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Solu of Assignment 3

1) The document provides solutions to 6 mathematical problems involving differential equations. 2) Solution methods include finding the complementary function using the auxiliary equation, finding the particular integral, and changing variables to remove first derivatives. 3) The correct options for each problem are provided, with the solutions justified through algebraic steps showing the work.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
159 views9 pages

Solu of Assignment 3

1) The document provides solutions to 6 mathematical problems involving differential equations. 2) Solution methods include finding the complementary function using the auxiliary equation, finding the particular integral, and changing variables to remove first derivatives. 3) The correct options for each problem are provided, with the solutions justified through algebraic steps showing the work.

Uploaded by

dontstopme
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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For 12 weeks course only

Mathematical Methods and its Applications (Solution of assignment-3)

Solution 1 The differential equation is

y 00 + y = cosec x
Its auxiliary equation is

m2 + m = 0
m=±i
Since the roots of the auxiliary equation are complex, we have

C.F. = c1 cos x + c2 sin x


Let us consider
yp = u(x)y1 (x) + v(x)y2 (x)
here y1 (x) = cos x and y2 (x) = sin x
Then the equations connecting u0 and v 0 are

y1 u0 + y2 v 0 = 0
y10 u0 + y20 v 0 = r(x)

y1 y2 cos x sin x
Wronskian W = 0 = =1
y1 y20 − sin x cos x


0 sin x

cosec x cos x 1
u0 = =− = −1
W W

u = −x
Similarly,
cos x 0

− sin x cosec x cot x
v0 = = = cot x
W W

v 0 = cot x
v = ln sin x

1
Particular integral is
yp = −x cos x + sin x (ln sin x)
Hence the general solution is

y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x − x cos x + sin x (ln sin x)

So option ‘d’ is correct.

Solution 2 The differential equation is

y 000 − 3y 00 + 2y 0 = 0
Its auxiliary equation is

m3 − 3m2 + 2m = 0
m = 0, 1, 2
Since the roots of the auxiliary equation are real and distinct,
the general solution is
y = c1 + c2 ex + c3 e2x

So the option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 3 The differential equation is

y (iv) + 2y 00 + y = x2 cos x
The particular integral is

1 1
P. I. = x2 cos x = real part of x2 eix
(D2 + 1) 2 (D + 1)2
2

1 eix
= R.P. of eix x 2
= R.P. of x2
[(D + i)2 + 1]2 (D2 + 2Di)2
−2
eix

ix 1 2 D
= R.P. of e x = R.P. of 1+ x2
(2Di)2 (1 + D/2i)2 −4D2 2i
−2
eix eix 3i2 D2
  
iD 2
= R.P. of 1− x = R.P. of 1 + iD + + ... x2
−4D2 2 −4D2 4
eix eix
   3 
2 3 x 2 3
= R.P. of x + 2ix − = R.P. of + ix − x
−4D2 2 −4D 3 2
ix
 4 3 2

e x ix 3x
= R.P. of + −
−4 12 3 4
 4 2
 3

−1 x 3x x
= − cos x − sin x .
4 12 4 3

2
Hence the particular integral is
1
(x4 − 9x2 ) cos x − 4x3 sin x .

y=−
48

So the option ‘c’ is correct.

Solution 4 The differential equation is

x2 y 00 − 2x(x + 1)y 0 + 2(1 + x)y = x3


converting it into standard form
2 2
y 00 − (x + 1)y 0 + 2 (1 + x)y = x
x x
Let the complete solution be

y = Ax + Bxe2x
The two equations connecting A and B are

A0 x + xe2x B 0 = 0

A0 + (1 + 2x)e2x B 0 = x
Solving these two equations, we get
1 1
A = − x + a, B = − e−2x + b
2 4
Hence the complete solution is

x2
y = (c1 + c2 e2x )x −
2

So the option ‘d’ is correct.

Solution 5 The differential equation is

y 00 − (2 tan x)y 0 + y = 0 (1)


Comparing eq (1) with y 00 + P y 0 + Qy = R

P = −2 tan x, Q = 1, R=0
To remove the first derivative from (1), we choose
1 1
R R
u = e− 2 P dx
= e− 2 2 tan xdx
= eln sec x = sec x

3
Let the required general solution be

y = uv
then v is given by the normal form

d2 v
+ Iv = S (2)
dx2
where
P 2 1 dP
I = Q− −
4 2 dx
= 1 − tan x + sec2 x = 2.
2

and
R
S= =0
u
Then equation (2) becomes
d2 v
+ 2v = 0
dx2
its auxiliary equation is
m2 + 2 = 0

m = ± 2i
√ √
Therefore v = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x
Hence the general solution of the given equation is
√ √
y = sec x(c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x)
So the option ‘b’ is correct.

Solution 6 The given differential equation is


2
y 00 − 4xy 0 + (4x2 − 1)y = −3ex sin 2x. (1)
Comparing eq (1) with y 00 + P y 0 + Qy = R
2
P = −4x, Q = 4x2 − 1, R = −3ex sin 2x.
To remove the first derivative from (1), we choose
1 1 2
R R
u = e− 2 P dx
= e− 2 (−4x)dx
= ex .
Let the required general solution be

y = uv

4
then v is given by the normal form
d2 v
+ Iv = S (2)
dx2
where
P 2 1 dP
I = Q− −
4 2 dx
1 1
= 4x2 − 1 − (16x2 ) − (−4) = 1.
4 2
and
R
S= = −3 sin 2x
u
Then equation (2) becomes
d2 v
+ v = −3 sin 2x
dx2
its auxiliary equation is
m2 + 1 = 0
m = ±i
Its C.F. = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
and
1
P.I.= 2 (−3 sin 2x) = sin 2x.
D +1
So, v = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + sin 2x.
Hence, the required general solution
2
y = ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x + sin 2x).

So the option ‘c’ is correct.

Solution 7 The given differential equation is

x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 + (x2 + 2)y = 0. (1)


Comparing eq (1) with y 00 + P y 0 + Qy = R
2 2
P =− , Q = 1 + 2, R = 0.
x x
To remove the first derivative from (1), we choose
1 1
R R
u = e− 2 P dx
=e x
dx
= x.
Let the required general solution be

y = uv

5
then v is given by the normal form
d2 v
+ Iv = S (2)
dx2
where
P 2 1 dP
I = Q− −
4 2 dx
2 1 1
= 1+ 2 − 2 − 2
x x x
= 1.

and
0
S= =0
u
Then equation (2) becomes
d2 v
+v =0
dx2
its auxiliary equation is
m2 + 1 = 0
m = ±i
v = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

Hence, the required general solution

y = x(c1 cos x + c2 sin x).

So the option ‘b’ is correct.

Solution 8 The given differential equation is

cos xy 00 + y 0 sin x − 2y cos3 x = 2 cos5 x (1)


Dividing by cos x, we have

y 00 + tan xy 0 − 2 cos2 xy = 2 cos4 x.


Comparing eq (1) with y 00 + P y 0 + Qy = R

P = tan x, Q = −2 cos2 x, R = 2 cos4 x. (2)


Choose z such that  2
dz
= 2 cos2 x
dx
dz √
= 2 cos x
dx
6
Then equation (1) transform to

d2 y dy
2
+ P1 + Q1 y = R1
dz dz
d2 z dz √ √
2
+ P − 2 sin x + tan x 2 cos x
where dx
P1 =  2 = dx = 0,
dz 2 cos2 x
dx
Q R 2 z2
Q1 =  2 = −1 and R1 =  2 = cos x = 1 − .
dz dz 2
dx dx
Hence equation (2) becomes

d2 y z2
− y = 1 − ,
dz 2 2
Its auxiliary equation is
m2 − 1 = 0
m = ±1
C.F. = c1 ez + c2 e−z
and
 
1 1 2 d
P.I. = 1− z where D1 ≡
D12 − 1 2 dz
1 1 1 1
= 2
e0.z + 2
z 2 = −1 + (1 − D12 )−1 z 2
D1 − 1 2 (1 − D1 ) 2
z2
= 1−
2

Hence the required solution is

z2
y = c1 ez + c2 e−z +
2
√ √
= c1 e 2 sin x
+ c2 e − 2 sin x
+ sin2 x.
So the option ‘c’ is correct.

Solution 9 The differential equation is

y 000 + 3y 00 + 3y 0 + 1 = 0
Its auxiliary equation is

m3 + 3m2 + 3m + 1 = 0

7
m = −1, −1, −1
Since the roots of an auxiliary equation are real and equal, we have
the general solution is
y = (c1 + xc2 + x2 c3 )e−x .
So the option ‘d’ is correct.

Solution 10 The differential equation is

y (iv) − y = x sin x
Its auxiliary equation is

m4 − 1 = 0
m = ±1, ±i
C.F. = c1 ex + c2 e−x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x
and the particular solution is

1 1
P.I. = x sin x = imaginary part of xeix
D4 − 1 D4 − 1
1 eix
= I.P. of eix x = I.P. of x
(D + i)4 − 1 D4 + 4iD3 − 6D2 − 4iD
−1
eix D3

3D 2
= I.P. of 1+ −D − x
−4iD 2i 4i
−1
ieix iD3
 
3Di 2
= I.P. of 1+ − −D + x
4D 2 4
ieix iD3
   
3Di 2
= I.P. of 1+ +D − + ... x
4D 2 4
ieix
 
3i
= I.P. of x+
4D 2
1 2
= (x cos x − 3x sin x).
8
Hence the required solution is
1
y = c1 ex + c2 e−x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x + (x2 cos x − 3x sin x).
8
So the option ‘d’ is correct.

Solution 11 The differential equation is

y (iv) + 10y 00 + 9y = 96 sin 2x cos x.

8
Its auxiliary equation is

m4 + 10m2 + 9 = 0
m = ±i, ±3i.
Hence, C.F.= c1 cos x + c2 sin x + c3 cos 3x + c4 sin 3x.
Now,
1 1
P.I. = 96 sin 2x cos x = 48(sin 3x + sin x)
(D2 2
+ 1)(D + 9) (D + 1)(D2 + 9)
2

1 1
= 48 2 sin 3x + 48 sin x
(D + 1)(D2 + 9) (D2 + 1)(D2 + 9)
1 1
= 48 2 2
sin 3x + 48 2 sin x
(−3 + 1)(D + 9) (D + 1)(−12 + 9)
1 1
= −6 2 sin 3x + 6 2 sin x
(D + 9) (D + 1)
 
1 x
= x cos 3x − 3x cos x, since sin ax = − cos ax
D 2 + a2 2a

Hence, the general solution is

y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + c3 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x + (x cos 3x − 3x cos x).

So option ‘a’ is correct.

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