
EXERCISE 1
3. Sketch the level curve z =k for the indicated values of k
1 2
z
2
 x  y 2  , k  0, 2, 4, 6,8
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
LIMITS ALONG CURVES
 For a function of one variable there are two one-sided limits at a
point x0, namely

 Reflecting the fact that there are only two directions from which x
can approach x0, the right or the left.
LIMITS ALONG CURVES
 For functions of two or three variables the situation is more complicated
because there are infinitely many different curves along which one point
can approach another

 Our first objective in this section is to define the limit of f (x, y) as (x, y)
approaches a point (x0, y0) along a curve C (and similarly for functions of
three variables)
LIMITS ALONG CURVES
 If C is a smooth parametric curve in 2-space or 3-space that is
represented by the equations
x = x (t), y = y (t) or x = x (t), y = y (t), z = z (t)
and if x0 = x (t0), y0 = y (t0), and z0 = z (t0), then :

 The limit of the function of t must be treated as a one-sided limit if

(x0, y0) or (x0, y0, z0) is an endpoint of C.
LIMITS ALONG CURVES
LIMITS ALONG CURVES
Figure a shows a computer-generated graph of the function

The graph suggests that the limit of f (x, y) as

(x, y)→(0, 0) along a line through the origin
varies with the direction of the line

Find this limit along

LIMITS ALONG CURVES
a. The x-axis has parametric equations x = t, y = 0, with (0, 0) corresponding to t =
0, so

b.The y-axis has parametric equations x = 0, y = t , with (0, 0) corresponding to t =

0, so

c. The line y = x has parametric equations x = t, y = t , with (0, 0) corresponding to

t = 0, so
LIMITS ALONG CURVES
d. The line y = -x has parametric equations x = t, y = -t , with (0, 0) corresponding
to t = 0, so
LIMITS ALONG CURVES
d. The parabaola y = x2 has parametric equations x = t, y = t2 , with (0, 0)
corresponding to t = 0, so
OPEN AND CLOSED SETS
 Although limits along specific curves are useful for many purposes,

they do not always tell the complete story about the limiting
behavior of a function at a point.

 What is required is a limit concept that accounts for the behavior of

the function in an entire vicinity of a point, not just along smooth

curves passing through the point.
OPEN AND CLOSED SETS
 Let C be a circle in 2-space that is centered at (x0, y0) and has positive
radius δ.
 The set of points that are enclosed by the circle, but do not lie on the
circle, is called the open disk of radius δ centered at (x0, y0), and the set
of points that lie on the circle together with those enclosed by the circle is
called the closed disk of radius δ centered at (x0, y0)
OPEN AND CLOSED SETS
 The notions of “open” and “closed” can be extended to more general sets
in 2-space and 3-space
 If D is a set of points in 2-space, then a point (x0, y0) is called an interior
point of D if there is some open disk centered at (x0, y0) that contains
only points of D, and (x0, y0) is called a boundary point of D if every
open disk centered at (x0, y0) contains both points in D and points not in
D.
GENERAL LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
GENERAL LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
GENERAL LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
GENERAL LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENERAL LIMITS AND
LIMITS ALONG SMOOTH CURVES
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENERAL LIMITS AND
LIMITS ALONG SMOOTH CURVES
CONTINUITY
 Stated informally, a function of one variable is continuous if its graph is
an unbroken curve without jumps or holes.
 To extend this idea to functions of two variables, imagine that the graph
of z = f (x, y) is formed from a thin sheet of clay that has been molded
into peaks and valleys. We will regard f as being continuous if the clay
surface has no tears or holes
CONTINUITY
CONTINUITY
EXAMPLE
Use Theorem 13.2.4 to show that the functions f (x, y) = 3x2y5 and f(x, y) =
sin(3x2y5) are continuous everywhere.
CONTINUITY
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

Since f (x, y) = xy / (x2 + y2) is continuous at (−1, 2)

CONTINUITY
EXAMPLE
Since the function

is a quotient of continuous functions, it is continuous except where 1 − xy =

0. Thus, f (x, y) is continuous everywhere except on the hyperbola xy = 1
LIMITS AT DISCONTINUITIES
Sometimes it is easy to recognize when a limit does not exist. For
example, it is evident that
LIMITS AT DISCONTINUITIES
 However, it is not evident whether the limit

exists because it is an indeterminate form of type 0 ꞏ 

 Although L’Hôpital’s rule cannot be applied directly, the following
example illustrates a method for finding this limit by converting to polar
coordinates

 Let (r, θ) be polar coordinates of the point (x, y) with r ≥ 0. Then

we have
LIMITS AT DISCONTINUITIES
EXTENSIONS TO THREE VARIABLES
EXERCISE 2
1. Find the indicated limit or state that is does not exist
x4  y 4
a. lim
 x , y 1,3
 3x 2
y  xy 3
 c. lim
 x , y  0,0  x 2  y 2

xy
b. lim
 x , y  2,1
 xy 3
 xy  3 y 2  d. lim
 x , y  0,0 
x2  y 2

2. Describe the largest set S on which it is correct to say that f is continuous

x 2  xy  5
a. f  x, y   2
x  y2  1
b. f  x, y   ln 1  x 2  y 2 
c. f  x, y   ln 1  x 2  y 2 
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO
VARIABLES
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO
VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
Find fx (1, 3) and fy (1, 3) for the function f (x, y) = 2x3y2 + 2y + 4x.
THE PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FUNCTIONS

 Formulas (1) and (2) define the partial derivatives of a function at a

specific point (x0, y0).

 However, often it will be desirable to omit the subscripts and think of the

partial derivatives as functions of the variables x and y.

 These functions are :

THE PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE
Find fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) for f (x, y) = 2x3y2 + 2y + 4x, and use those partial
derivatives to compute fx (1, 3) and fy (1, 3).
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE NOTATION
 If z = f (x, y), then the partial derivatives fx and fy are also denoted
by the symbols

 Some typical notations for the partial derivatives of z = f (x, y), at a

point (x0, y0) are
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE NOTATION
EXAMPLE
Find ∂z/∂x and ∂z/∂y if z = x4 sin (xy3).
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES VIEWED AS RATES OF CHANGE AND
SLOPES

 Recall that if y = f (x), then the value of f’(x0) can be interpreted

either as the rate of change of y with respect to x at x0 or as the
slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at x0.
 Partial derivatives have analogous interpretations.
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES VIEWED AS RATES OF CHANGE AND
SLOPES
EXAMPLE
Let f (x, y) = x2y + 5y3.
 Find the slope of the surface z = f (x, y) in the x-direction at the point
(1,−2).
 Find the slope of the surface z = f (x, y) in the y-direction at the point
(1,−2).
IMPLICIT PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
EXAMPLE
Find the slope of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 in the y-direction at the points
(2/3,1/3,2/3) and (2/3,1/3,-2/3)

 The slope at the point (2/3,1/3,2/3) is -1/2

 The slope at the point (2/3,1/3,-2/3) is 1/2
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND CONTINUITY
 In contrast to the case of functions of a single variable, the existence of
partial derivatives for a multivariable function does not guarantee the
continuity of the function. This fact is shown in the following example
 Let

(a) Show that fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) exist at all points (x, y).
(b) Explain why f is not continuous at (0, 0).
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND CONTINUITY

 This shows that f has partial derivatives at (0, 0) and the values of both
partial derivatives are 0 at that point
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND CONTINUITY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS WITH MORE THAN TWO
VARIABLES

 For a function f (x, y, z) of three variables, there are three partial

derivatives:

 If a dependent variable

is used, then the three partial derivatives of f can be denoted by

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS WITH MORE THAN TWO
VARIABLES
HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
 Suppose that f is a function of two variables x and y. Since the
partial derivatives ∂f /∂x and ∂f /∂y are also functions of x and y,
these functions may themselves have partial derivatives.
HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
EXAMPLE
Find the second-order partial derivatives of f (x, y) = x2y3 + x4y.
HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
 Third-order, fourth-order, and higher-order partial derivatives can
be obtained by successive differentiation.
 Some possibilities are :

 Let f (x, y) = y2ex + y

EQUALITY OF MIXED PARTIALS
EXERCISE 3
1. Find all the first partial derivatives of each function
x2  y 2
a. f  x, y    2 x  y  c. f  x, y  
4

xy
b. f  x, y    4 x  y 
2 3/2
d . f  x, y   e x cos y

2. Verify that fxy = fyx

a. f  x, y   2 x 2 y 3  x3 y 5 b. f  x, y    x3  y 2 
5

3. If f (x,y,z) = 3x2y – xyz + y2z2 find each of the following:

a. f x  x, y, z  b. f y  0,1, 2  c. f xy  x, y, z 
DIFFERENTIABILITY, DIFFERENTIALS,
AND LOCAL LINEARITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY
 Recall that a function f of one variable is called differentiable at x0 if it has a
derivative at x0 , that is, if the limit :

exists :
 The graph of y = f (x) has a nonvertical tangent line at the point (x0, f(x0))

 f may be closely approximated by a linear function near x0

 f is continuous at x0.

 Our primary objective in this section is to extend the notion of

differentiability to functions of two or three variables in such a way that
the natural analogs of these properties hold.
DIFFERENTIABILITY
 The surface z = f (x, y) has a nonvertical tangent plane at the point
(x0, y0, f(x0, y0))

 The values of f at points near (x0, y0) can be very closely

approximated by the values of a linear function
 f is continuous at (x0, y0).
DIFFERENTIABILITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXAMPLE
Prove that f (x, y) = x2 + y2 is differentiable at (0, 0).

 Since fx (x, y) = 2x and fy (x, y) = 2y, we have fx (0, 0) = fy (0, 0) = 0

Therefore, f is differentiable at (0, 0).

DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY
Theorem
If a function is differentiable at a point, then it is continuous at that
point.

Theorem
If all first-order partial derivatives of f exist and are continuous at a
point, then f is differentiable at that point.

EXAMPLE
f (x, y, z) = x + yz
 Since fx(x, y, z) = 1, fy (x, y, z)= z, and fz (x, y, z) = y are defined and
continuous everywhere, we conclude that f is differentiable everywhere
DIFFERENTIALS
 The approximations for a function of two variables

 The approximations for a function of three variables

 Total differential of f
DIFFERENTIALS
EXAMPLE
Approximate the change in z = xy2 from its value at (0.5, 1.0) to its value at
(0.503, 1.004). Compare the magnitude of the error in this
pproximation with the distance between the points (0.5, 1.0) and
(0.503, 1.004).

 For z = xy2 we have dz = y2 dx + 2xy dy. Evaluating this differential at (x,

y) = (0.5, 1.0),
dx = x = 0.503 − 0.5 = 0.003,
dy = y = 1.004 − 1.0 = 0.004
yields
dz = 1.02(0.003) + 2(0.5)(1.0)(0.004) = 0.007
 Since z = 0.5 at (x, y) = (0.5, 1.0) and z = 0.507032048 at (x, y) = (0.503,
1.004), we have
z = 0.507032048 − 0.5 = 0.007032048
LOCAL LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS
 We now show that if a function f is differentiable at a point, then it can be
very closely approximated by a linear function near that point

 Local linear approximation to f at (x0, y0).

 Local linear approximation to f at (x0, y0).

LOCAL LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS
EXAMPLE
Find the local linear approximation to f (x, y) at the point (3, 4).

with fx (3, 4) = 3/5 and fy (3, 4) = 4/5 . Therefore, the local linear
approximation to f at (3, 4) is given by
EXERCISE 4
1. Compute the differential dz or dw of the function
a. z = 7x − 2y
b. z = x 3y 2
c. w = 8x − 3y + 4z
2. Find the local linear approximation L to the specified function f at the
designated point P.

a. f (x, y, z) = xyz; P(1, 2,3),

b. f (x, y) = x sin y; P(0, 0),
c. f (x, y, z) = xeyz; P(1,−1,−1),
THE CHAIN RULE
CHAIN RULES FOR DERIVATIVES
 If y is a differentiable function of x and x is a differentiable
function of t , then the chain rule for functions of one variable
states that, under composition, y becomes a differentiable
function of t with
CHAIN RULES FOR DERIVATIVES
CHAIN RULES FOR DERIVATIVES
CHAIN RULES FOR DERIVATIVES
EXAMPLE
Suppose that
z = x2y, x = t2, y= t3
Use the chain rule to find dz/dt, and check the result by expressing z as a
function of t and differentiating directly.
 By the chain rule

 We can express z directly as a function of t ,

dz/dt = 7t 6
CHAIN RULES FOR DERIVATIVES
EXAMPLE
Suppose that

Use the chain rule to find dw/dθ when θ = π/4.

CHAIN RULES FOR DERIVATIVES
.
CHAIN RULES FOR PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

 In previous section the variables x and y are each functions of

a single variable t.

 We now consider the case where x and y are each functions of

two variables.

 Let z = f (x, y) and suppose that x and y are functions of u and

v, say

x = x (u, v) ; y = y (u, v)
CHAIN RULES FOR PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
CHAIN RULES FOR PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
CHAIN RULES FOR PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
CHAIN RULES FOR PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
EXAMPLE
Given that

find ∂z/∂u and ∂z/∂v using the chain rule.

CHAIN RULES FOR PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
EXAMPLE
Given that

find ∂z / ∂u and ∂z / ∂v using the chain rule.

OTHER VERSIONS OF THE CHAIN RULE
 The chain rule extends to functions w = f (v1, v2, . . . , vn) of n
variables
OTHER VERSIONS OF THE CHAIN RULE
EXAMPLE
Suppose that w = xy + yz, y = sin x, z = ex. Use an appropriate form of the
chain rule to find dw / dx

w explicitly in terms of x as
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
 Consider the special case where z = f (x, y) is a function of x and y and y
is a differentiable function of x.

 This result can be used to find derivatives of functions that are defined
implicitly. For example, suppose that the equation
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
EXAMPLE
Given that x3 + y2x − 3 = 0 find dy/dx using (14), and check the
result using implicit differentiation
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
EXAMPLE
Consider the sphere x2 + y2 + z2=1. Find ∂z/∂x and ∂z/∂y

f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2
EXERCISE 5
1. Find dw/dt by using Chain Rule, express your final answer in term of t
a. w  x 2 y 3 ; x  t 3 , y  t 2
b. w  x 2 y  y 2 x ; x  cos t , y  sin t

2. Find dw/dt by using Chain Rule express your final answer in term of s
and t
a. w  x 2 y ; x  st , y  s  t
s
b. w  x  y ln x ; x 
2
, y  s2t
t
3. Find dy/dx by implicit differentiation

a. x 3  2 x 2 y  y 3  0
b. ye  x  5 x  17  0