2018

English For Spanish Speakers

Mauricio Mateo Millán

[email protected]
Cel. 5564399133
 Introduction

This book has been written as product of my long years teaching English. It
pretends to be a tool to my students in order to do their learning easier.

This book will provide them progressively the grammar and vocabulary knowledge
necessaries to arrive to the A2 level of the European Framework.

This is book is divided in 8 units, each one composed by 7 lessons which must be
studied with a teacher.

1
 Index

1. Personal pronouns
2. Verb to be/adjectives
3. Negative and interrogative form of the verb to be/wh-questions
4. Plural
5. Indefinite article
6. Demonstrative
7. Comparative

8. Definite article
9. Possessive article
10. Have/has got
11. There is/there are / Prepositions
12. At/on/in
13. Possessive pronoun
14. Superlative

15. Present simple

16. Negative and interrogative form of the present simple
17. Personal object pronouns
18. Possessive case
19. Reflexive pronouns
20. Hour
21. Comparative of equality

22. Modal verbs (can, could, may, might)

23. Modal verbs (should, must)
24. Modal verbs (have to/musn’t)
25. Modal verbs to express obligation
26. Some/any
27. Containers
28. Proportional sentences

29. Past simple of the verb to be

30. There was/there were
31. Past simple
32. Negative and interrogative of the past simple
33. Modal verbs in the past simple/ Adverbs
34. Going to in the past simple/ Personal object pronouns (indirect object)

2
35. Used to/ Too, too much, too many

36. Future simple

37. There will be/ Modal verbs in the future simple
38. To be going to/ Substitution personal object pronouns
39. Present continuous and present simple for the future
40. Future simple, going to and present simple
41. Connectors of addition and contrast
42. Comparative and superlative of adverbs

43. Subjunctive present

44. Subordinated conjunctions
45. Personal object pronouns (two objects) / Imperative
46. Indefinite pronouns
47. Relative pronouns
48. Connectors of cause and effect
49. Prepositions of movement

50. Present continuous

51. Stative verbs
52. Past continuous
53. Phrasal verbs
54. Future continuous
55. Relative pronouns II
56. Other comparative structures

57. Conditional type 0

58. Conditional type 1
59. Conditional type 2
60. Definite and non-definite clauses
61. Infinitive
62. Gerunds
63. Past participle and present participle

3
4
 Alphabet

The English alphabet has got 26 letters.

Letter Name
A EI
B BI
C SI
D DI
E I
F EF
G SHYI
H EICH
I AI
J SHYEI
K KEI
L EL
M EM
N EN
O OU
P PI
Q KIU
R AR
S ES
T TI
U IU
V FVI
W DOBEL IU
X EKS
Y UAI
Z ZI

The letter Ñ does not exist in English.

5
 The Pronunciation

The consonants b, c, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, q, t, w, x, and y are pronounced as in

Spanish.

The consonant G in the combinations “ge” and “gi” sounds like a y but vibrant.

The consonant H when is at the beginning of a word sounds like the H in “halls”.

The consonant J sounds like the Y of the Spanish but vibrant.

The consonant R always sounds like the R in “Rata”

The consonant V sounds like the b of Spanish, but vibrant.

The consonant Z sounds like the s of the Spanish but vibrant.

The double consonants are always pronounced as one.

Swimming /suiming/ not /suimming/

In British English, all the consonants are well pronounced like in Spanish.

Water /guata/ not /guader/

Pretty /priti/ not /priry/

Twenty /tuenti/ not /tueny/

6
Vowels

The vocals in English do not have a specific pronunciation, so, they must be
remembered with every word that is learnt.

For practical proposes, we are going to use the table below while you learn the
pronunciation of every word.

/a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/ /ə/ /y/

I
A E E (in o Wh -er U
monosyllabic Oo -our
words) -w
Ee
Ey

The “e” at the end of a polysyllabic word it is never pronounced.

Digraphs

Digraph Explanation Word Pronunciation

Ture It sounds /chia/ Culture /kolchia/
It has got two
pronunciations:
a. In the words the,
Th this, that, these,
those and a few
some words, it
sounds /d/.
b. In the other cases
it sounds like a /f/
but biting the tip
of tongue lightly.
Tion It sounds like /shion/
Wr It sounds like the
English R.
Tw It sounds like /tu/

7
 Sh It sounds like the X in
Xola

The combination s +
S + consonant consonant the s sounds
first and in a separated
syllable and the next
consonant is
pronounced normal
Kn It sounds /n/ Know /nou/

It is common in English to join the last consonant sound of a word with the first
vowel sound of the next in order to make just one word.

What a beautiful woman = /uata biuriful woman/

Good afternoon = /godafternun/

8
 Similar things with the Spanish

Around 60 percent of English’s vocabulary 10000 most frequently words have Latin
roots. So, there are several rules that can make easier the learning of English.

Rule Spanish English

The ending “dad” of the
Spanish pass English as Universidad University
ty
the combination “cion”
pass English as “tion” Nación Nation
The ending “ancia” of the
Spanish pass English as Ambulancia Ambulance
“ance”
The ending “ence” of the Conferencia Conference
Spanish pass English as
“ence”
Words that end in “ca
pass English as “c” Música Music
The endings “ante” and
“ento” of the Spanish Interesante Interessant
pass English without Talento Talent
vocal.
The endings “uro” and Futuro Future
“ura” of the Spanish pass Aventure Adventure
English as “ure”
The ending “ia” of the Autonomía Autonomy
Spanish pass English as
y.
The endings “ivo” and Activo Active
“iva” of the Spanish pass
English as “ive”

These rules have exceptions, but they can do that learning the vocabulary be more
easily.

9
10
 First Unit
Welcome to
England
11
In this unit you will learn:

 Spell your name

 Greetings
 Ask and give basic information
 Introduction
 Comparative

Topics

 Alphabet
 Pronunciation
 Personal subject pronouns
 Verb to be
 Plural
 Indefinite pronouns
 Demonstrative
 Comparative

12
 First Lesson
Welcome to England

1. Hello, my name is Eduard and this is my wife Elizabeth.

2. We live in London now with our children.
3. My son’s name is Gabriel. He’s a student.
4. My daughter’s name is Catherin. She’s a doctor.
5. We love living in this beautiful country.

@h

First [ferst] primero, Lesson [leson] lección, welcome [guelkom] bienvenido], to [tu] a,
England [ingland], Inglaterra, hello [jelou] hola, my [mai], mi(s), name [neim], nombre, is
[is] es/está, and [and] y, this is [dis is] ella es, wife [waif] esposa, to live [tu lifv] vivir, now
[nau] ahora, in [in] en, with [guit] con, our [auer] nuestr@(s), children [children] niños,
son’s name [sons neim] nombre de mi hijo, student [stiudent] estudiante, daughther’s
name [dodas neim] nombre de mi hija, to love [tu lofv], beautiful [biutiful], hermoso, country
[kountri], pais. @

13
 Personal subject pronouns

English has the exactly number of persons of Spanish plus one known as It, which
is used to talk about animals, things, and when in Spanish we do not use personal
subject.

*The personal pronoun “it” in impersonal sentences and when we substitute the
name of animals, things, abstract nouns and anything that it is not a person.

* The personal pronoun “Usted” does not exist in English; but the expressions “you
sir” and “you miss” have the same meaning, but they are not obligatory.

14
 Second lesson
A pretty woman

1. I’ve just seen the most beautiful woman that I’ve ever seen
2. How was she?
3. She was slim, blond and tall
4. Where’s she?
5. Over there, next to Charles?
6. She’s Charles’ wife

Second [second] Segundo, pretty [priti] lindo, woman [guomn] mujer, I’ve just seen [aifv
shyost sin] acabo de ver, the [da] el/lo/los/las, most [moust] más, woman [guomn] mujer,
ever [efva] algunas vez, how [jau] como, was [guas] era/estaba, where [uer] donde/a
donde, slim [slim] delgado, blond [blond] rubio, tall [tol] alto, there [der] ahí, next to [neks
tu] junto.

15
 Verb To be

The verb to be is the equivalent of the verbs “Ser” and “Estar” of the Spanish

In English is obligated the use of a personal pronoun, so, it is impossible to say

“am Charles, the correct is to say “I am Charles.

We use the short form of is with nous except which finish in s.

Dog’s is big

Short and long for of the verb to be

We use the long form in the formal written language.

We use the short form in formal and informal spoken language and in informal
written language.

16
 Adjectives

In contrast with Spanish, the English adjectives have not got nor genre either
plural.

For example, the sentence “we are happys” is incorrect because the –s indicates
plural.

The correct sentence would be “we are happy”.

Happy Feliz Sad Triste

Strong Fuerte Weak Debil
New Nuevo Old Viejo
Young Joven Old Viejo
Tall Alto Short Chaparro
Hot Caliente Cold Frio
Big Grande Small Pequeño
Cheap Barato Expensive Caro
Long Largo Short Corto
Beautiful Bonito Ugly Feo
Fast Rapido Slow Lento
Light Claro Dark Obscure
Slim Delgado Fat Gordo

17
 Negative form of the verb to be

For building the negative form of the verb to be, it is necessary to add “not” after
the verb to be.

Personal Subject Long form Short form Short form

pronoun (less common)
I I am not I am not
You You are not You aren’t You ‘re not
He He is not He isn’t He’s not
She She is not She isn’t She’s not
It It is not It isn’t It’s not
We We are not We aren’t We’re not
you You are not You aren’t You’re not
They They are not They aren’t They’re not

18
 Third lesson
At the bus stop

1. Good morning!
2. Good morning!
3. What’s your name?
4. Eduard, and yours?
5. Michel
6. Nice to meet you Michel
7. Nice to meet you too.
8. Where are you from, Eduard?
9. I’m from Mexico but I’ve just moved to London.
10. And what do you do Eduard?
11. I work as a Spanish teacher in a school.
12. Do you work at Marshall’s school, by any chance?
13. Why do you ask me that?
14. Because you have the same uniform than me.

Good morning [gud morning] buenos dias, what’s your name [uats yor neim] como te
llamas, yours [yors] (el) tuyo, Nice to meet you [nais tum it yu] gusto en conocerte, nice to
meet you too [nais tum it y utu] igualmente, where are you from [uer ar yu from] de donde
eres, I’m from Cambrige [aim from kambridch] soy de Cambirdge, I’ve moved [aifv syost
mufv] recientemente me he mudado, what do you do [uat du yu do] a que te dedicas, to
work [ty guerk] trabajar, as [as] como, Spanish [Spanish] español, teacher [ticha] maestro,
a [a] un/una, school [skul] escuela, by any chance [bai eni cheins] de casualidad, why [uai]
por que, to ask [tu ask] preguntar, me [mi] me, that [dat] eso, because [bicous] porque, you
have [yu jafv] tienes, the [da] el/lo/la/los/las, same [seim] mismo, uniform [iuniform]
uniforme, than me [dan mi] que yo.

19
 Interrogative form of the verb to be

For building the interrogative form in English, we only put the verb at the
beginning of the sentence. This rule is not used with the present simple and the
past simple. See page 51 and 87.

Notice:

a. When we ask a question, we cannot answer with just a yes or No, it sounds
like when in Spanish is answer “a, si” or “no with sarcasm”.
For translating the “si” or “no” of the Spanish we must say “Yes, I am” or “No,
he isn’t.
b. The negative answer uses always the short form.
c. The No is pronounced /no/.

20
Wh-questions

Wh-questions, in Spanish “particulas interrogativas”, are used to ask for more

specific information.

They are put before the verb.

Interrogative form Is he Bryan?

Interrogative form with wh-question How old is Bryan?

Wh-question Meaning

What Que
Cual

How Como

When Cuando

Where Donde
A donde

Why Por que

How old Cuantos años (de edad)

How far Que tan lejos

How much Cuanto

How often Que tan seguido

How long Cuanto tiempo

cuantos años

How many Cuantos

Which Cual (cuando das opciones)

Who Quien(es)

21
 What time Que hora
A que hora

Where … from De donde

Whose De quien

How tall Cuanto mides

We use which instead of what to mean (cual) when we give options.

What’s your favourite colour? (general)

Which your favourite colour, green or red? (options)

Wh-questions with prepositions

In formal style we put the preposition in the same place that in Spanish

In what classroom are you?

In informal style we put the preposition at the end.

What classroom are you in?

22
 Forth lesson
Numbers

1. One plus two is three

2. Four times three is twelve
3. Twelve divided by two is six
4. Six minus one is five
5. What are you doing that for?
6. Because I want to remember the number of my locker

Number [nomba] numero, plus [plos] más, times is [taims is] por, divided by [difvaidid bai]
entre, minus [minus] menos, are you doing for [ar yu duing for] estas haciendo eso,
because [bikos] porque, to want [tu guant] querer, to remember [rimember] recordar, of [of]
de, my [mai] mi, locker [loka] casillero.

23
 Plural

General rule -s Cat Cats

S Bus Buses
X Box Boxes
Z -es Quiz Quizzes
Ch Church Churches
Sh Crash Crashes
O Potato Potatoes
Consonant + y -ies Country Countries
F -ve Wolf Wolves
Fe Knife Knives
Us -i Cactus Cacti
Is -es Oasis Oases

Irregular Plural

Singular Plural

Man Men

Woman Women

Child Children

Person People

Foot Feet

Tooth Teeth

Mouse Mice

Fish Fish

Sheep Sheep

Duck Duck

Goose Geese

Medium Media

24
 Fifth lesson
At bank

1. Good afternoon. May I help you, sir?

2. May I open an account, please?
3. Certainly, sir. What’s your name?
4. Carlos Martinez
5. Could you repeat your last name please?
6. Of course, Martinez, M-A-R-T-I-N-E-Z, Martinez
7. Right, and what’s your address?
8. 25, Brooke Lane, Marsh town
9. What’s your telephone number?
10. It’s 217710 (two, one, double seven, one, oh)
11. What do you do, Mr. Martinez?
12. I’m a lawyer.
13. Can you sign here, please?
14. Sure
15. Here you are. Your account is open
16. Thank you!
17. You’re welcome!

Good morning [gud morning] buenos dias, to help [tu help] ayudar, you [yu] lo, sir [sar]
señor, to open [tu open] abrir, account [akaunt] cuenta, please [plis] por favor, certainly
[sertanly] Seguro (formal), could [kud] podria, to repeat [ripit] repetir, last name [last neim]
apellido, please [plis] por favor, Right [right] muy bien, address [adres] direccion, town
[taun] pueblo, telephone [telefon] telefonico, sorry [sorri] perdon, to repeat [tu ripit] repetir,
it [it] lo/la (todo lo que no sea humano), sure [shor] seguro (informal], what do you do? [uat
du yu du] a que se dedica, lawyer [louya], tu sign [tu sign] cantar, here you are [hia yu ar]
aqui tiene, open [open] abierto, you’re welcome [your guelkom] de nada.

25
 Indefinite Article

Singular Plural
Affirmative It is a cat They are some cats
Negative It is not a cat They are not any cats
Interrogative Is it a cat? Are they any cats?

We use a before words which starts in a consonant sound.

A Boy

A Car

A House

A University

We always use an before words which start in a vowel sound, with a vowel.

An apple

An elephant

An ice

An hour

An/a vs One

In the formal speech, we can replace a/an with one without modified the meaning
of the sentence.

 I'd like an orange and two lemons please.

 I'd like one orange and two lemons please.

26
 Sixth lesson
At the zoo

1. Children, we’re seeing today the most dangerous animals in the world.
2. That animal is an elephant.
3. It lives in Africa.
4. Those animals are monkeys, they live too in Africa.
5. This is a tiger, it lives in Asia.
6. Miss Anderson
7. What animal is that?
8. Which one?
9. That which is waking into the lion’s cage?
10. That’s a cat

Zoo [zu] zoologíco, we´re seeing [guir sing] vamos a ver, today [tudei] hoy, dangerous
[dengerus] peligroso, animal [enimal] animal, elephant [elefant], to live [tu lifv], Africa
[eifrica] africa, monkey [monki] mono, too [tu] también, tiger [taiga] tigre, asia [eishia]
asia, which one [uich uan] cual, which [uich] cual, to walk into [guok θrau] caminar, lion
[laion] león, cage [keich] jaula, cat [kat] gato.

27
 Demonstrative

The demonstratives are words that indicate the distance in what somebody or
something is.

Este Ese/aquel
Singular This Esta That Esa/aquella
Esto Eso/aquello

Plural These Estos Those Esos/aquellos

Estas Esas/aquellas

The interrogative and negative form are built as it were the verb to be.

This is not a ball

Are these your shoes?

Usage

We use the possessive to ask about something.

What’s this?

It’s a table.

In all the other cases, we use the demonstrative in the same way than Spanish.

28
 Seventh lesson
Women

1. My boyfriend is taller and stronger than yours,

2. And he’s slimmer and nicer.
3. Yes, but my boyfriend is more intelligent
4. So what? I really don’t care
5. Because my boyfriend is going to be a sales manager in an international
company
6. But your boyfriend is in prison!
7. Maybe, but he’s better.

Boyfriend [boifriend] novio, nice [nais] agradable, but [bot] pero, so what [so uat] y que,
really [rili] realmente, don’t care [don’t keir] no me preocupa, is going to be [is going tu bi]
va a ser, sales manager [seils manaya] gerente de ventas, important [important}
importante, company [kompani], prison [prishon] carcel, maybe [meibi] tal vez/quisaz, he
will be [ji guil bi] él será, as soon as [es sun es] tan pronto como, to leave [tu lifv] salir.

29
 Comparative

The comparative is used to indicate that somebody or something is more or

less than another or other.

General rule +er Fast Faster

CVC Double consonant Hot Hotter
+ er
Y (two syllables) Er --> ier Happy Happier
Two or more More Intelligent More intelligent
syllables

Irregular Comparative

Adjective Comparative

Bad Worse

Far Farther (for distance)

Further (for everything else)
Good Better
Little Less
Many More
Much
Older
Old Elder (when we refer to knowing or
experience)

Comparative of inferiority

For building the comparative of inferiority just is needed to add the word less
before the adjective. In this structure does not exist irregular verbs.

Ex. A Monkey is less intelligent than a human.

30
 Second
Unit
The Family
31
In this unit you will learn:

 Describe a person
 Say where the places of the city are
 Say how to arrive to a place
 Say how your house is

Topics

 Definite Article
 Possessive
 Have/has got
 There is/there are
 Prepositions
 Possessive 2
 Superlative

32
 Eighth lesson
Poetry

1. Hear this poem

2. “Roses are red
3. The sky is blue
4. Mountains are brown like the brown of your eyes”
5. What a small poem!
6. Mm, that’s the reason for which you must never show a work in progress

Poetry [poetry] poesia, to hear [jir] oir, rose [rous] rosa, red [red] rojo, sky [skai] cielo, blue
[blu] azul, mountain [mountain] montaña, brown [braun] cafe, like [laik] como, your [yor] tu,
eye [ai] ojo, small [smol] pequeño, poem [poem] poema, raison [rison], never [neva], to
show [tu shou] mostrar, work [guork] trabajo, progress [progress] progreso.

33
 The Article

The definite article indicates that somebody or something is already known by the
person who speaks.

The definite article is used in the same cases that in Spanish, but there are some
where the use of this one change.

We do not use the definite Article:

1. When we talk about in general (just for plural nouns)

Lions live in Africa
The lions of the circus are funny

2. With the name of titles when we mentioned the name of the person.
King Charles is good
But The King is good

3. With the words breakfast, lunch and dinner and the name of meals.
I have dinner at seven
I like Enchiladas

4. With the possessive S’ when we do not talk about humans.

Bimbo’s bread is the best.

5. With uncountable nouns.

I don’t like tea.

6. With the name of sports, games, days, activities, celebrations, colours and
lenguagues.
Ex I like soccer
I like chess.
Saturday is the sixth day of the week.
Independence Day is on 5th July
Her favourite colour is pink.
English is the language more spoken in the world.

34
 Ninth lesson
The family

1. Who’s this?
2. Who, the blond man?
3. Yes
4. He’s my father
5. He’s very tall
6. Yes, and my brother too
7. Who are the women in orange?
8. They are my cousins
9. And the man in black?
10. He’s my uncle and the woman next to him is my aunt.
11. And who’s child with the broken trousers?
12. It’s me

Family [family] familia, man [mn] hombre, father [fada] padre, tall [tol] alto, brother [broda]
hermano, orange [oranch] naranja, cousin [kasin] primo, black [blak] negro, uncle [onkol]
tio, next to [neks tu jim] junto a el, aunt [aunt] tia, little [lirul] pequeño, boy [boi] niño,
broken [broken] roto, trousers [trousas], it’s me [its mi] soy yo.

35
 Possessive Adjective

A possessive is a word that indicates that some one or somebody belongs to

another person or thing or for indicate relationship.

My /mai/ Mi(s)
Your /yor/ Tu(s)
His Su (de él)
Her Su (de ella)
Its Su (de it)
Our /auer/ Nuestro/a/s
Your Su (de ustedes)
Their /der/ Su (de ellos/ellas)

Usage

A difference of the Spanish, the same form of the possessive for the plural

My car

My cars

In all the other cases, it is used on the same

36
 Tenth lesson
At museum

1. This is the David. It was built by Miguel Angello. Look at how well the
sculptor has perfectly recreat the details of the human body and how well he
has made the head, the nose and the ears. Simply, perfect.
2. Dear, what do you think?
3. I think the way in which he made the arms, the hands and the fingers is well,
but he should have put more effort in the legs and in the knees, they look
like they were 88-years-old grandmother’s legs.
4. Yes, you’re right. Is he Tom?
5. Who?, the man who comes with the long black hair woman?
6. Yes
7. No, Tom hasn’t got brown hair and his wife has got black hair.
8. Have they got children?
9. No, they haven’t.
10. But have they got a dog, haven’t they?
11. Yes, they have. Why so many questions?
12. Nothing, I’m boring, let’s go for a burger.

Museum [miusmeum] museo, to build [tu bild] construer, sculptor [skultor] escultor,
perfectly [perfecli] perfectamente, to recreat [tu rikrieit] recrear, deatail [diteil] detalle,
human [jiuman] human, body [badi] cuerpo, head [jed] cabeza, nose [nous] nariz, ears
[irs] oreja, simply [simpli] simplemente, perfect [perfekt] perfecto, dear [dir] querida, you
think about it [tu θing] tu que piensas, way [güei] forma, arm [arm] brazo, hand [jand]
mano, finger [finga] dedo, should have [shud jafv] debio haber, effort [efort] esfuerzo,
leg [leg] pierna, knee [ni] rodilla, 88-years-old [eigty yirs old] de 88 años, grandmother
[grandmoda] abuela, you’re right [yur raight] tener razon, to come [tu kom] venir, hair
[jeir] cabello, children [children] hijos, dog [dog] perro, so many [so meni] tantas,
question [kuestion] pregunta, nothing [noθing] nada, boring [boring] aburrido, let’s go [
lets gou] vamos, burger [burga] hamburguesa.

37
 Have/has got

Informal Formal
You have got You have
You’ve got
You have not got You do not have
You haven’t got You don’t have
Have you got? Do you have?
Yes, I have Yes, I do
No, I haven’t No, I don’t
She has got She has
She’s got
She has not got She does not have
She hasn’t got She doesn’t have
Has she got? Does she have?
Yes, she has Yes, she does
No, she hasn’t No, she doesn’t

38
 Eleventh lesson
Directions

1. Excuse me, sir, is there a bank near here?

2. Yes, there’s one in Thomson road.
3. How can I get there?
4. Go up until Johnson road, then, turn left, you will see a cinema.
5. Walk across the street and go to the bus stop.
6. Wait for the bus and get down in white park.
7. Go ahead and you get to Thomson road.
8. You’ll recognize it because there are a lot of Chinese restaurants there.
9. You can’t miss it.
10. Thanks very much! – That’s okay.

Direction [direkshion] dirección, bank [bank] banco, road [rod] calle, to get [tu guet]
llegar , to go up [tu gou op], until [ontil] hasta (que), then [den] luego, to turn left [tu torn
left] dar vuelta a la izquierda, cinema [sinema] cine, to walk across [guok akros]
atravezar, street [stit] calle, to go [tu gou], bus stop [bus stop] parada del camion, to
wait for [tu wueit for] esperar (a) , bus [bus] camion, to get down [guet daun] bajar(se),
white [uait] blanco, park [park] parque, to go ahead [tu gou ajed] ir(se) todo derecho, to
recognize [tu rikonaiz] reconocer, Chinese [chainis] chino, restaurant [restaurant]
restaurante, you can’t miss it [yu kent mis it] no hay pierde, thanks very much [θenkiu]
muchas gracias, that’s okay [dats okei] no hay de que.

39
 There is/ there are

We use there is or there are to express that something exist. The Spanish
equivalent to this structure is “hay”

We use there is with singular and uncountable pronouns.

We use there are with plural pronouns.

40
 Twelfth lesson
Home, sweet home

1. Dear parents,
2. It has been difficult but I believe we’ve already found a house.
3. It is in Westminster neighbourhood, it is a small, but it’s got all the amenities
and a garden.
4. This week the move lorry arrived and we could seat the furniture.
5. The table and the chairs fit perfectly in the kitchen but the problem was the
sofa and the armchair that were too big to fit in the living room, and the
window of the bathroom is broken, I’ll have to fix it as soon as I have time.
6. The good thing is that the new office isn’t very far from the house, so I can
get there on foot.
7. I miss you.
8. Your son Eduard

Home, weet home [jom, suit jom] hogar, dulce hogar, Dear [dir] querido(s), parents
[parents] padres, It has been [it jas bin] ha sido, difficult [dificult] dificil, to believe [bilifv]
creer, we’ve already found [guifv alredi faund] al fin hemos encontrado, house [jaus]
casa, neighbourhood [neigbourjud] colonia, all [ol] tod(s), amenities [amenitis]
servicios, garden [garden] jardin, week [guik] semana, move lorry [mufv lorry] camion
de mudanza, could [kud] podria, to seat [tu sit] acomodar, furniture [fornichia]
mueble(s), table [teibol] mesa, chair [cheir] silla, to fit [tu fit] encajar, living room [lifving
rum] sala, window [guindou] ventana, bathroom [batrum] baño, broken [broken] roto, I’ll
have to [ail jafv tu] tender que, fix [fiks] arreglar, as soon as [as sun as] tan pronto
como, the good thing [da gud θing], office [ofis] oficina, so [so] asi que, can [kan]
puedo, on foot [on fut] a pie, to miss [tu mis] extrañar.

41
 Prepositions

Inside Adentro
Outside Afuera
Upstairs Arriba
Downstairs Abajo
Under Abajo/debajo
Behind Atraz
In front of En frente de/ A fuera de (lugar)
Opposite Al otro lado de
En frente de (cuando hay algo enmedio
que los separa)
Near (to) Cerca
Around Alrededor
Round
By Cerca (que lo podemos ver o esta muy
cerca de dondeestamos)
Far (away) Lejos
Between Entre
Among Entre (cuando son 3 o mas cosas)
Next to Junto a
Beside Junto a (formal)
Over Sobre (sin contacto)
Against Contra
On the edge of En la orilla
Above Mas alla de
On the top of En la cima de
On the right A la derecha
On the left A la izquierda
Ahead Todo derecho
On the corner En la esquina
Past Pasando

A difference with the Spanish, the prepositions in English do not need a

preposition.

Compare. The cat is under the table. Not The cat is under of the table.

Just the prepositions near, where the use of to is optional, and far require a
preposition.

The expressions in front of and on the top of are not prepositions, for what they use
the preposition of.

42
 In, On At

We use in:

a. With the name of cities, countries and continents.

In Manchester
In England
In Asia

b. With the name of natural regions and the word park.

In the mountain

But: at the beach

c. To indicate that something is inside something or somebody.

The cigarettes are in the car

We use on:

a. To indicate that something is in a superficies.

The Glass is on the table.

b. With the expressions on the first, second…. Floor

He lives on the second floor.

c. With the name of means of transport.

We’re on the bus.

We use at:

a. With the name of shops.

We are at Bucher’s.
We are at Supermarket

43
b. With the name of buildings and constructions when we mentioned the
proper name of the place.

I’m at stadium Azteca. But I’m in the stadium.

c. With the name of workplaces and study centres.

I work at Coca Cola.

I study at UNAM.

d. With expressions at home and at work.

44
 Thirteenth lesson
Whose is this?

1. Is this my pen?
2. No, this is mine.
3. Where’s yours?
4. I don’t know, I let it on the table but it isn’t.
5. Have you looked for in your school back, yet?
6. Yes, but only my pencil, my case and my rubber are there.
7. Why don’t you ask Kate if she lends you hers?
8. No, because she´s busy and I haven’t’ given her back hers.

Whose is this [jus is dis] de quien es, pen [pen] lapis, to let [tu let] dejar, table [teibol]
mesa, pencil [pensil] lapis, case [keis] lapicera, rubber [roba] goma, school back [skul
back] mochila, to ask [tu ask] preguntar, to lend [tu lend] prestar, busy [bizi] ocupado, to
give back [tu gifv back] regresar.

45
 Possessive Pronouns

Personal pronoun Possessive pronoun

I Mine
You Yours
He His
She Hers
It *its own
We Ours
You Yours
They Theirs

*It does not have a possessive form, but the structure its own is used in this
way.

We use the possessive:

a. In the same way that in Spanish.

This house is mine
b. In the expression a/the/this of possessive
He is a friend of her

Difference between personal adjectives and personal pronouns

The difference between the personal adjectives and the possessive pronouns is
that the personal pronouns always go at the end.

This is my house = this house is mine

46
 Fourteenth lesson
Animals

1. The most ancient animals in the planet are the turtles and the crocrodiles,
whose ancentors lived in the earth much earlier than dinosaurs.
2. The fastest animal at present is the leopard, but only in land because in the
sea the sharks are the fastest. The biggest shark is the white shark, which
can meseure 20ft of length.
3. Between the birds, the crowns are the most intelligent; they can resolve
problems that only a dolphin could resolve.
4. And the most dangerous predator is the cat, which can hunt more than 100
species.

Ancient [ancient] antiguo, planet [planet] planeta, turtle [torcol] tortuga, crocrodile
[krokodail] cocodrilo, whose [jus] cuyo, ancestor [ancestor] antepasado, to live [tu lifv]
vivir, earth [eart] tierra, much [moch] mucho, early [erli] temprano, dinosaur [dainosaur]
dinosaurio, at present [at present] actualmente, leopard [leopard] leopard, only [onli]
solo/solamente, land [land] tierra, sea [si] mar, shark [shark] tiburon, white [guait]
blanco, which [uich] el cual, to meseure [meshur] medir, length [lengt] longitude, bird
[bird] pajaro, crown [kraun] cuervo, to resolve [tu risolfv] resolver, problem [problem]
problema, dolphin [dolfin] delfin, predator [predator] depredador, to hunt [tu jont],
species [spicis] especie.

47
 Superlative

The superlative is used to indicate that somebody or something is the best of its
specie or group.

General rule +est Fast Fastest

CVC Double consonant Hot Hottest
+ est
Y (two syllables) Er --> iest Happy Happiest
Two or more Most Intelligent Most intelligent
syllables

Irregular Superlative

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Many More Most
Much
Little Less Least
Far Farther Farthest
Further Furthest
Old Older Oldest
Elder Eldest

*In is used when we talk about a group; to use “of” instead of “in” is a common in
Spanish speakers.

Say: I’m the best in the classroom

Do not say: I’m the best of the classroom

Usage

We use the superlative in the same way than in Spanish.

48
Third Unit
Party

49
In this unit you will learn:

 Talk about your likes and dislikes.

 Talk about your daily routine
 Tell the time
 Talk about the weather

Topics

 Present simple
 Personal object pronouns
 Possessive case
 Reflexive pronouns
 Hour
 Comparative of equality

50
 Fifteenth lesson
Good evening, Mister Charles

1. Mister Charles leaves from his job at five o’clock. For coming back to his
house at the suburbs, he goes to the Waterloo station and takes the train.
2. When he arrives at his home, he has dinner. After that, he washes the
dishes and turn on the TV.
3. He usually watches on the BBC a documentary or a film.
4. Sometimes, Mister Charles reads a page of his favourite book.
5. Before going to the bed, Mister Charles says a prayer and takes a glass of
milk not before taking out the cat.

Good evening [gud ifvning] buenas noches, mister [mista] señor, to go out [tu gou aut]
salir, from [from] de, job [shyob] trabajo, o’clock [o klock] en punto, train [trein] tren, to get
[tu guet] llegar, home [jom] casa, to have dinner [tu jafv dina] cenar, to wash the dishes [to
guash da dishis] lavar los platos, to turn on [tu turnon] prendar, documentary [dokumentari]
documental, sometimes [somtaims] algunas veces, film [film] pelicula, to go to the bed [tu
gou tu da bed] acostarse, to read [tu rid] leer, page [peish] pagina, favourite [feifvourit]
favorito], to say a praye [tu sei a preya], hacer una oracion.

51
 Present Simple

To Eat To go To play To fry

I Eat Go Play Fry
You Eat Go Play Fry
He Eats Goes Play Fry
She Eats Goes Plays Fries
It Eats Goes Plays Fries
We Eat Go Play Fries
You Eat Go Play Fry
They Eat Go Play Fry

We use the present simple:

1. To talk about permanent situations.

Tina lives in London.

2. To talk about repeated/habitual actions.

The Mornarca Butterflies always come in summer.
I go to the bed at 11.

3. To talk about general truths

Water boils at 100 centigrade

4. To talk about timetables, schedules and programmes.

The train leaves at 19:00.

5. To talk about the plot of a book, film, etc.

Harry Potter is a guy who discovers that he’s a magician.

6. To talk about reviews and in narration

Tom hanks acts wonderfully in the film.
There is a girl called Cinderella.

In of the other cases, we use the present simple in the same way than in Spanish.

We make the negative form by adding do not/don’t or does not/doesn’t (for he,she,
it) in front of the verb.

52
 Sixteenth lesson
A bad moment

1. Hi, what’s your name?

2. My name is Pauline, and yours?
3. My name is Luis
4. Do you like Coldplay?
5. Yes, I do, but I prefer Oasis
6. What another band do you like?
7. I like a lot to listen to The Beatles
8. Do you like classical music?
9. No, I don’t. I find it boring.
10. What about rock and Billy?
11. I Iove it.
12. Do you want to go dancing with me?
13. Of course, just let me finish the test.

Bad [bad] mal, moment [moment] momento, hi [jai] hola (informal), to like [tu laik] gustar, to
prefer [prefer] preferir, band [band] banda, a lot [a lot] mucho, to listen to [tu lisen tu]
escuchar, classical [klasikal] clasico, to find [faind] hacerse (parecer), boring (boring)
aburrido, to love [tu lofv] encantar/amar, to want [guant] querer, go dancing [gou dancing]
ir a bailar, of course [of kours] por supuesto, just [shyust] justo, to let [tu let] dejar, to finish
[finish] terminar, test [test].

53
 Affirmative form Negative form
I eat pizza I do not eat pizza
I don’t eat pizza
He eats meal He does not eat pizza
He doesn’t eat pizza

We make the interrogative form by adding do or does (for he,she, it) in front of the
personal pronoun.

Affirmative form Interrogative form form Answers

You eat pizza Do you eat pizza? Yes, I do
No, I don’t
He eats pizza Does he buy pizza Yes, he does
No, he doesn’t

Irregular Verbs in the Present simple.

There are just two irregular verbs in the present simple; the verb to be and to have.

Personal Pronoun To Be To Have

I Am Have
You Are
He
She Is Has
It
We Are
You Are Have
They Are

54
 Seventeenth lesson
Couples

1. I love you.
2. But I love you more.
3. But I do love you.
4. Maybe, but you love more your guitar.
5. Why do you say that?
6. Because you always carry it out everywhere.
7. And I don’t want to talk about your keyboard.
8. You can’t be just one minute without it.
9. But dear, I am a musician
10. I’m fed up with this
11. See you!

Couple [kopol] pareja, guitar [guitar] guitarra, to say [tu sei] decir, always [algueis] siempre,
to carry out [tu karri aut] llevar , everywhere [efvriguer] en/a todas partes, to talk about [tu
tok abaut tu] hablar , keyboard [kibord] teclado, minute [minut] minuto, without [guit aut]
sin, dear [dir] querido, musician [miusishian] musico.

55
 Personal Object Pronouns

Personal Pronoun Personal Object pronoun

I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
You You
They Them

We use the personal pronouns to replace people, animals or things that are after a
verb.

Normal sentence Sentence with personal object pronoun

I love Mary I love her
I walk my dog I walk it
I sell books I sell them

To with the verbs

A difference with the Spanish we do not use the preposition to (a) when we
mention the person, animal or thing that is affected by the action the verb.

Compare the next sentence

Yo Baño a l Perro
I Bath - the Dog

56
 Eighteenth lesson
A telephone conversation

1. Hello
2. Hi, how are you?
3. Who’s this?
4. It’s me, Richard.
5. Oh Richard, I didn’t recognise your voice, how are you?
6. I’m fine, thank you, and you?
7. Fine, but the weather up here is terrible
8. It’s cold in the morning, windy in the afternoon and it’s raining in the
evening.
9. And what’s the weather like down there?
10. Well, we’re happy we haven’t had a tornado yet.

Conversation [konfverseichon] conversacion, to recognise [tu riconais] reconocer, voice

[fvois] voz, ok [okei] está bien/de acuerdo, fine [fain] bien, whether [gueda], terrible
[terribol] terrible, cold [kold] frio, to be windy [tu bi guindi] hacer aire , to rain [tu rein] llover,
evening [ifvning] noche, well [guel] bien, happy [japi] feliz, tornado [torneido] tornado, yet
[yet] todavia/aun.

57
 Other possessive structures

In English to translate the conjunction “de” with a possessive meaning there are 6
structures to do this.

Possessive case

We make the possessive by adding ‘s to the noun.

Example Rule
Vitoria’s house We make the possessive case by addig ‘s
Children’s bedroom
Cats’ food Plural nouns ending in –s make the possessive case
by adding ‘

Notice that singular nouns ending in –s can take either ‘s or ‘

Luis’s guitar

Luis’ guitar (less common)

We do not use “the” with the S’ possessive

Say: Vitoria’s secret

Don’t say: The Victoria’s secret

Use

We use ‘S possessive with:

1. People, animals or any alive be.

a. He is Peter’s friend.
b. This is Dog’s bone
c. This is a zombie’s brain.

58
 2. Cities and countries
a. London’s population is growing very fast.
b. Britain’s president does not live in the royal palace.

3. Organisations, companies, or any group of alive be.

a. ONU’s resolution is definitive.
b. Bimbos’ bread is the best.
c. A.A.’s programme is good.

4. When we use words related with the time.

Today’s rain has been the worst in the last years

Of possessive

We use the possessive Of when the owner is an unanimated thing.

Example: The window of the kitchen is big.

This possessive practically has the same structure than in Spanish.

From

We use from to refer the origin place or provenience of somebody or something.

I am from Mexico

The cars come from Japan.

About

We use about in general with verbs.

I talk about the life.

59
On

We use on when we talk about specialized books.

The Cancionero is a book about music.

The Real Book is a book on music

Adjectives

We use adjectives as possessives when we catalogue somebody or something to

a group

Circus animals Los animales de zoologico

Animals of the circus Los animales del zoologico

60
 Nineteenth lesson
In the morning

1. Mister Charles and his wife have very busy schedules.

2. They usually wake up at seven, just when the alarm clock rings.
3. Then, Mister Charles take a shower while his wife makes the breakfast for
him.
4. While he has breakfast, Mister Charles reads the newspaper.
5. At workdays, Mister Charles’ wife usually wears a long white dress with a
light pullover whereas Mister Charls wears a white shirt with a dark green tie
and a brown suit.
6. Before leaving, they take an umbrella case it rains, and they’re ready to start
the trip from the suburbs to London.

We’ve [gifv] (nosotros) hemos, Already [alruedi] ya, to talk to [tu tok tu] hablar, to do [tu du]
hacer, to wake up [tu gueik op] despertarse, alarm clock [alark clock] alarma, to ring [tu
ring] sonar, to get up [tu guet op] levantarse, slowly [slouuly] lentamente, to clean [tu clin]
limpiar, water [guata] agua, after that [after dat] despues de eso, to take a shower [tu teik a
shogua] bañarse (en la regadera), to raze [tu reiz] rasurarse, to brush the teeth [tu brosh
the tit] lavarse los dientes, to come back [tu kom back] regresar, bedroom [bedrum]
recamara, to get dressed [tu guet drest] vestirse, during [during] durante, workdays
[workdeis] dias lavorales/entre semana, to wear [tu guer] vestir, shirt [shirt] camisa, dark
[dark] obscuro, green [grin] verde, tie [tai] corbata, suit [suit] traje, before [bifor] antes (de),
to leave [lifve] salir, to take [tu teik] tomar, umbrella [ombrela] paraguas, case [keis] en
caso de que, to be ready [tu bi ridi] estar listo, to start [tu start] empezar , hour [auer] hora,
train [trein] tren, trip [trip] viaje, suburbs [soborbs] zona conurbada.

61
 Reflexive verbs

In English the most of the verbs do not need a reflexive pronoun, they are
reflexives by themselves, but there is other that requires it.

Personal pronoun Verb Reflexive pronoun

I Cut Myself
You Yourself
He Himself
She Cuts Herself
It Itself
We Ourselves
You Cut Yourselves
They Themselves

We use the reflexive pronouns when:

1. We want to indicate that the action of the verb falls in the subject.

The reflexive pronoun as any complement goes after the verb.

Say: I cut myself

Do not say: I myself cut

2. When we want to say that we enjoy doing something alone, that we can do
something without help or alone.
I like going to the cinema by myself.

A difference to the Spanish, most of the verbs in English do not require a reflexive
pronoun.

Compare I wake up. Not I wake up myself.

Even so, English use the reflexive with children, animals and when the person was
cannot do it alone.

62
My child dress himself

My dog cut itself

After the accident, he couldn’t wake up himself.

3. To translate “el mismo, yo mismo, etc”

He wrote the book by himself.

Verbs that are reflexive in English

Verb in English Meaning in Spanish

Behave Comportar
Burn Quemar
Cut Cortar
Enjoy Disfrutar
Hurt Herir
Introduce Presenter
Kill Suicidar
Look at Mirar
Teach Enseñar

Reflexive pronouns with by

We can use the reflexive pronouns with the preposition by to mean (por si mismo).

I could repair the car by myself. (pude reparar el carro por mi mismo)

63
 Adverbs of frequency

An adverb of frequency is a word that indicates how often something happens.

Adverb of frequency Meaning

Always Siempre
Almost always Casi siempre
Usually Normalmente
Usualmente
Frequently Frecuentemente
Quiet often Bastante Seguido
Often Seguido
Sometimes A veces
Seldom Rara vez
Rarely Raramente
Hardly ever Dificilmente
Almost never Casi nunca
Never Nunca

We put the adverbs of frequency after the auxiliary or the verb to be and before the
main verb.

I am always early.

I have got never money

I usually eat pizza.

Notice:

In short answers we put the adverbs of frequency before the auxiliary verb.

Do you always watch that series?

Yes, I always do. Not Yes, I do always

We do not use the Seldom, rarely and never in negative sentences.

I have never seen an UFO. Not I have not seen never an UFO.

64
 Twentieth lesson
What time is it?

1. What time is it, Daniela?

2. It’s quarter past eleven, why?
3. I must leave at 12, I want to watch the match.
4. What time does it start?
5. At two.
6. What time are you going to the work, Daniela?
7. At one and a half.
8. Tom, Lara, are you staying here?
9. No, we aren’t. Our train leaves at quarter to two
10. What train do you take?
11. The train to London,
12. Youd’ better hurry up if you don’t want to miss it.
13. Don’t worry, we’re leaving at twenty past one.

What time is it [uat taim is it] que horas son, match [match] partido, to start [tu start]
empezr, work [guork] trabajo, here [jia], you’d better [yud beta] mesa major que, to hurry
up [tu jorri op] daarse prisa, miss [mis] perder, don’t worry [don’t guorri] no te preocupes,
to leave [tu lifv] salir.

65
 Hour

English has got three systems to tell the time.

The first is like we use in Spanish, that is to tell first the hour and after the minutes.

8:00 it’s eight

8:05 It’s eight five

The twenty-four-hour clock , that is used in the news and schedules.

8:00 it’s twenty.

8:05 It’s twenty five

8:15 it’s twenty fifteen

The British system, that is the most common way to say the time.

8:00 it’s eight o’clock (we use o’clock when the hour has not got minutes)

In informal speech, the word o’clock is omitted.

8:05 It’s five past eight (we use past with minutes from 1 to 29 , except with 15)

8:15 it’s quarter past eight (we use quarter past with 15 minutes)

8:30 it’s eight and a half (we use and a half with 30 minutes)

8:35 It’s twenty-five to nine ( we use with the minutes from 31 to 59, except 45)

8:45 It’s quarter to nine (we use quarter to with 45 minutes)

66
 Twenty first lesson
Women II

1. Marian, what do you think about these shoes?

2. They are very beautiful, but they aren’t as beautiful as these ones.
3. What do you think about these red shoes?
4. They are very smart, but they aren’t as cheap as these greys.
5. You’re right. Did you hear the news about Paola is pregnant again?
6. No, how many children has she got?
7. Three
8. They’re a lot.
9. Do you like children?
10. Yes, but I don’t want to have as many as her.
11. Although if I had as much money as her, I’d have them.

To think [θhink] pensar, dress [dres] vestido, grey [grei] gris, shoe [shu] zapato, to be right
[tu bi raight] tener razon, Did you hear the news [did yu jir da nius] ya te enteraste,
pregnant [pregnant] embarazada, again [aguein] otra vez, although [olθoug] aunque, if I
had [if ai jad] si tuviera, money [moni] dinero.

67
 Comparative of equality

We use the comparative of equality to indicate that two things have similar
characteristics.

We use the structure “as … as” to compare adjectives and adverbs.

I am as happy as you.

He is as well as her.

We use the structure “as much … as” to compare uncountable nouns.

She can drink as much alcohol as a man.

We use the structure “as many … as” to compare countable nouns.

She has got as children as you.

We use the structure “as much as” to compare verbs.

She works as much as she says.

68
Forth Unit
Meal

69
In this unit you will:

 Talk about what the rules of your country are

 Learn to give advice.
 Talk about your favourite meal
 Say how to prepare a meal
 Say what you eat in your country

Topics

 Modal verbs
 Partitive

70
 Twenty-second lesson
The weather

1. Mom, can we go to the park today?

2. I’m not sure
3. Why not mom?
4. Because It’s cold outside and you haven’t done your homework yet.
5. But I haven’t got a lot, and I promise you I’ll do it as soon as we come back
6. Yes, but it’s late
7. But it’s only 6 o’clock
8. Yes, but look at that clouds, they’re grey it could rain
9. But mom, it’s winter! It might not rain
10. Yes, but it could

Mom [mom] mama, park [park] parque, to be sure [tu bi shor] estar seguro, homework
[jomwork] tarea, to promise [promais] prometer, as soon as [es sun es] tan pronto como,
late [leit] tarde, only [only] solo, to look at [tu luk at] mirar, cloud [claud] nuve, winter
[guinta] invierno.

71
 Can, could, may, might

In English we have got three verbs to translate the verb “poder”.

These verbs are can, may and might.

Capacity Permission Probability

Can Yes Informal 100
May No Formal 50
Might No Very Formal 30
Could No Formal (with conditions)

72
 Twenty-third lesson
Psychologists

1. Good morning, madame.

2. Good morning, tell me what’s your problem?
3. My boyfriend doesn’t listen to me.
4. You should talk to him
5. I’ve tried it, but he continues without listening to me.
6. You’d better try it again.
7. But my boyfriend has got a wife.
8. You must look for another boyfriend.
9. Yes, but…
10. I’m sorry, the time is over, see you next week.

Good morning [gud morning] buenos dias, madame [madam] señora, to tell [tu tel] decir,
problem [problem] problema, boyfriend [boyfriend] novio, I’ve tried [ifv traid] he intentado,
to continue [tu continiu] continuar, to try [tut rai] intentar, to look for, to be sorry, time, to be
over, see you, next, week.

73
 Modal verbs to express advice

Should Strong You should/ought Perhaps a friend

Ought to (less to drink less give you that
common and advise
formal)

Had better More Strong You’d better drink Perhaps a doctor

less give you that
advise when your
health is on
dangerous

Must The strongest You must drink Perhaps a doctor

less give you that
advice when you
are already ill

74
 Twenty-fourth lesson
Rules

1. Son, if you want to go out with your friends, you must do what I tell you.
2. Ok, Mom, what do I have to do?
3. You have to tidy your room.
4. I’ve already done it mom, what else do I have to do?
5. You have to clean the floor and wash the dishes.
6. Do I have to do the washing-up?
7. No, you don’t have to do it, but you have to walk the dog.
8. Ok, mom, I’ll stay in.

Friend [friend] amigo, what [guat] lo que, to tidy your room [tu tidi yor rum] recoger tu
cuarto, to clean [tu klin] limpiar, floor [flor] piso, to wash the dishes [guash da dishes]
lavar los trastes, to do the washing-up [du da guashing op] lavar la ropa (en la
lavadora), to walk the dog [tu guok da dog] pasear al perro, to stay in [tu stei in]
quedarse en casa.

75
 Modal verbs to express obligation

Must Internal obligation

Moral obligation
Have (got) to External obligation
Has (got) to

Have to (nothing happen if I do not follow them)

Mustn’t (bring a negative consequence)

Have not got to

(haven’t to)
Has not got to
(haven’t to)
Needn’t

In informal speech, we use gotta instead have/has to

I have to study = I gotta study.

76
 Twenty-fifth lesson
At hotel

1. Welcome to Bristol’s Palace, what can I do for you?

2. I want a room, please
3. Certainly, what’s your name?
4. Charles Smith
5. Do you want a double or single room?
6. Single, please
7. How many nights?
8. Two please
9. Here you are your key, sir.
10. Thank you, excuse me, are there any regulations that I have to follow?
11. Yes, it’s not allowed to come in the swimming pool after 8.
12. Ok, what else?
13. The guest can’t make parties in their rooms
14. Ok, and are pets allowed?
15. Yes, they are
16. So, let me bring my tiger from the cage.

Hotel [jotel] hotel, palace [palas] palacio, double [dobul] doble, single room [singul rum]
habitacion individual, night [naigt] noche, key [ki] llave, regulations [reguleichions], to follow
[tu folou] seguir, to be not allowed [its not alout] no estar permitido, swimming pool [siming
pul] alberca, guest [guest] huesped, party [parti] fiesta, pet [pet] mascota, to bring [tu bring]
traer.

77
 Modal verbs to express prohibition

Can’t You can’t be without shoes in your aunt’s house

It’s not allow to It’s not allowed to park here
It’s forbidden It’s forbidden to throw trash
Mustn’t You musn’t feed the animals of the zoo

78
 Twenty-sixth lesson
Meal

1. The first meal of the day is breakfast, usually eaten between about 7:30 and
9:00.
2. Many British people eat toast with some butter or margarine and jam, others
have simply a bowl of cereal or a porridge.
3. Many people have a tea-break about 11:00. If a meal is eaten in the late
morning instead of both breakfast and lunch, it is called brunch.
4. From 12:30 to 2:00 it is eaten lunch, usually composed by a sandwich or a
simple meal such as cheese and biscuits or soup and bread.
5. Tea-time is a small meal eaten in the late afternoon (usually between about
3:30 and 5:00). People may drink tea, and often eat biscuits, cakes or
savoury foods such as sandwiches, crumpets or tea-cakes.
6. High tea is a light meal eaten in the early evening (for example, 6 o'clock)
served with a pot of tea; this is popular in north England and Scotland.
7. Supper is the most common name for the meal eaten in the evening (usually
between 7:00 and 8:30). Dinner is another common name for supper.
8. A dinner party is a formal evening meal in which guests have been invited,
but remember, even when you haven’t been invited, go and enjoy a cup of
tea.

Meal [mil] comida (hecha), breakfast [breikfast] desayuno, eaten [iten] comido, british
[british] britanico, toast [toust] pan tostado, butter [bota] mantequilla, margarine [margarin]
sutituto de mantequilla, jam [shyam] mermelada, bowl [boul] tazon, cereal [cirial] cereal,
porridge [porreich] atole, instead [insted] en lugar de, both breakfast and lunch [bot
breikfast and lonch] tanto del desayuno como, sándwich [sandguich] sanwich, simple
[simpol] simple, cheese [chis] queso, biscuit [biscuit] galleta, soup [soup] sopa, bread
[bred] pan, to drink [tu drink] beber, tea [ti] te, often [ofen] seguido, to eat [tu it] comer,
cake [keik] pastel, savoury [seifveri] entremes, food [fud] comida, such as [soch es] tal(es)
como, light [laight] ligero, early [erli] temprano, to serve [tu serfv] servir, pot [pot] olla,
popular [popiular] popular, north [nort] norte, England [ingland] Inglaterra, Scotland
[scotland] Escocia, dinner [dina] cena, common [komon] comun, supper [sopa] cena,
formal [formal] formal, in which [in guich] en la cual.

79
 The Partitive

The partitive is a kind of article that indicates us that we are going to take a part of
something that is considered as a whole thing.

The partitive in English is express with some and any.

We use the partitive with:

1. Liquids

I’d like some more coffee

2. Meals

I eat some spaghetti

3. Small things

I’m eating some peanuts.

4. Powder

Could you give me some more sugar?

5. Things that we can divide

Pass me some pizza.

Some becomes any in negative and interrogative sentences.

80
 Twenty-seventh lesson
At restaurant

1. Good evening, sir, what will you have?

2. I’ll have a plate of spaghetti, please.
3. And you madam?
4. I’m not sure, what do you have?
5. Tonight, madame, we have roast chicken, beef with boiled vegetables, and
fish with rice.
6. I’ll have the fish with rice, please.
7. What will you have to drink?
8. Do you have red wine?
9. I’m sorry sir, there isn’t red wine left, we only have white wine, beer and
bitter.
10. I’ll have the beer and you dear?
11. I’ll have the white wine.
12. Can I offer you a dessert?
13. No thank you, excuse me, could you bring me the bill, please.
14. Here you are, sir.
15. Do you accept credit card?
16. Of course, sir, Visa or Master Card.
17. Oh dear, I’ve forgotten my wallet. Could you pay the bill?
18. Yes, but this is really the last time.

Good evening [gud ifvning] buenas noches, plate [pleit] plato, spaguetti [spagueti]
espagueti, tonight [tunaigt] esta noche, roast [roust] rostizado, chicken [chiken] pollo, beef
[bif] carne de res, to boil [tu boil] hervir, vegetable [fveishtabol] vegetal, fish [fish] pescado,
rice [rais] arroz, wine [guain] vino, there’s no red wine left [der isnt red guin left , beer [bir]
cerveza, bitter [bita] cerveza obscura, to offer [tu ofer] ofrecer, dessert [desert] postre, bill
[bil] cuenta, to accept [asept] aceptar, credit card [credit card] tarjeta de credito, I’ve
forgotten [aifv fortoten] he olvidado, wallet [gualet] cartera, to pay [tu pei] pagar, last time
[last taim] ultima vez.

81
 Expressions to express quantity

A lot of Mucho/muchos (+)

Lots of
Much Mucho (-) (?)
Many Muchos (-) (?)
A little Un Poco de
Little Poco
A few Unos cuantos/pocos
Few Pocos
Too + adj Demasiado
Too much + noun
uncountable noun
Too many + plural noun Demasiados
Enough Suficiente
Quite Bastante

Containers

We do not some/any with words which express a specific quantity.

Pound Libra
Kilo Kilo
Bag Bolsa
Bunch Racimo
Dozen Docena
Piece Pieza
Slice Rebanada
Loaf Pan individual
Bar Barra
Packet Paquete
Littre Litro
Glass Vaso
Cup Copa
Bottle Botella
Cartoon Caja de
Bowl Tazon

82
 Twenty-eighth lesson
Languages

1. Do you speak French?

2. No, I don’t
3. Do you speak English?
4. Yes, I do
5. Do you believe I can learn it easily?
6. Why do you say that?
7. Because I’ve been studying it with this book and I feel the more I study, the
less I know.
8. That’s because you’re learning with an Old English book.

French [french] francés , English [inglish] ingles, to learn [tu learn] aprender, easily [isili]
facilmente, I’ve been studying [aifv bin stiuding] he estado estudiando, book [buk] libro, old
[old] viejo.

83
 Proportional sentences

The more I learn, the less I know (entre mas aprendo, menos se)

Some, any and no

We can use some with the meaning of (algun).

We can see some deer if we go to the forest.

We can use any with the meaning of (cualquier)

I can go there any day.

We use No:

a. with the meaning of (ningun); the verb must be in affirmative form.

Say: I can go no day of the next week.

Don’t say: I can’t go no day of the next week.

b. To replace a negative sentence with any not

I haven’t got any water
I have no water.

But: I have no money.

In informal speech, we can use no:

a. With a verb in negative form

I can’t go no day of the next week.

84
Fifth Unit
The Past

85
In this unit you will learn:

 To talk about your routine in the past

 To talk about an historic moment
 To talk about what you did in your last holidays
 To talk about your past plans

Topics

 Past simple of the verb to be

 There was/there were
 Past simple
 Modal verbs in the past simple
 Adverbs
 Going to in the past simple
 Personal object pronouns (indirect object)
 Used to
 Too, too much, too many, enough

86
 Twenty-nine lesson
Relatives

1. Hello, aunt! how are you?

2. Fine, thank you, and you?
3. Pretty fine.
4. Look at how tall you’re, last time I saw you, you were very short.
5. I remember when you were a child, you were a little bit ugly and look at the
good-looking man you are today.
6. Aunt!
7. You were very naughty, you liked a lot bothering the neighbour’s cat until he
scratched you, ho, ho, I remember how you went with your mother to tell her
the cat had scratched you.
8. Aunt!
9. And you were chubby, and you had always a sweet in the hand.
10. Aunt!
11. What do you want dear?
12. I want to introduce my girlfriend.

Long time no see you [long taim] hace mucho que no te veia, last time [last taim] la ultima
vez, a little bit [a lirul bit] un poquito, good-looking [gud luking] guapo, to bother [tu boder]
molestar, tail [teil] cola, until [ontil] hasta (que), to scratch [skratch] arañar, chubby [chobi]
gordito, sweet [suit] dulce, to introduce [tu introdius] presenter, girlfriend [gerlfrend] novia.

87
 Past simple of the verb to be

We use the verb to be in the past simple in the same way we use the verbs “ser”
and “estar” in past in Spanish.

88
 Thirtieth lesson
An unwelcome moment

1. There was a good restaurant in Thomson road, but yesterday I drove by it

was closed.
2. Perhaps, it went broke like everything in this city.
3. Well, where do we go?
4. I’ve heard there was a new french stand where they make excellent french
food at Marchall avenue, why don’t we go there?
5. No, I’m sick and tired of eating out, why don’t we eat in tonight?
6. That’s a good idea, but I don’t feel like cooking, why don’t we order
something?
7. That would be great; the telephone number of that italian restaurant we like
is next to the fridge.

Some minutes after

8. What did they tell you?

9. It was wrong number
10. So, let’s go to Johnson road, I remember there were good restaurants when
we went there.
11. We never went there.

Unwelcome [onguelkom] inesperado, yesterday [yesterdei] ayer, to drive by [tu draifv bai]
pasar (en carro), perhaps [,perjaps] tal vez/ quisas, to go broke [tu gou brouk] ir a la
quiebra, everything [efvrithing] todo, city [siti] ciudad, other [oda] otro, place [pleis] lugar, to
be sick and tired [tu bi sik and tairt] estar harto, to eat out [tu it aut] comer afuera/salir a
comer, tonight [tunaigt] esta noche, that’s a good idea [dats a gud aidia] es una buena
idea, to feel like [tu fil laik] tener ganas de, to order [tu order] ordenar, something
[somthing] algo, that would be great [dat gud bi greit] estaria bien, finish [finish] finlandes,
fridge [fridch] refri, wrong number [rong nomba] numero equivocado, let’s go [lets gou]
vamos, street [strit] calle.

89
 There was/were

Singular Plural
Affirmative There was a bank in that There were trees in this
street avenue
Negative There was not/wasn’t a bank There were not/weren’t trees
in that street in this avenue
Interrogative Was there a bank in that Were there trees in this
street avenue

We use there was/were to talk about the existence of something in the past.

90
 Thirty first lesson
Sheakspear

1. William Sheakspear, the great writer, was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in

1564.
2. He studied at school of his town and had a very good life until his father was
accused of illegal commerce and was sent to prison.
3. When he was 18 years old, he got married Anne Hathaway with whom had
three children.
4. His work “The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark” more known as
Hamblet continues being today one of the most important literary works of
all the times.
5. William Sheakspear died in 1616 and was buried in the Church of the Holy
Trinity.

91
 Past simple

To call To travel To drop To play To fry

I Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried
You Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried
He Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried
She Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried
It Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried
We Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried
You Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried
They Called Travelled Dropped Played Fried

We make the negative form by adding did/didn’t in front of the verb.

Affirmative form Negative form

I called you I did not call you
I didn’t call you

We make the interrogative form by adding did in front of the personal pronoun.

Affirmative form Negative form Answers

I called you Did you call me yesterday? Yes, I did
No, I didn’t

Usage

We use the past simple to translate the “preterito perfecto” and the “preterito
imperfect” of the Spanish.

I went to the school Yo fui a la escuela

Yo iba a la escuela

92
 Thirtieth second lesson
A letter

1. Dear parents,
2. Yesterday I came back from Cancun.
3. I did lots of things and I met a lot of people.
4. The first day I was there, I went to the beach. I swam and snorkelled.
5. The next day, I visited Chichenitza; it’s a beautiful place. I went up to the top
of the pyramid and took some photos.
6. The last day, I went to a mexican restaurant and ate Enchiladas, it was
delicious.
7. Yesterday, I came back, I hope you see you soon because I brought you
some presents, I’m sure you’ll like.
8. Loves Mary

93
We make the negative form by adding did/didn’t in front of the verb.

Affirmative form Negative form

I called you I did not call you
I didn’t call you

We make the interrogative form by adding did in front of the personal pronoun.

Affirmative form Negative form Answers

I called you Did you call me yesterday? Yes, I did
No, I didn’t

94
 Thirty third lesson
Youngsters

1. Tell us, grandpa, how were you when you were young?
2. When I was young, I was very different from I’m today.
3. I used to be stronger and more adventurous.
4. I could easily walk kilometres and I could easily run fast than you.
5. And how was the grandma?
6. You know, she was very beautiful, she had a long brown hair I liked it a lot.
7. She was a very cheerful person, she always slimed and made the others
around her feel happy.
8. The problem was I had to let her in her house before 10.
9. And what time did you take her to her house?
10. At 10 am.

95
 Modal verbs in the past simple

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I could run faster I could not speak English Could you speak
I couldn’t speak English German?
I had to wake up early I didn’t have to wake up early Did you have to wake up
early

The most of the modal verbs do not have a past form; the only modal verbs that
have a past form are can (could) and have/has got to and must that become (had).

Adverbs

Adjective Adverb
Strong Strongly
Happy Happily
Gentle Gently

1. General rule says that we build an adverb by adding –ly to the adjective.
Strong becomes strongly

2. When an adjective ends in “consonant + y”, we change the “y” for “ily”
Happy becomes happily

When the adjective ends in –le, we change the “e” for “y”.
Gentle becomes gently

Irregular adjectives

Adjective Adverb
Good Well
Fast Fast
Hard Hard
Early Early
Long Long

96
 Thirty forth lesson
San Valentine day

1. How was your san Valentine day, son?

2. It was good, my girlfriend and me walked through the city, we went to the
park, to the river and to the Buckingham palace.
3. We were going to go to the forest, but we thought it was late to go there.
4. What did you give to her?
5. I was going to give a three puzzle to her but at the end, I gave her a teddy
bear.
6. And what did she give you?
7. She made a pizza to me.
8. A pizza?
9. Yes, because she knows my heart is hers, but my stomach is food’s.

97
 To be going to in the past

Personal subject Verb to be in the Going to Verb in the base

pronoun past simple form
I Was Eat
You Were Going to Go
He/she/it Was Come
We/you/they Were Buy

We use “to be in the past simple + going to” (iba a) in the same way than in
Spanish.

Personal Object Pronouns as indirect Object

The indirect object is the person, animal or thing that doesn’t receive the action of
the verb but that is beneficiated by the action of it.

Subject Verb Direct object Indirect object

My mother Bought A cake To the class

In the last sentences, we know that the indirect object is the class because the
action of the verb “buy” fall into the cake, her mother didn’t buy the class, but the
class was beneficiated by the action of the verb.

Sometimes we can omit the direct object, but we recognize it by the preposition (to)

I wrote to you (I wrote something to you)

I wrote you (I wrote in your body)

In informal speech this difference is diapering and people usually say I wrote you in
both cases.

98
 Thirty fifth lesson
Memories

1. Grandpa, tell us, what did you do when you were a child.
2. Well, as in that time there wasn’t a lot of money, my friends and I had to
work.
3. I remember we worked at the greengrocer’s that was opposite the church of
the town. I remember the owner used to give us sweet potato that we used
to eat with honey and milk.
4. At weekend, we used to go to the playground which was next to the theatre.
Also, we went to the forest where we liked fishing and climbing trees. Once,
my friends and I were telling horror stories when a bear appeared, we were
very scared. Fortunately, the bear went and let us have a good time.

99
 Used to

I used to study English at school We use “used to” with all the people.
I didn’t use to football at park we use didn’t used to for negating
Did you used to 10 hours a day? We use Did … used to for asking?
Yes, I did
No, I didn’t

Use

We use “used to” in general to translate the “preterito imperfecto” del español.

I used to drive long hours when I used to work as a taxi driver

“conducia largas horas cuando trabajaba de taxista”

We do not use “used to” with the expression “When I was/you were/etc”

When I was a child, I used to play football at school team.

Not When I used to….

We can change used to for the past simple without change in the meaning”

I used to drive long hours when I used to work as a taxi driver

I drove long hours when I worked as a taxi driver

Too, too much, too many

These trousers are too tight to me

Bill Gates has got too much money

He’s got too many children.

100
Sixth Unit
The Future

101
In this unit you will learn:

 To talk about the future

 To talk about your future plans
 To talk about a polemic topic
 To do an essay.

Topics

 Future simple
 There will be
 Modal verbs in the future simple
 Substitution personal object pronouns
 To be going to
 Present continuous and present simple for the future
 Future simple, going to and present simple
 Connectors of addition and contrast
 Comparative and superlative of adverbs

102
 Thirty-six lesson
At the supermarket

1. Dear, what will we take with us for dinner?

2. Some carrots, potatoes, tomatoes and an onion for the soup.
3. What else?
4. We need bananas, apples and a melon for the fruit salad.
5. How much will we buy?
6. One kilo of each one.
7. Will we take oranges?
8. No, it’s not necessary.
9. What else?
10. That’s see.

At the till
11. Good morning, sir, have you found everything you were looking for?
12. Yes, how much are they?
13. 10 pounds and a penny.
14. Oh god, I’ve forgotten my wallet in the car. Dear, could you lend me?
15. Yes, but I swear this is the last time.

103
 Future simple

Personal subject pronoun will Verb in the base form

I Call
You Think
He Come
She will Eat
It Go
We Sleep
You Study
They Buy

Use

We use the future simple:

1. To talk about predictions on base we think, believe or imagine.

She'll probably be here tomorrow.

2. With on-the-spot decisions.

We've run out of milk; I'll go and buy some.

3. With promises.
I'll be on time, don't worry!

4. With offers and requests.

I'll do the wash the dishes after dinner.
Will you buy the milk when you come back home?

5. With threats and warnings.

I’ll kill you!
I won't speak to you again if you continue speking aloud.

104
 Thirty seventh lesson
The future

1. I believe there will be flying cars in the future

2. The people will be able to teleport to far places in the universe.
3. There will be moon cities too.
4. On the earth, there will be no hunger because the scientists will have
developed super seeds that will be able to grow faster and resist any
climate.
5. We’ll have medicines that will be able to heal any illness in days.
6. Sir
7. What?
8. I think you’ve drunk a lot, could you retire, please?
9. No problem, there will be a bottle of whiskey waiting for me at home any
way.

105
 There will be

We use there will be to talk about something that will exist.

There will be flying cars in the future

There will be fewer trees in the forest.

We use there will not/won’t be in negative sentences

There won’t be enough food for all.

There won’t be as many species animals as today.

We use will there be in interrogatives sentences

Will there be more poor people in the future?

Yes, there will

No, there won’t

To be able to/ to be capable to

We use to be able to in the future, and perfect tenses instead of can

Say: I will able to do it

Don’t say: I can do it

We use to be capable to in the same way that in Spanish.

106
 Thirty eighth lesson
Elections

1. What are you going to do on holidays, David?

2. I’m going with my cousins to Manchester.
3. What are you going to do there?
4. We’re going swimming.
5. Cool!
6. Do you want to come?
7. I’d like but I have to work
8. Where do you work?
9. I work in a multimillionaire international company.
10. It must be a good place to work.
11. Yes, if you like burgers.

107
 Going to

Personal subject Verb to be Going to Verb in the base

pronoun form
I Am
You Are Going to
He/she/it Is Eat
We/you/they Are

We make the negative and interrogative form of going to in the same way we make
it with the verb to be.

I’m not going to go to Hawaii

Are you going to eat out?

Yes, I am

No, I’m not

In informal speech, we use gonna instead of going to.

I’m going to buy a new car. = I’m gonna buy a new car

Usage

We use the structure to be going to (ir a) to talk about:

1. Plans and intentions

I’m going to major in law.

2. Predictions based on we can see or know

She’s going to have a baby.

3. Ambitions that we have for the future

I’m going to buy a new house

108
 Thirty ninth lesson
At the cinema

1. Hi, John!
2. Hi, Catherin, how are you?
3. Fine, what about you?
4. Fine
5. What are you doing this weekend?
6. We’re going to the cinema.
7. What film are you going to see?
8. We’re seeing Peaches’ season.
9. What is it about?
10. The plot said that was the story about a man who fell in love with a woman,
while he had a passion with other one while he had a girlfriend.
11. What story!
12. I suppose it’s a romantic film.
13. In fact, it said it was a thriller
14. I don’t like thrillers, I find them boring, I prefer horror films.
15. So do we, but this time we want to see something different.
16. I see
17. Do you want to come?
18. What time does the film starts?
19. At seven.
20. We can’t, at that time we’ll be very busy seeing a film?
21. Which?
22. Peaches’ season.

109
 Present continuous and present simple to express the future

In some cases we can use the present continuous and the present simple to talk
about future events

Present continuous

Personal subject pronoun Verb to be Gerund

I Am Going
You Are Playing
He/she/it Is Studying
We/you/they Are Dying

We use the present continuous to talk about fixed arrangements (cosas que estan
en la agenda)

I’m seeing the dentist on Monday (we’ve already make an appointment)

Present Simple

We use the present simple to talk about future with timetables and schedules.

The film starts at 8 o’clock

The train leaves at 17.

110
 Forty lesson
Guest list

1. So, Beth, have you told your parents how many invitations they’ll want?
2. My mother told me we reserved 4 for her and other fifty for her friends.
3. So, let’s to call to the Buffet people to tell them that there’s going to be one
hundred guests.
4. Will we invite all of them to the party?
5. I don’t know, what do you think?
6. I believe is going to be better if we just invite the closest to the church and
the others to the wedding.
7. Is the civil registry judge arriving at the church or at the wedding hall?
8. At the church, I’ve already talked to him.
9. Have you talked to the pray?
10. No, I’ll call him this afternoon
11. Right, have you talked to your bridesmaids?
12. Yes, they’re wearing a green dress, and have you talked to your friends?
13. They’re wearing a black suit.
14. Right, so see you later.
15. See you later, love.
16. I love you
17. Me too.

111
 Present continuous, future simple and going to

Sometime these three tenses can be confused, so we can analysis them by the
distance in the future and the probability something happen.

Tense Usage Example

We use the future simple to talk The man will visit other galaxies in the
about things that will happen in a future.
long future (more than one year).

When we are doing something to I will get married next year. (You do not
come true we want to do, we use have a girlfriend)
Future simple going to.
I’m going to get married next year
(you’ve already got girlfriend but you
haven’t talk about it or you are talking
about it but you have not decided when.

We use going to to talk about I’m going to buy a new car in March.
Going to things that will happen in a near
future (less than a year but more
than a week)

We use the future simple when I will buy a car in march

something is not sure that will (you do not have money to buy it)
happen

We use the present simple to talk What are doing this weekend?
about future events in a very near I’m meeting my friends
future. (Maximum one week) I’m getting married Saturday evening
Present
continuous When we have already made the
appointment we can use the I’m getting married next year
present continuous to talk about
longer future events.

112
 Forty first lesson
Environment

1. Good evening ladies and gentlemen and welcome to this conference about
environment.
2. As everyone knows, the global warming is a problem that has caused that
the level of the sea and the temperatures raise and the poles melt.
3. Although the efforts of different institutions the levels of pollution continue
raising.
4. The main contaminants are the emissions of the companies, the trash, and
in the case of the see the oil spills.
5. However, we’ve seen that the recycling and consciousnesses campaigns
have paid dividends.
6. Also, something that has helped us is that the renewable energies have
become cheaper and cheaper and the people worries more for having a
green life.
7. In all, there’s still a long way to go across, but we’re on the way.

113
 Connectors of contrast and effect

Tough (informal) Aunque

Although (neutro)
Even tough (formal)
Even when Aun cuando
But Sino
However Sin embargo
Even so No obstante
To the contrary Al contrario
On the contrary
To the contrary Por el contrario
On the contrary
In spite of A pesar de
Despite
Even though Si bien
Despite that Com todo y eso
More like Mas bien
Rather (formal)
Instead En cambio
However Ahora bien
Regardless De todas maneras
Anyway De todas formas
In any case De cualquier forma
Neither Tampoco
Nevertheless Aun asi
On the other hand Por outro lado
In addition Ademas
Yet
In addition to Ademas (de)
As well as
Besides
Even Incluso
Equally Igualmente
By the same token (formal)
Furthermore Es mas
What is more
Therefore Por lo tanto
Whereas Mientras que
No matter how No importa como
Regardless Sin considerer
Or Ni
In all En conclusion
More importantly Otro elemnto importante

114
 Forty second lesson
A beautiful place to live

1. The more the time advance, the more we can see the effects caused by the
overpopulation.
2. Let’s to interview the specialist in environment Melanie Mateo.
3. Thank you, nowadays the overpopulation is one of the main problems in the
big cities and London isn’t an exception.
4. Melanie, could you tell us what some of the problems that the
overpopulation causes are?
5. The main problems that overpopulation causes are the pollution, the lack of
resources and transportation.
6. Melanie, could you tell us more about one of these problems that affect so
much to the Londoners?
7. Of course, we take the problem of the transportation. Because of the traffic
and the jams, we’ve arrived to the point where in some parts of the city at
the rush hour you can get fast your job by walking than driving.
8. Talking about the transport, it’s true that we count with several mains of
transport such as the tube, the buses and the train in the city. However,
these can be easy exceed because of the big quantity of people that use
them every day.
9. In all, there’s still a lot to do in main of overpopulation.

115
 Comparative and superlative of adverbs

Adverb Comparative Superlative

Strongly More strongly Most strongly
Fast Faster Fastest

1. We make the comparative by adding more to the adverb.

I walk more slowly than you (camino mas lento que tu)

2. The adverbs fast, hard, early and soon make the comparative by adding –
er.
I run faster than you

3. We make the superlative by adding the most to the adverb.

I walk most slowly (soy el que camina mas lento)

4. Adverbs which have the same form that the adjective add –est.
I run the fastest

5. The adverbs well has an irregular form.

I play the guitar the best

6. The adverbs which have an irregular form maintain the irregular form.
he eat least meat in our family

Irregular adverbs

Adverb Comparative Superlative

Well Better Best
Badly Worse Worst
May/much More Most
Little Less Least

116
Seventh Unit
Subjunctive

117
In this unit you will learn:

 To talk about wishes

 To say how to arrive to a place
 To give instructions

Topics:

 Subjunctive present
 Subordinated conjunctions
 Personal object pronouns (two objects)
 Imperative
 Indefinite pronouns
 Relative pronouns
 Connectors of cause and effect
 Prepositions of movement

118
 Forty third lesson
Friends

1. What’s wrong with you, Michel?

2. I don’t know, I feel very bad, I’ve got headache and stomach ache.
3. Did you eat out yesterday?
4. No, I ate in, as usual.
5. Have you taken something?
6. Yes, I’ve taken an aspirin for the headache and a medicine for the stomach
this morning, but I continue feeling bad.
7. I recommend you should go to the GP
8. I believe you’re right

At doctor’s

9. Good morning, sir, how can I help you?

10. I feel very bad
11. Do you have fever?
12. No
13. Runny nouse
14. No
15. Can I take a look? Open your mouth please
16. Sure
17. Looks like you’ve got some inflammation back there.
18. Let me check your temperature as well. Okay. Your temperature seems
normal.
19. Take these pills for thee days and avoid going out to the street without
pullover
20. Thank you!

119
 Subjunctive

We use the subjunctive to express wishes, desires, and hopes.

Subjunctive in English is uncommon, but it exists.

There are three forms of the subjunctive.

Main Subordinate clause

clause
Informal He goes to the doctor
(more use in I He doesn’t do it
UK) recommend that
Informal He should go to the doctor
He shouldn’t do it

Notice that it is said “I recommend that you ” and not “I recommend you that “

That can be omitted in the spoken language.

In informal speech, we can omit the “that”.

I recommend that you should go to the doctor. (formal)

I recommend you should go to the doctor. (informal)

Verbs with special constructions in the subjunctive

The verbs want, tell, ask, advise and like have an special construction

I want you to buy some chicken Quiero que compres pollo

He tells me to wait him Me dice que lo espere
We ask you to stay more time Te pidieron que te quedaras mas
tiempo
They advise us not to drink too much Nos recomiendan no tomar mucho

120
 Forty forth lesson
Friends II

1. What time is it?

2. It’s eight
3. We’d better leave, I don’t believe they’re coming.
4. Neither do I
5. Do you believe they’ve gone to another place?
6. I don’t think so.
7. What if we call them?
8. It’s a good idea, mm, they don’t answer, will they be at home?
9. I don’t believe, well, what do we need?
10. A hummer and a bag, oh and the strongbox bank password.

121
 Subjunctive conjunction

Because Ya que
Puesto que
Unless A no ser que
A menos que
Salvo que
Since Dado que
Desde que
So De manera que
So that De modo que
De tal suerte
In order for De forma que
In a way De tal modo que
De tal forma que
So that Para que
In order to A fin de que
That Que
Before Antes de que
Until Hasta que
While Mientras que
Whereas (formal)
After Despues de que
Whenever Siempre que
Without having to Sin que
For fear that Por miedo de que
Despite Pese a que
In spite of

122
 Forty fifth lesson
Meal II

1. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen and welcome to another edition of our
program Cooking wih us.
2. Today, we’re going to learn how to cook Cornish pasty.
3. First, place the flour, salt, and butter into a large bowl.
4. Using your fingertips, rub the butter into the flour and salt until the mixture
resembles fine breadcrumbs, working as quickly as possible to prevent the
dough from becoming warm.
5. Add the cold water to the mixture and, using a cold knife, stir until the dough
binds together, adding more cold water a teaspoon at a time if the mixture is
too dry.
6. Wrap the dough in plastic wrap and chill for a minimum of 15 minutes and
up to 30 minutes.
7. Start making the Cornish pasty.
8. Gather the ingredients. (onion, potato, rump steak)
9. Heat the oven to 220 C/425 F/Gas 7.
10. Divide the pastry into 4 equal pieces and roll each piece into rounds the size
of a tea plate - approximately 6 to 7 inches in diameter.
11. Place the onion, potato, swede, and meat into a large mixing bowl and
combine thoroughly. Season well with salt and pepper.
12. Divide the meat mixture evenly among each pastry circle and place to one
side. Brush the edges with beaten egg.
13. Fold the circle in half over the filling so the two edges meet. Crimp the two
edges together to create a tight seal. Brush each pasty all over with the
remaining beaten egg.
14. Place the pasties on a greased baking sheet and bake for 45 minutes until
golden brown.
15. Serve hot or cold and enjoy!

123
 Imperative

Verb Imperative
To do Do

We make the imperative by taking out to.

We make the negative imperative by adding do not/don’t to the affirmative

imperative.

Do

Don’t do

We use do in the affirmative imperative to emphasis.

Come in!

Do come in! (enphasis)

Usage

We use the imperative in the same way that in Spanish.

Personal Object Pronouns (two objects)

Personal Verb Direct objet To Indirect object

pronoun
I Made A cake To You
Personal Verb Indirect object - Direct object
pronoun
I Made You - It

124
 Forty sixth lesson
An interesting story

1. It was a cold day of winter. It had been a long day and the only thing in
which I thought was sleeping. When I arrived at home, I only had some
biscuits for dinner and went to the bed.
2. When I was about to sleep, I heard a noise which came from the downstairs
floor.
3. I got up and I went downstairs. I looked for everywhere, but I couldn’t find
out where the noise had come. When I was in the living room, I heard again
the noise. It came from the kitchen
4. Thinking that perhaps somebody had broken into the house, I took a knife
and went slowly to the kitchen. When I came in, there was nobody, suddenly
I heard a noise coming behind me, I turned the head fast and when I saw it
was only a small cat.
5. And then?
6. Nothing, it is the cat I’ve got today
7. What interesting story!

125
 Indefinite pronouns

People Things Places

Some Somebody Something Somewhere
(alguien) (algo) (en algun lugar)
No Nobody Nothing Nowhere
(nadie) (nada) (en ningun lugar)
Any Anybody Anything Anywhere
(cualquiera) (cualquier cosa) (en cualquier lugar)
Every Everybody Everything Everywhere
(todos) (todo) (en todos lados)

Notice: Some and No becomes any in:

a. negative and interrogative sentences.

I do not know anybody Not I do not know nobody

Do you know anybody? Not I do not know somebody

When we expect a positive answer we use somebody, something and somewhere

in affirmative questions?

Does somebody want more coffee? (we expect they want more)

Yes

b. With negative words in formal language.

I never go anywhere Not I never go somewhere

c. With the conditional

Call me if anybody calls Not Call me if somebody calls

126
 Forty seventh lesson
In London

1. There are a lot of places to visit in London.

2. The most famous place in London is the Big Ben, but remember it’s just the
clock, which is named Big Ben, the name of the tower was Clock Tower until
2012 when was renamed as Elizabeth Tower.
3. Another place to visit is the Buckingham Palace, place where the queen of
London lives.
4. There’s another place to visit in London which is the London eye, also
known as the “Millennium Wheel”, placed next to the Thames River.
5. And if you don’t have enough money to visit these places, don’t worry,
London boast an array of attractions that are free to visit, including the
Victoria and Albert Museum and Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens,
among others.

127
 Relative pronouns

Relative pronoun Usage Example

Who Que (when we refer to She is the girl who won

a person) the first prize.

Which Que (when we refer to It is the car which I sold

anything that should them
not be human)

When Que (when we refer to I won’t forget the day

time) when I met you

That Que (for joining to She told that she was

independent going to be here
sentences)

We can use that instead of who and which in informal style.

The girl who is wearing a white dress is my sister. (formal)

The girl that is wearing a white dress is my sister (informal)

The relative pronouns can be omitted in informal style when it joins two sentences.

I believe you should apologize. = I believe that you should apologize.

We use whom instead of who in a formal style with prepositions

That’s the man to whom I gave the keys. (formal)

That’s the man who I gave the keys to (informal)

128
 Forty-eight lesson
Holidays

1. Dear, are you sure we’ve got everything we need for the trip?
2. Yes, we’ve got the tickets, the reservation of the hotel and the map.
3. Should we exchange the money before flying or after?
4. After, I believe we can have better prices there.
5. Dear, have you seen my trunks?
6. They are in your suitcase
7. And my towel?
8. It’s too in your suitcase.
9. Should we take an umbrella with us?
10. Yes, in case it rains

At airport

11. Good afternoon! Where are you flying to today?

12. Mexico City
13. May I have your passport, please?
14. Here you are
15. Are you checking any bags?
16. Just this one
17. OK, please place your bag on the scale.
18. I have a stopover in New York – do I need to pick up my luggage there?
19. No, it’ll go straight through to Mexico City. Here you are your boarding
passes – your flight leaves from gate 15A and it’ll begin boarding at 3:20.
Your seat number is 26E.
20. Thank you!

129
 Connectors of cause and effect

To Para
In order to Para (formal)
So as to
In order not to Para no
So as not
So that Para + oracion
For Para (para que se usa algo)
In case + past tense Para que
Because of A causa de
In order to A fin de
So Así que
Even when Aun cuando
With the purpose of Con el fin de
On the occasion of Con motivo de
In case En caso de
In case En caso de que
Thanks to Gracias a
So Por lo tanto
Although Si bien
As a result (of) Como resultado (de)
Because of Por (debido a)
Consequently En consecuencia

Not to does not exist.

She woke up early in order to not to be early.

Not she woke up early not to be early

130
 Forty ninth lesson
Memories

1. I remember when I was a child, I used to live in a small town by the sea.
2. I used to like to walk along the beach and sail in my boat.
3. Once I was on my boat with my sister and I fell into the sea, my sister
laughed a lot.
4. I remember that in that time, there wasn’t a road, so we had to go cross an
old bridge that was outside of the city. My friends and I used to like going
that bridge because we could fish and jumped into the water from it.
5. As we lived in a cliff, I used to like looking through the window how the ships
arrived at the port.
6. I remember I used to have a cat, I like it a lot, I can still remember how it
liked being onto my mother’s desk. I found it very funny, but my mother
always told me to let it down.
7. There were good times.

131
 Prepositions of movement

Into En
Onto En
Up Hacia arriva
Down Hacia abajo
Along A lo largo de
Through Atraves de
Toward Hacia

132
Eighth Unit
Holidays

133
In this unit you will learn:

 To talk about your holidays

 To use the phrasal verbs

Topics:

 Present continuous
 Stative verbs
 Past continuous
 Phrasal verbs
 Future continuous
 Relative pronouns II
 Other comparative structures

134
 Fiftieth lesson
Good friends

1. Hi, John!
2. Hi, Anne, how are you?
3. Very good, what about you?
4. Very good, I hadn’t seen you since we finished the university
5. Yes, there were good times
6. Do you continue studying?
7. Yes, now I’m majoring in medicine
8. And what about you?
9. Do you continue study?
10. No, I finished the university and started to work
11. And where do you work?
12. I work in an british company as manager of international business, but it
won’t be for a long time because I’m moving next week to the United States
to come true my dream to be a surf instructor.
13. I hope you can realize your dream
14. Me too, it’s getting late, we’d better go
15. You’re right, I hope to see you soon
16. Me too
17. Send me a postcard and a white shark tooth
18. A shark tooth?
19. Yes, there are a lot of white sharks in California.

135
 Present Continuous

I Am
You Are
He
She Is Eating
It
We
You are
They

We make the negative and interrogative form of the present continuous in the
same way we make it with the verb to be.

You are not eating

Are you eating?

We use the present continuous to talk about:

1. Actions that are happening in a specific moment in the present.

I’m drinking water (at this moment)

2. Temporal situations.
We are eating less while I find another work.

3. For things that are changing or developing while we speak.

The global warming is becoming a topic each time more important.
The scientists are discovering new species every year.

4. With the adverb of frequency to express anger or irritation.

He is always making me angry.

5. With fixed arrangements in the near future.

I’m traveling to Barcelona next week.

136
 Fifty first lesson
A getaway

1. Dear parents, we’ve had a good time here in London, at the beginning it was
difficult to get used to the people, the costumes and the weather but we no
longer miss badly Mexico. In fact, the children are happy to be here, and
they look to get on well with the British children.
2. We’re now thinking about going on holidays. We want to get away along
Europe.
3. We want to visit France, Germany and if we won’t have run out of the
money by that time, Italy and Portugal. We’ve been saving up money by
cutting down some expenses, so we think we’ll have enough money for
doing that.
4. Maria told me to book a hotel room but I told her it wouldn’t be a good idea
because the most of the time, we’ll have to stop over in our way to the main
cities. Anyway, I hope there isn’t a lot of traffic because the car broke down
last week and we aren’t sure if it can support the long trip.
5. I hope to see you soon, your son Joao.

137
 Stative Verbs

Some verbs cannot be used in a progressive structure; these verbs ones are called
stative verbs.

Stative verbs are:

a. The verbs which express sense (see, hear, smell, taste, touch), except feel.
b. Verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget)
c. Verbs which express feelings, emotions, likes and dislikes (like, love, hate,
enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want)
d. Some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, own,
want, own, weight, wish, have and keep)

Verbs which have a progressive form which change in the meaning

Simple form Continuous form

Think Creer Thinking Pensar
Have Posesion Having Tener
See Ver Seeing Verse con alguien
Taste A un sabor Tasting Probar
Smell Oler Smelling Olfatear
Appear Parece Appearing Aparecer
Fit Quedar (de ropa) Fitting Poner (instalar)

Special Cases

a. The verb enjoy can be used in a progressive form to indicate you like you
are doing at the moment
b. The verbs look (when we refer somebody’s appearance), hurt and ache can
be used in a simple o progressive form without change in the meaning.

138
 Fifty second lesson
An unwelcome surprise

1. It was a cold day of winter, it was snowing and I couldn’t see anything.
2. I was going back to the airport because I had forgotten to pick up a packet
that my boss had sent me off from Glasgow when I saw a young woman
walking on the road.
3. Being afraid of the poor woman froze, I decided to do a U-turn and set off
the poor woman. I came her up slowly and I pulled up the car next to her,
when I did it, she looked up, her face was covered by a hood.
4. I asked her if she needed some help, what she replied no.
5. I asked her if she want me to give her a ride what she answered with a
polite “no thank you”
6. I found that weird but as I was late I decided not to insist and go to the
airport.
7. When I was coming back to my house, I could see the poor woman
continued walking. This time it started to snow harder. So I risked to ask her
again if she wanted that I gave her a ride what she said this time yes.
8. She got in a we continued to the town. On the way, I asked her if she
wanted to call up some one but she said no.
9. Feeling a little bit of fear, I turned on the radio but she told me immediately
to turn it down.
10. We were about to get to the city, she told me that her name was Raya. What
I said “Raya”

11. To be continued …

139
 Past Continuous

I Was
You Were
He Eating
She Was
It
We
You were
They

We make the negative and interrogative form of the present continuous in the
same way we make it with the verb to be.

You are not eating

Are you eating?

Usage

We use the past continuous:

a. To talk about actions in the past in progress at the same moment

I was watching the T.V. while she was cooking.

b. to talk about things which were happening when we talk about a story.

It was raining, so I decided to take the bus.

In all the other cases, we use the past continuous in the same way than in
Spanish.

140
 Fifty third lesson
At the airport II

1. Don’t worry dear, by this time tomorrow we’ll be lying down on the beach.
2. I know but I’m scary about being 10000 metres over sea level.
3. I know dear, but you’ll see you’’ll feel better as soon as the airplane has
taken off, just try to calm down.
4. I believe you’re right

On the flight

5. Are you continue feeling fear?

6. Not really, I believe that the fear wore off after I took that Tequila.
7. I told you it was going to help you
8. Dear, what time do we have to check in?
9. At 1
10. And the check out?
11. On Sunday at 1
12. Did your friend book into the hotel I’d told you?
13. Yes, try to calm down, we’re about to land.

On land

14. At last, we’re here,

15. Yes, we’d better I call up my friend Carlos to tell him we’ve already arrived.
16. You know love, I looked forward to coming to Mexico and now I can’t believe
that dream has come true.
17. Yes, what should we do first?
18. I come up with we should go first to the pyramids and after to the city centre.
19. I believe you’re right.

141
 Future Continuous

I
You
He
She Will be Eating
It
We
You
They

We make the negative and interrogative form of the future continuous in the same
way we do it in the future simple.

You will not be eating

Will you be eating?

We use the future continuous to talk about an action that will be in progress in the
future.

At this time tomorrow, we’ll be lying down on the beach.

142
 Fifty fifth lesson
In Mexico

1. Hello Carlos
2. Hello, Eduard, long time no see you
3. Yes, since I came back to the United Kingdom
4. Yes, and who’s this beautiful girl.
5. Oh I’m sorry
6. Carlos, this is my wife Elizabeth.
7. Nice to meet you
8. Nice to meet you too
9. Dear, this is my friend Carlos
10. Nice to meet you
11. Nice to meet you too
12. So, let’s go.
13. And why were you late?
14. I’m sorry, we were late because the plane fell behind.
15. Yes, it always happens at this part of the year because a lot of tourist come
to see the pyramids.
16. I see, Carlos do you know a place to eat, we’re starving.
17. If you want, I can take you to the place where my wife and I eat.
18. That’s a good idea.
19. Do you like Gorditas?
20. Are you joking, that’s the reason why we’re here.

143
 Relative pronouns II

Where Donde That is the house

where the girl I like
lives

Whose Cuyo (to indicate This is the man whose

something or someone son is a doctor
belongs to someone)

What Lo que That is what I was

thinking

Why Por la que (when we That was the reason

say the cause) why I was late

144
 Fifty sixth lesson
Neighbours

1. What do you think about the new neighbours?

2. I think the Smiths are the simplest people I’ve ever known.
3. Yes, and their son is the cleverest child I’ve seen.
4. He could resolve the Rubik’s cube in just one minute!
5. Yes, and their dog is the friendliest dog ever even seen.
6. Yes, you’re right and dinner they’ve given us has been the tastiest I’ve ever
tried out.
7. Yes, you’re right. When do we come back?

145
 Other comparative structures

The adjectives clever, common, friendly, gentle, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple,
stupid and quiet have two comparative superlative forms.

More simple = simpler

Most simple = simples

We can use the expressions much with the comparative.

He’s richer than you

He’s much richer than you

146
Ninth Unit
Education

147
In this unit you will learn:

 To talk about natural laws

 To make hipotesis

Topics:

 Conditional type 0
 Conditional type 1
 Conditional type 2
 Definite and non-definite clauses
 Infinitive
 Gerunds
 Past participle and present participle

148
 Fifty seventh lesson
At high school

1. Good morning
2. Good morning Mister Charles
3. Have you done your homework?
4. Yes
5. So let’s to see how much you’ve learnt.
6. If a man throws a rock from a 98-height building, how long does the rocks
last in arriving to the floor?
7. I work out it can get to ….
8. Don’t speak in that way, you’re at school
9. Ok, I reckon it gets to the floor in 9.8 seconds.
10. You’re right, next
11. If you put a glass of water outside your house in winter, what temperature
does the water become ice?
12. It becomes ice at 0 degrees.
13. Correct
14. And the last
15. If you sleep during the class, how much does the teacher score me in the
test?

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 Conditional type Zero

If Present simple , Present simple

If You heat water , It boils

We use the conditional type zero to:

1. Talk about things that always happen.

If you take out a fish from water, it dies.

Note:

a. We can change the order of the sentence by putting the if-clause at the
final.

If you heat water, it boils = Water boils if you boil it

b. We can change in the conditional Zero if for when.

If you take out a fish from water, it dies = when you take out a fish from
water, it dies.

150
 Fifty eighth lesson
The environment II

1. Good morning everyone and welcome to XIV conference about the

environment. Tonight, we’ll talk about the nature, but first, we’re going to
give a warm welcome to Melanie Mateo, specialist in wild fauna.
2. Thank you, thank you, and thank you for having invited me to give this
conference.
3. As all of you know, in the last 15 years, the poaching has done that the most
of the animal species have reduce, mainly the species which was already in
endanger as such the koala bear and the white rhinoceros. If we continue in
this way, in five years time, we’ll have lost the 30 percent of their population.
4. This problem is not the only problem that has made that the populations of
these animals has decrease.
5. The fires produce by the people joined to the illegal logging have been other
that have caused this. Each year thousands of trees are cutting down to
build houses and furniture reducing significantly the space that has animals
such as monkeys, jaguars to breed their offspring. If this continues, we’ll
have lost the 30 of the rainforest and forest of our planet.
6. The problem is still stronger in the poles, where the melting of the ice caps
has made that the polar bears have to approach to the cities on the look out
food because there isn’t food in their natural habitats.
7. In short, we have to make politics to protect the animals and natural
habitants in we want to have them with us in the future.

151
 Conditional type one

If Present simple , Future simple

Modal verbs
Imperative
If You do not save , You’ll forget where
your papers in a they are
specific place You can forget
where they are
Don’t forget where
they are

We use the conditional type one to:

1. Express a real or very probable situation in the past or in the future

If you don’t study, you won’t find a good job.

Note:

a. We can change the order of the sentence by putting the if-clause at

the final.
You won’t find a good job if you don’t study.

b. We can change in the conditional Zero if not for unless.

Unless you study, you won’t find a good job.

152
 Fifty ninth lesson
Lottery

1. Welcome again to other edition of our program “knowing England” the

phone-in most famous program about British culture. Today in the studio we
have Martha.
2. Martha, how do you feel today?
3. Very excited about being here, John.
4. Martha, tell us what would you do if you won the big price?
5. If I won the big price, the first I would do would be to buy a car
6. And what would you with a car?
7. If I had a car, I would go to Australia.
8. But Australia is in the other part of the word!
9. Yes, but if I won the big price, I could buy a sheep which take me and my
car to Australia.

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 Conditional type Two

If Past simple , Would

Could
If I had money , I’d buy a house

We can change the order of the sentence by putting the if-clause at the final.

If I had money, I’d buy a house = I’d buy a house if I had money

We can use were instead of was.

If I were/was you, I’d do another thing.

Usage

We use the conditional type two in the same way that in Spanish.

154
 Sixtieth Lesson
At university

1. How can you join the sentences “It is the dog which I won last summer” and
“It was stolen”?
2. The dog, which I bought last summer, was stolen.
3. Next example, how do you join the sentences “He is the neighbour whose
son studies medicine” and “He is moving”
4. The neighbour, whose son studies medicine, is moving
5. Last example
6. The sentences “My uncle is the man who is next to Sarah” “He lives in
Portugal”
7. My uncle, who is next to Sahra, lives in Portugal.

8. In the United Kingdom, children and youngsters have to pass several

academic levels before they can get a university degree.
9. The school starts at three years when children are sent to the kinder.
10. After that they go to the primary school, where they are tough subjects like
English, history, and maths.
11. After primary school, comes the secondary school. Where the youngsters
learn about more advanced things like physics, chemistry and biology.
12. High school is not obligatory in the United Kingdom, so they can decide if
study it or not.
13. When they finished the high school, they go to the University. Among the
most important British universities are Cambridge and Oxford are the most
famous.
14. And after three years of university, the British youngsters are ready to get
their university degree and come in the labour market.

155
 Defining/non defining clauses

Relative clauses are divided in two: defining relative clauses and non-defining
clauses

Defining relative clauses are clauses join two sentences.

This is the dog (that/which) I bought.

Non defining clauses give more information about the subject.

My dog, whose name is Blackly, is very friendly.

This information can be omitted without affect the meaning of the main sentences.

My dog is very friendly

Difference between definite and non-definite sentences

Definite clauses are needed to know who the subject is.

He is the neighbour who lives in the corner.

Not He is in the corner. (who?)

156
 Sixty first lesson
At primary school

1. Ok, children, today we’re going to see the non-personal forms of the verb.
2. Who can tell me what the non-personal forms of the verb are?
3. The infinitive, the gerund and the participle
4. Correct,
5. And why are they non-personal?
6. Because they don’t tell us what the subject is.
7. Correct Mauricio
8. Who can tell me three examples of the infinitive?
9. To sing, running and sleep, teacher
10. Very good, Oliver.
11. Who can tell me three examples of gerund?
12. Me, me, teacher. Eating, drinking and chewing.
13. Correct, but why all of them are related with the food?
14. Because it’s already the lunch time.
15. You’re right, see you after lunch.

157
 Infinitive

The infinitive is the form of the verb which expresses an action without indicating
the person and the tense. In English exist three kinds of infinitive (the To Infinitive,
The bare Infinitive and the Ing- infinitive)

To Infinitive

Around 85 percent of the English verbs use the To Infinitive. We use the to
infinitive :

a. With the most of the verbs

I want to go to the park.

b. After the “would like” structure.

I would like to have a cup of coffee.

Bare Infinitive

We just use the bare infinitive with:

a. the modal verbs

I can do it
b. the verbs let and make.
Don’t let me go

Ing infinitive

We use the gerund:

1. When the verb is the subject of the sentence.

Painting is a good activity.

158
 Sixty second lesson
The meal

1. The telephone is ringing, can anybody answer it?

2. I can’t mom, I am preparing the meal.
3. Emily, could you answer the telephone?
4. I’m sorry mom, I’m brushing my teeth, ask to Alexander if he can answer.
5. Alexander
6. Yes, mom
7. What are you doing?
8. I’m watching a film very about a girl who appears you after watch a video
and calls you to tell you that you will die.

2. After prepositions
I use the knife for cutting the eat

3. After the expressions can’t stand and can’t help

I can’t help laughing at him

4. With just the verbs admit, appreciate, avoid, bother, consider, continue,
deny, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, go (when we refer to activities), hate,
imagine, involve, keep, like, love, mind, miss, postpone, practice, prevent,
quit, risk, save, spend (spend), suggest and stop.
I imagine living with you

5. After the phrases it’s no use, it’s worth, it’s no good, be busy, what’s the use
of, can’t help, have difficulty (in).

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 Gerund

To infinitive Gerund
Drink Drinking
Arrive Arriving
Die Dying

The gerund is a verb form that is used:

1. to indicate that an action is in progress

I am drinking

Notice: gerunds can be used as adjectives.

Feeling bad, the man looked for some help.

160
 Sixty third Lesson
At secondary school

1. Ok, let’s continue, who can tell me how many participles do we have in
English?
2. Two, teacher
3. What are they?
4. Past participle and present participle
5. Correct
6. Who can tell me two examples of past participle?
7. Me, me
8. Tom
9. Cleaned, died and cancelled
10. Very good, and of present participle?
11. Loving, dying, frying
12. And when do we use the past participle?
13. Me, me, teacher
14. Tom
15. With the perfect tense.
16. Teacher
17. Yes John
18. I have a question
19. Tell me, Tom
20. What are the perfect tenses?
21. Don’t worry Tom, we’re seeing them next week, now have a nice weekend.

161
 Past Participle

Infinitive Past participle

General rule Work Worked
Ending in -e Like Liked
Ending in -l Cancel Cancelled

Present Participle

Infinitive Present participle

General rule Work Working
Ending in -e Love Loving
Ending in -ie Die Dying

162
 Verbs

Here are the 400 most common English verbs.

Verb Meaning
Ta abandon Abandonar
To embrace Abrazar
To open Abrir
To bore Aburrir
To accept Aceptar
To advise Aconsejar
To remember Acordar
To act Actuar
To accuse Acusar
To guess Adivinar
To admire Admirar
To accept Admitir
To adore Adorar
To warn Advertir
To affect Afectar
To affirm Afirmar
To thank Agradecer
To drown Ahogar
To love Amar
To announce Anunciar
To appear Aparecer
To separate Apartar
To applaud Aplaudir
To contribute Aportar
To lean Apoyar
To appreciate Apreciar
To learn Aprender
To approve Aprobar
To pull Arrastrar
To repair Arreglar
To regret Arrepentir
To arrest Arrestar
To risk Arriesgar
To murder Asesinar
To assassinate
To secure Asegurar
To attend Asistir

163
 To scared Asustar
To attack Atacar
To attract Atraer
To catch Atrapar
To cross Atravesar
To increase Aumentar
To advance Avanzar
To shame Avergonzar
To help Ayudar
To dance Bailar
To bath Bañar
To whip Batir
To drink Beber
To kiss Besar
To tan Broncear
To fall Caerse
To calm Calmar
To change Cambiar
To walk Caminar
To cancel Cancelar
To tire Cansar
To sing Cantar
To marry Casar
To dig Cavar
To hunt Cazar
To close Cerrar
To earn Cobrar
To cook Cocinar
To fuck Coger
To place Colocar
To colour Colorear
To combine Combinar
To begin Comenzar
To eat Comer
To share Compartir
To complete Completar
To repair Componer
To behave Comportar
To buy Comprar
To understand Comprender
To compete Concursar
To trust Confiar
To confirm Confirmar
To drive Conducir
To conjugate Conjugar

164
 To know Conocer
To conquer Conquistar
To get Conseguir
To maintain Conservar
To consider Considerar
To build Construir
To count Contar
To answer Contestar
To continue Continuar
To control Controlar
To copy Copiar
To correct Corregir
To run Correr
To cut Cortar
To cost Costar
To create Crear
To grown Crecer
To believe Creer
To cover Cubrir
To recover Curar
To damage Dañar
To give Dar
To say Decir
To tell
To decide Decidir
To declare Declarar
To dedicate Dedicar
To defend Defender
To let Dejar
To spell Deletrear
To demonstrate Demostrar
To disappear Desaparecer
To develop Desarrollarse
To unplug Desconectar
To describe Describir
To discover Descubrir
To neglect Descuidar
To destroy Destruir
To wish Desear
To disobey Desobedecer
To detest Detestar
To undress Desvestir
To draw Dibujar
To apologize Disculpar
To discuss Discutir

165
 To enjoy Disfrutar
To design Diseñar
To provide Disponer
To distinguish Distinguir
To amuse Divertir
To hurt Doler
To divorce Divorciar
To donate Donar
To sleep Dormir
To doubt Dudar
To last Durar
To choose Elegir
To push Empujar
To bewitch Encantar
To find Encontrar
To deceive Engañar
To anger Enojar
To enrich Enriquecer
To practice Ensayar
To teach Enseñar
To understand Entender
To give Entregar
To train Entrenar
To send Enviar
To climb Escalar
To choose Escoger
To listen Escuchar
To write Escribir
To wait Esperar
To hope
To study Estudiar
To avoid Evitar
To dig Excavar
To exist Existir
To experiment Experimentar
To explain Explicar
To explore Explorar
To express Expresar
To miss Extrañar
To import Importar
To fail Fallar
To form Formar
To fry Freír
To work Funcionar
To smoke Fumar

166
 To win Ganar
To guarantee Garantizar
To spend Gastar
To shout Gritar
To keep Guardar
To guide Guiar
To like Gustar
To talk Hablar
To do Hacer
To make
To boil Hervir
To injure Herir
To bake Hornear
To flee Huir
To sink Hundir
To identify Identificar
To imagine Imaginar
To begin Iniciar
To register Inscribir
To inspire Inspirar
To try Intentar
To interest Interesar
To interrogate Interrogar
To flood Inundar
To invent Inventar
To research Investigar
To go Ir
To invite Invitar
To pull Jalar
To play Jugar
To swear Jurar
To regret Lamentar
To hurt Lastimar
To wash Lavar
To read Leer
To clean Limpiar
To call Llamar
To arrive Llegar
To fill Llenar
To cry Llorar
To rain Llover
To achieve Lograr
To fight Luchar
To maltreat Maltratar
To send Mandar

167
 To order Mandar (dar
órdenes)
To drive Manejar
To support Mantener
To mark Marcar
To cheaw Masticar
To kill Matar
To measure Medir
To improve Mejorar
To memorize Memorizar
To lie Mentir
To mix Mesclar
To put Meter
To look Mirar
To wet Mojar
To bother Molestar
Mirir Morir
To show Mostrar
Move Mover
To swim Nadar
To need Necesitar
To negate Negar
To snow Nevar
To obligate Obligar
To watch Observar
To hide Ocultar
To hear Oír
To forget Olvidar
To order Ordenar
To tidy Ordenar (poner en
orden)
To hate Odiar
To organize Organizar
To offer Ofrecer
To pay Pagar
To stop Parar
To participate Participar
To split Partir
to leave Partir (irse)
To pass Pasar
To ask Pedir
To beat Pegar
To attach Pegar
(pegamento)
To comb Peinar

168
 To fight Pelear
To think Pensar
To loose Perder
To forgive Perdonar
To allow Permitir
To put Poner
To prefer Preferir
To ask Preguntar
To worry Preocupar
To present Presentar
To borrow Prestar
To lend (a alguien)
To prevent Prevenir
To prove Probar
To produce Producir
To prohibit Prohibir
To promise Prometer
To pronounce Pronunciar
To protect Proteger
To stay Quedar
(permanecer)
To complain Quejar
To burn Quemar
To want Querer
To take Quitar
To receive Recibir
To reject Rechazar
To protest Reclamar
To collect Recoger
To recommend Recomendar
To recognize Reconocer
To remember Recordar
To laugh Reír
To give Regalar
To repair Reparar
To distribute Repartir
To repeat Repetir
To rescue Rescatar
To resist Resistir
To resolve Resolver
To answer Responder
To review Revisar
To steal (general) Robar
To mug (en la
calle o en el

169
transporte publico)
To rob (banco)
To break Romper
To know Saber
To jump Saltar
To leave Salir
To greet Saludar
To save Salvar
To dry Secar
To follow Seguir
To sit Sentar
To feel Sentir
To ask Solicitar
To sound Sonar
To smile Sonreír
To dream Soñar
To blow Soplar
To support Soportar
To surprise Sorprender
To survive Sobrevivir
To raise Subir
To highlight Subrayar
To happen Suceder
To suffer Sufrir
To suggest Sugerir
To suppose Suponer
To throw Tirar
To call Telefonear
To finish Terminar
To touch Tocar
To play Tocar
(instrumento)
To take Tomar
To work Trabajar
To translate Traducir
To bring Traer
To try Tratar
To use Usar/utilizar
To see Ver
To sell Vender
To come Venir
To win Vencer
To dress Vestir
To travel Viajar
To visit Visitar

170
 To live Vivir
To fly Volar
To become Volver (se)

171
 Phrasal Verbs

Here are the most common phrasal verbs in English.

Book into Reservar (para alguien mas)

Break down Descomponerse
Break into Entrar (a una casa (robar))
Break off Terminar
Break up Salir de las escuela (terminar las clases)
Terminar el semestre
Cortar (relacion)
Break off Poner fin a
Call back Llamar (regresar la llamada)
Call for Requerir
Call off Cancelar (un evento preprogramado)
Call up Hechar una llamada
Carry off Sacar adelante
Carry on Seguir (hacienda algo)
Carry out Seguir (ordenes, intrucciones, etc)
Carry through Llevar acabo
Bring about Provocar
Bring (a)round Reanimar
Bring up Educar (un niño)
Sacar el tema de/hablar de
Calm down Calmarse
Catch up on Hacer algo que no pudiste hacer mas temprano
Check in Registrarse (un hotel)
Check out Registrarse de salida (de un hotel)
Come across Encontrarse (alguien o algo por accidente)
Come down Caer
Come down with Caer enfermo
Come into Heredar
Come out Salir a la venta
Come round Volver en si
Come up Acercarse
Come up with Sugerir o pensar una idea o un plan
Cut down Talar
reducir
Cut off Cortar
Do up Remodelar
Do without Vivir sin
Draw back Hacerse para atras

172
 Dress up Vestir (de gala)
End up Terminar
Face up with Afrontar
Fall apart Desacerse
Fall behind Atrarse
Fall out Pelear(se)
Feel like Tener ganas de
Fill in Llenar (un espacio en blanco/una forma)
Find out Descubrir
Fit in Acomodarse/verse (tener tiempo)
Fit with in Encajar
Get ahead Salir adelante
Get around Moverse (desplazarse de un lugar a otro)
Get away Escapar (de un peligro)
Irse de vacaciones
Get away with Salirse con las suya
Get by Arreglarselas
Get down to Ir al grano
Get from Escaparse (de alguien)
Get in Entrar (carro)
Get on Llevarse bien
Lazarse (hacer algo o ir a un lugar)
Continuar hacienda algo que ya no se hacia o que se tiene
miedo de continuar)
Get out of Evitar hacer algo que no quieres, especialmente poniendo
escusas
Get over Recuperarse
Mejorarse (enfermedad)
Get over with Hacer/terminar (algo que no quieres hacer)
Get through Terminar (algo)
Give away Donar
regalar
Give in darse por vencido
Give off Emitir
Give out Distribuir
No resistir
Give up Rendirse
Go ahead Llevar acabo
Go around Ir por ahi
Go back Ir de regreso
Go by Pasar (el tiempo)
Go downstairs Bajar (las escaleras)
Go for Elegir
Go off Explotar (una bomba)
Dejar de gustar

173
 Go on Pasar
Go out Salir
Go over Darle vueltas
Go through Ir mal
Tener que pasar
Go up Aumentar
Subir
Go upstairs Subir (las escaleras)
Hang around Pasar (el tiempo con alguien)
Hang up Colgar (telefono)
Hit back Atacar a alguien que te ataco o te critico
Hit it off Llevarse bien (la primera vez que se conocieron)
Hold back Aguantar(se)/contener (emosion)
Hold on Esperar (telefono)
Agarrarse (sujetarse)
Hold up Hacer esperar
Hacer que alguien llegue tarde
Atracar
Keep away Mantenerse lejos
Keep on Insister
Keep in Castirgar (un niño)
Keep down Disminuir
Keep to Seguir adelante con
Keep up Seguir el ritmo
Key in Teclear
Knock out Noquear
Knock down Demoler
Let off Quedar libre
Live up to Estar a la altura
Log off Cerrar sesion
Look after Cuidar
Look for Buscar
Look forward to Tener muchas ganas de (que algo pase)
Look into Investigar
Look thought Leer (normalmente rapidamente)
Look up Buscar (en el diccionario o en el directorio)
Look up to Admirar
Make for Dirigirse hacia
Make out Alcanzar a ver/escuchar/
Poder entender
Make up Hacer las pases
Maquillarse
Inventar
Make up for Compensar
Miss out Perder (la oportundiad de hacer algo)

174
 Move in Mudarse
Pay off Liquidar/pagar (una deuda)
Pick up Aprender (un idioma o habilidad)
Recoger
Pull away Arrancar
Pull on Vestirse (rapidamente)
Pull up Detenerse (carro)
Put down Bajar (algo que estas agarrando)
Put off Desalentar
Posponer
Put out Apagar (fuego, luz)
Put through Pasar (por telefono)
Put together Armar (algo)
Put up Protestar
Dar alojamiento
Put up with Tolelar
Save up Ahorrar
Sell out Agotarse (algo en venta)
Send off Enviar
Set about Ponerse a
Set aside Dejar de (momentaneamente)
Set back Retrasar(se)
Set off/out Salir de viaje
Set up Poner (un negocio)
Slip on Ponerse (algo rapidamente)
Slip out Salirse (comentario)
Stand out Resaltar
Start out Empezar a trabajar
Stop over Quedarse (en un lugar camino una o dos noches cuando se
va en camino a otro lugar o de regreso a casa)
Take after Parecerse (a alguien de la familia)
Actuar como/ser como (alguien de la familia)
Take back Regresar
Take in Captar (entender)
Engañar (passive)
Take off Despegar
Take on Hacerse cargo de
Take out Sacar
Take over Encangarse de
Take up Empezar (un nuevo hobby o deporte)
Ocupar 8tiempo)
Talk into Convencer (a alguien de que haga algo)
Tell apart Distinguir
Diferenciar
Turn back Regresar (un camino cuando se tiene un mal precentimiento)

175
Turn down Bajar (el volumen)
Turn into Convertirse en
Turn off Apagar
Turn on Prender
Turn out Acudir
Turn up Subir (volume)
Calentarse (maquina)
Aparecer
Wear off Desaparecer (sentimiento o efecto de algo)
Work on Hacer (algo que se lleva rato haciendo o que se esta
desarrollando
Work out Calculary
Resolver

176
 Idioms

It’s his bread and butter Es su mero mole

To be born and bread Crecer en un lugar (toda la vida)
For dankey’s years Desde hace un buen
Last but not least Por ultimo (pero no menos importante)
Don’t blow your own trumpet No cantes victoria antes de tiempo
Don’t be daft No digas mamadas
Like a shoot devolada
Too right I would Sin duda alguna
To be on the look out Estar en la busqueda
To pool our resources Unir fuerzas
A case in point Un buen ejemplo
To have your say on Decir tu opinion de
As the old saying goes Como dicen
To coin a phrase
For the likes of you and me Para la gente como nosotros
Mind you Eso si
Wrong Pues no
What a marvellous No mames
Wait a minut aguanta
To be keen on
To be on the mood
I didn’t sleep a wink No pude dormir
I didn’t get a wink of sleep
GP (Doctor general) Doctor general
Nonsence No digas mamadas
No importa
To hit on hike Pedir aventon
Damn Que la chingada (como cuando se te
cae algo)
O que su puta madre (como cuando se
te cae algo)
Otherwise know as Tambien conocido como
The so-called Denominado
To suit your pocket Que se adapte a tu presupuesto
I haven’t the fuggiest no tengo la menor idea
you’re warm, but not quite here Cerca pero no tanto
To take the lead Ponerse a la cabeza
I haven’t got a clue No tengo idea
What a pity Que pena
money can’t buy everything El dinero no compra la felicidad
To earn a living Para ganarse la vida
To do a living Para vivir

177
 To take a sabbatical year Tomar un año sabatico

Numbers

0 Zero 10 Ten
1 One 11 Eleven
2 Two 12 Twelve
3 Three 13 Thirteen
4 Four 14 Fourteen
5 Five 15 Fifteen
6 Six 16 Sixteen
7 Seven 17 Seventeen
8 Eight 18 Eighteen
9 Nine 19 Nineteen

Numbers from 20 to 99

20 Twenty 60 Sixty
30 Thirty 70 Seventy
40 Forty 80 Eighty
50 Fifty 90 Ninety

The numbers with ten and unit are built by putting the ten + hyphen + unit.

Example: 21 = Twenty-one

32 = Thirty-two

Numbers from 100 to 999

100 One hundred 600 Six hundred

200 Two hundred 700 Seven hundred
300 Three hundred 800 eight hundred
400 Four hundred 900 Nine hundred
500 Five hundred

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One can be changed for a in informal speech.

The numbers with hundred has got ten, unit or they both, it puts “and” between the
hundred and the rest of the number.

Example: 100 = One hundred

101 = One hundred and one

121 = One hundred and twenty-one

Numbers from 1000 to 1000000

1000 One thousand

1002 One thousand two
1032 One thousand thirty-two
1432 One thousand four hundred and thirty-two
15432 Fifteen thousand four hundred and thirty-two

When we talk about years, we pronounce the numbers as they were separated
tens.

Ex. The year 1994 is pronounced as nineteen ninety-four, and not “one thousand
nine hundred and ninety-four.

Numbers from 100000 to 1000000

100000 One hundred thousand

100001 One hundred thousand one
100021 One hundred thousand and twenty-one
100321 One hundred thousand three hundred and twenty-one

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104321 One hundred and four thousand three hundred and twenty-
one
154321 One hundred and fifty-four thousand three hundred and
twenty-one
1000000 One million

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