Data types and Structures:

Object type Meaning Used for

int Integer value Natural numbers
float Floating-point number Real numbers
bool Boolean value Something true or false
str String object Character, word, text
tuple Immutable container Fixed set of objects, record
list Mutable container Changing set of objects
dict Mutable container Key-value store
set Mutable container Collection of unique objects

Basic Data Types:

Integers
In [1]: a = 10
type(a)
Out[1]: int

In [2]: a.bit_length()
Out[2]: 4

In [3]: a = 100000
a.bit_length()
Out[3]: 17

In [6]: 1 + 4
Out[6]: 5

In [7]: 1 / 4
Out[7]: 0.25

In [8]: type(1 / 4)
Out[8]: float

Floats

In [9]: 1.6 / 4
Out[9]: 0.4

In [10]: type (1.6 / 4)

Out[10]: float

In [11]: b = 0.35
type(b)
Out[11]: float

In [12]: b + 0.1
Out[12]: 0.44999999999999996

In [13]: c = 0.5
c.as_integer_ratio()
Out[13]: (1, 2)

In [14]: b.as_integer_ratio()
Out[14]: (3152519739159347, 9007199254740992)

In [15]: import decimal

from decimal import Decimal
In [16]: decimal.getcontext()
Out[16]: Context(prec=28, rounding=ROUND_HALF_EVEN, Emin=-999999, Emax=999999,
capitals=1, clamp=0, flags=[], traps=[InvalidOperation, DivisionByZero, Overflow])

In [17]: d = Decimal(1) / Decimal (11)

d
Out[17]: Decimal('0.09090909090909090909090909091')

In [18]: decimal.getcontext().prec = 4
In [19]: e = Decimal(1) / Decimal (11)
e
Out[19]: Decimal('0.09091')
In [20]: decimal.getcontext().prec = 50
In [21]: f = Decimal(1) / Decimal (11)
f
Out[21]: Decimal('0.090909090909090909090909090909090909090909090909091')

In [22]: g = d + e + f
g
Out[22]: Decimal('0.27272818181818181818181818181909090909090909090909'
Booleans
In [23]: import keyword
In [24]: keyword.kwlist
Out[24]: ['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await',
'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except',
'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda',
'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while',
'with', 'yield']

In [25]: 4 > 3
Out[25]: True
In [26]: type(4 > 3)
Out[26]: bool
In [27]: type(False)
Out[27]: bool
In [28]: 4 >= 3
Out[28]: True
In [29]: 4 < 3
Out[29]: False
In [30]: 4 <= 3
Out[30]: False
In [31]: 4 == 3
Out[31]: False
In [32]: 4 != 3
Out[32]: True

In [33]: True and True

Out[33]: True
In [34]: True and False
Out[34]: False
In [35]: False and False
Out[35]: False
In [36]: True or True
Out[36]: True
In [37]: True or False
Out[37]: True
In [38]: False or False
Out[38]: False
In [39]: not True
Out[39]: False
In [40]: not False
Out[40]: True

In [45]: if 4 > 3:
print('condition true')
condition true
In [46]: i = 0
while i < 4:
print('condition true, i = ', i)
i += 1
condition true, i = 0
condition true, i = 1
condition true, i = 2
condition true, i = 3

In [47]: int(True)
Out[47]: 1
In [48]: int(False)
Out[48]: 0
In [49]: float(True)
Out[49]: 1.0
In [50]: float(False)
Out[50]: 0.0
In [51]: bool(0)
Out[51]: False
In [52]: bool(0.0)
Out[52]: False
In [53]: bool(1)
Out[53]: True
In [54]: bool(10.5)
Out[54]: True
In [55]: bool(-2)
Out[55]: True

Strings
In [56]: t = 'this is a string object'
In [57]: t.capitalize()
Out[57]: 'This is a string object'
In [58]: t.split()
Out[58]: ['this', 'is', 'a', 'string', 'object']
In [59]: t.find('string')
Out[59]: 10
In [60]: t.find('Python')
Out[60]: -1
In [61]: t.replace(' ', '|')
Out[61]: 'this|is|a|string|object'
In [62]: 'http://www.python.org'.strip('http:/')
Out[62]: 'www.python.org'

Method Arguments Returns/result

capitalize () Copy of the string with first letter capitalized
count (sub[, start[, end]]) Count of the number of occurrences of substring
decode ([encoding[, errors]]) Decoded version of the string, using encoding (e.g.,
UTF-8)
encode ([encoding+[, errors]]) Encoded version of the string
find (sub[, start[, end]]) (Lowest) index where substring is found
join (seq) Concatenation of strings in sequence seq
replace (old, new[, count]) Replaces old by new the first count times
split ([sep[, maxsplit]]) List of words in string with sep as separator
splitlines ([keepends]) Separated lines with line ends/breaks if keepends is
True
strip (chars) Copy of string with leading/lagging characters in chars
removed
upper () Copy with all letters capitalized

Printing and String Replacements

In [63]: print('Python for Finance')
Python for Finance
In [64]: print(t)
this is a string object
In [65]: i = 0
while i < 4:
print(i)
i += 1
0 1 2 3
In [66]: i = 0
while i < 4:
print(i, end='|')
i += 1
0|1|2|3|

In [74]: 'this is a float %08.2f' % 15.3456

Out[74]: 'this is a float 00015.35'
In [76]: 'this is a string %10s' % 'Python'
Out[76]: 'this is a string Python'
In [79]: 'this is an integer {:04d}'.format(15)
Out[79]: 'this is an integer 0015'
In [84]: 'this is a float {:08.2f}'.format(15.3456)
Out[84]: 'this is a float 00015.35'
In [86]: 'this is a string {:10s}'.format('Python')
Out[86]: 'this is a string Python

In [87]: i = 0
while i < 4:
print('the number is %d' % i)
i += 1
the number is 0
the number is 1
the number is 2
the number is 3
In [88]: i = 0
while i < 4:
print('the number is {:d}'.format(i))
i += 1
the number is 0
the number is 1
the number is 2
the number is 3

In [90]: series = """ '01/18/2014 13:00:00', 100, '1st'; '01/18/2014 13:30:00', 110, '2nd';
'01/18/2014 14:00:00', 120, '3rd' """
In [91]: dt = re.compile("'[0-9/:\s]+'") # datetime
In [92]: result = dt.findall(series)
result
Out[92]: ["'01/18/2014 13:00:00'", "'01/18/2014 13:30:00'", "'01/18/2014 14:00:00'"]
In [93]: from datetime import datetime
pydt = datetime.strptime(result[0].replace("'", ""), '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:
%S')
pydt
Out[93]: datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 18, 13, 0)
In [94]: print(pydt)
2014-01-18 13:00:00
In [95]: print(type(pydt))
<class 'datetime.datetime'>

Basic Data Structures

Tuples
In [96]: t = (1, 2.5, 'data')
type(t)
Out[96]: tuple
In [97]: t = 1, 2.5, 'data'
type(t)
Out[97]: tuple

In [98]: t[2]
Out[98]: 'data'
In [99]: type(t[2])
Out[99]: str
In [100]: t.count('data')
Out[100]: 1
In [101]: t.index(1)
Out[101]: 0
Lists
In [102]: l = [1, 2.5, 'data']
l[2]
Out[102]: 'data'
In [103]: l = list(t)
l
Out[103]: [1, 2.5, 'data']
In [104]: type(l)
Out[104]: list

In [105]: l.append([4, 3])

l
Out[105]: [1, 2.5, 'data', [4, 3]]
In [106]: l.extend([1.0, 1.5, 2.0])
l
Out[106]: [1, 2.5, 'data', [4, 3], 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
In [107]: l.insert(1, 'insert')
l
Out[107]: [1, 'insert', 2.5, 'data', [4, 3], 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
In [108]: l.remove('data')
l
Out[108]: [1, 'insert', 2.5, [4, 3], 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
In [109]: p = l.pop(3)
print(l, p)
[1, 'insert', 2.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0] [4, 3]
In [110]: l[2:5]
Out[110]: [2.5, 1.0, 1.5]

Method Arguments Returns/result

l[i] = x [i] Replaces i-th element by x
l[i:j:k] = s [i:j:k] Replaces every k-th element from i to j – 1 by s
append (x) Appends x to object
count (x) Number of occurrences of object x
del l[i:j:k] [i:j:k] Deletes elements with index values i to j – 1
extend (s) Appends all elements of s to object
index (x[, i[, j]]) First index of x between elements i and j – 1
insert (i, x) Inserts x at/before index i
remove (x) Removes elementx at first match
pop (i) Removes element with index i and returns it
reverse () Reverses all items in place
sort ([cmp[, key[, reverse]]]) Sorts all items in place

Control Structures
In [111]: for element in l[2:5]:
print(element ** 2)
 6.25 1.0 2.25
In [112]: r = range(0, 8, 1)
r
Out[112]: range(0, 8)
In [113]: type(r)
Out[113]: range
In [114]: for i in range(2, 5):
print(l[i] ** 2)
6.25 1.0 2.25
In [115]: for i in range(1, 10):
if i % 2 == 0:
print("%d is even" % i)
elif i % 3 == 0:
print("%d is multiple of 3" % i)
else:
print("%d is odd" % i)
1 is odd 2 is even 3 is multiple of 3 4 is even 5 is odd 6 is even 7 is odd
8 is even 9 is multiple of 3
In [116]: total = 0
while total < 100:
total += 1
print(total)
100
In [117]: m = [i ** 2 for i in range(5)]
m
Out[117]: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
Functional Programming
In [118]: def f(x):
return x ** 2
f(2)
Out[118]: 4
In [119]: def even(x):
return x % 2 == 0
even(3)
Out[119]: False
In [120]: list(map(even, range(10)))
Out[120]: [True, False, True, False, True, False, True, False, True, False]
In [121]: list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, range(10)))
Out[121]: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
In [122]: list(filter(even, range(15)))
Out[122]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]
Dicts
In [123]: d = { 'Name' : 'Angela Merkel', 'Country' : 'Germany', 'Profession' :
'Chancelor', 'Age' : 64 }
type(d)
Out[123]: dict
In [124]: print(d['Name'], d['Age'])
Angela Merkel 64
In [125]: d.keys()
Out[125]: dict_keys(['Name', 'Country', 'Profession', 'Age'])
In [126]: d.values()
Out[126]: dict_values(['Angela Merkel', 'Germany', 'Chancelor', 64])
In [127]: d.items()
Out[127]: dict_items([('Name', 'Angela Merkel'), ('Country', 'Germany'), ('Profession',
'Chancelor'), ('Age', 64)])
In [128]: birthday = True
if birthday:
d['Age'] += 1
print(d['Age'])
65
In [129]: for item in d.items():
print(item)
('Name', 'Angela Merkel') ('Country', 'Germany') ('Profession', 'Chancelor')
('Age', 65)
In [130]: for value in d.values():
print(type(value))
<class 'str'> <class 'str'> <class 'str'> <class 'int'>
Method Arguments Returns/result
d[k] [k] Item of d with key k
d[k] = x [k] Sets item key k to x
del d[k] [k] Deletes item with key k
clear () Removes all items
copy () Makes a copy
has_key (k) True if k is a key
items () Iterator over all items
keys () Iterator over all keys
values () Iterator over all values
popitem (k) Returns and removes item with key k
update ([e]) Updates items with items from e
Sets
In [131]: s = set(['u', 'd', 'ud', 'du', 'd', 'du'])
s
Out[131]: {'d', 'du', 'u', 'ud'}
In [132]: t = set(['d', 'dd', 'uu', 'u'])
In [133]: s.union(t)
Out[133]: {'d', 'dd', 'du', 'u', 'ud', 'uu'}
In [134]: s.intersection(t)
Out[134]: {'d', 'u'}
In [135]: s.difference(t)
Out[135]: {'du', 'ud'}
In [136]: t.difference(s)
Out[136]: {'dd', 'uu'}
In [137]: s.symmetric_difference(t)
Out[137]: {'dd', 'du', 'ud', 'uu'}
In [138]: from random import randint
l = [randint(0, 10) for i in range(1000)]
len(l)
Out[138]: 1000
In [139]: l[:20]
Out[139]: [4, 2, 10, 2, 1, 10, 0, 6, 0, 8, 10, 9, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 8, 8, 2]
In [140]: s = set(l)
s
Out[140]: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Numerical Computing with NumPy

Data structures:
Object type Meaning Used for
ndarray (regular) n-dimensional array object Large arrays of numerical data
ndarray (record) 2-dimensional array object Tabular data organized in columns
Arrays with Python Lists
In [1]: v = [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
In [2]: m = [v, v, v]
m
Out[2]: [[0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]]
In [3]: m[1]
Out[3]: [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
In [4]: m[1][0]
Out[4]: 0.5
In [5]: v1 = [0.5, 1.5]
v2 = [1, 2]
m = [v1, v2]
c = [m, m]
c
Out[5]: [[[0.5, 1.5], [1, 2]], [[0.5, 1.5], [1, 2]]]
In [6]: c[1][1][0]
Out[6]: 1
In [7]: v = [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
m = [v, v, v]
m
Out[7]: [[0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]]
In [8]: v[0] = 'Python'
m
Out[8]: [['Python', 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], ['Python', 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], ['Python', 0.75, 1.0, 1.5,
2.0]]
In [9]: from copy import deepcopy
v = [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
m = 3 * [deepcopy(v), ]
m
Out[9]: [[0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]]
In [10]: v[0] = 'Python'
m
Out[10]: [[0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0], [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]]
The Python array Class
In [11]: v = [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
In [12]: import array
In [13]: a = array.array('f', v)
a
Out[13]: array('f', [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0])
In [14]: a.append(0.5)
a
Out[14]: array('f', [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 0.5])
In [15]: a.extend([5.0, 6.75])
a
Out[15]: array('f', [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 0.5, 5.0, 6.75])
In [16]: 2 * a
Out[16]: array('f', [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 0.5, 5.0, 6.75, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 0.5, 5.0, 6.75])
In [17]: a.append('string')
TypeError: must be real number, not str
In [18]: a.tolist()
Out[18]: [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 0.5, 5.0, 6.75]
In [19]: f = open('array.apy', 'wb')
a.tofile(f)
f.close()
In [20]: with open('array.apy', 'wb') as f:
a.tofile(f)
In [21]: !ls -n arr*
-rw-r--r--@ 1 503 20 32 Nov 7 11:46 array.apy
In [22]: b = array.array('f')
In [23]: with open('array.apy', 'rb') as f:
b.fromfile(f, 5)
In [24]: b
Out[24]: array('f', [0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0])
In [25]: b = array.array('d')
In [26]: with open('array.apy', 'rb') as f:
b.fromfile(f, 2)
In [27]: b
Out[27]: array('d', [0.0004882813645963324, 0.12500002956949174])
Regular NumPy Arrays
In [28]: import numpy as np
In [29]: a = np.array([0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0])
a
Out[29]: array([0. , 0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. ])
In [30]: type(a)
Out[30]: numpy.ndarray
In [31]: a = np.array(['a', 'b', 'c'])
a
Out[31]: array(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='<U1')
In [32]: a = np.arange(2, 20, 2)
a
Out[32]: array([ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18])
In [33]: a = np.arange(8, dtype=np.float)
a
Out[33]: array([0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7.])
In [34]: a[5:]
Out[34]: array([5., 6., 7.])
In [35]: a[:2]
Out[35]: array([0., 1.])
In [36]: a.sum()
Out[36]: 28.0
In [37]: a.std()
Out[37]: 2.29128784747792
In [38]: a.cumsum()
Out[38]: array([ 0., 1., 3., 6., 10., 15., 21., 28.])
In [39]: l = [0., 0.5, 1.5, 3., 5.]
 2*l
Out[39]: [0.0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0]
In [40]: a
Out[40]: array([0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7.])
In [41]: 2 * a
Out[41]: array([ 0., 2., 4., 6., 8., 10., 12., 14.])
In [42]: a ** 2
Out[42]: array([ 0., 1., 4., 9., 16., 25., 36., 49.])
In [43]: 2 ** a
Out[43]: array([ 1., 2., 4., 8., 16., 32., 64., 128.])
In [44]: a ** a
Out[44]: array([1.00000e+00, 1.00000e+00, 4.00000e+00, 2.70000e+01, 2.56000e+02,
3.12500e+03, 4.66560e+04, 8.23543e+05])
In [45]: np.exp(a)
Out[45]: array([1.00000000e+00, 2.71828183e+00, 7.38905610e+00, 2.00855369e+01,
5.45981500e+01, 1.48413159e+02, 4.03428793e+02, 1.09663316e+03])
In [46]: np.sqrt(a)
Out[46]: array([0. , 1. , 1.41421356, 1.73205081, 2. , 2.23606798, 2.44948974,
2.64575131])
In [47]: np.sqrt(2.5)
Out[47]: 1.5811388300841898
In [48]: import math
In [49]: math.sqrt(2.5)
Out[49]: 1.5811388300841898
In [50]: math.sqrt(a)
TypeError: only size-1 arrays can be converted to Python scalars
In [51]: %timeit np.sqrt(2.5)
722 ns ± 13.7 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)In [52]:
%timeit math.sqrt(2.5)
91.8 ns ± 4.13 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000000 loops each)
Multiple Dimensions
In [53]: b = np.array([a, a * 2])
b
Out[53]: array([[ 0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7.], [ 0., 2., 4., 6., 8., 10., 12., 14.]])
In [54]: b[0]
Out[54]: array([0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7.])
In [55]: b[0, 2]
Out[55]: 2.0
In [56]: b[:, 1]
Out[56]: array([1., 2.])
In [57]: b.sum()
Out[57]: 84.0
In [58]: b.sum(axis=0)
Out[58]: array([ 0., 3., 6., 9., 12., 15., 18., 21.])
In [59]: b.sum(axis=1)
Out[59]: array([28., 56.])
In [60]: c = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype='i', order='C')
c
Out[60]: array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]], dtype=int32)
In [61]: c = np.ones((2, 3, 4), dtype='i', order='C')
c
Out[61]: array([[[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]], [[1, 1, 1, 1], [1,
1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]], dtype=int32)
In [62]: d = np.zeros_like(c, dtype='f16', order='C')
d
Out[62]: array([[[0., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 0.]], [[0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 0.]]], dtype=float128)
In [63]: d = np.ones_like(c, dtype='f16', order='C')
d
Out[63]: array([[[1., 1., 1., 1.], [1., 1., 1., 1.], [1., 1., 1., 1.]], [[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.], [1., 1., 1., 1.]]], dtype=float128)
In [64]: e = np.empty((2, 3, 2))
e
Out[64]: array([[[0.00000000e+000, 0.00000000e+000], [0.00000000e+000,
0.00000000e+000], [0.00000000e+000, 0.00000000e+000]], [[0.00000000e+000,
0.00000000e+000], [0.00000000e+000, 7.49874326e+247], [1.28822975e-231,
4.33190018e-311]]])
In [65]: f = np.empty_like(c)
f
Out[65]: array([[[ 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0], [
0, 0, 0, 0]], [[ 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0,
740455269, 1936028450], [ 0, 268435456, 1835316017, 2041]]], dtype=int32)
In [66]: np.eye(5)
Out[66]: array([[1., 0., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 1., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 0.,
1., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 0., 1.]])
In [67]: g = np.linspace(5, 15, 12)
g
Out[67]: array([ 5. , 5.90909091, 6.81818182, 7.72727273, 8.63636364, 9.54545455,
10.45454545, 11.36363636, 12.27272727, 13.18181818, 14.09090909, 15. ])

dtype Description Example

? Boolean ? (True or False)
i Signed integer i8 (64-bit)
u Unsigned integer u8 (64-bit)
f Floating point f8 (64-bit)
c Complex floating point c32 (256-bit)
m timedelta m (64-bit)
M datetime M (64-bit)
O Object O (pointer to object)
U Unicode U24 (24 Unicode characters)
V Raw data (void) V12 (12-byte data block)

In [68]: g.size
Out[68]: 12
In [69]: g.itemsize
Out[69]: 8
In [70]: g.ndim
Out[70]: 1
In [71]: g.shape
Out[71]: (12,)
In [72]: g.dtype
Out[72]: dtype('float64')
In [73]: g.nbytes
Out[73]: 96
In [74]: g = np.arange(15)
In [75]: g
Out[75]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
In [76]: g.shape
Out[76]: (15,)
In [77]: np.shape(g)
Out[77]: (15,)
In [78]: g.reshape((3, 5))
Out[78]: array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])
In [79]: h = g.reshape((5, 3))
h
Out[79]: array([[ 0, 1, 2], [ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11], [12, 13,
14]])
In [80]: h.T
Out[80]: array([[ 0, 3, 6, 9, 12], [ 1, 4, 7, 10, 13], [ 2, 5, 8, 11, 14]])
In [81]: h.transpose()
Out[81]: array([[ 0, 3, 6, 9, 12], [ 1, 4, 7, 10, 13], [ 2, 5, 8, 11, 14]])
In [82]: g
Out[82]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
In [83]: np.resize(g, (3, 1))
Out[83]: array([[0], [1], [2]])
In [84]: np.resize(g, (1, 5))
Out[84]: array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]])
In [85]: np.resize(g, (2, 5))
Out[85]: array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]])
In [86]: n = np.resize(g, (5, 4))
n
Out[86]: array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [ 4, 5, 6, 7], [ 8, 9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14, 0],
[ 1, 2, 3, 4]])
In [87]: h
Out[87]: array([[ 0, 1, 2], [ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11], [12, 13,
14]])
In [88]: np.hstack((h, 2 * h))
Out[88]: array([[ 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 4], [ 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10], [ 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16],
[ 9, 10, 11, 18, 20, 22], [12, 13, 14, 24, 26, 28]])
In [89]: np.vstack((h, 0.5 * h))
Out[89]: array([[ 0. , 1. , 2. ], [ 3. , 4. , 5. ], [ 6. , 7. , 8. ], [ 9. , 10. , 11. ],
[12. , 13. , 14. ], [ 0. , 0.5, 1. ], [ 1.5, 2. , 2.5], [ 3. , 3.5, 4. ], [ 4.5,
5. , 5.5], [ 6. , 6.5, 7. ]])
In [90]: h
Out[90]: array([[ 0, 1, 2], [ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11], [12, 13,
14]])
In [91]: h.flatten()
Out[91]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
In [92]: h.flatten(order='C')
Out[92]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
In [93]: h.flatten(order='F')
Out[93]: array([ 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14])
In [94]: for i in h.flat:
 print(i, end=',')
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,
In [95]: for i in h.ravel(order='C'):
print(i, end=',')
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,In [96]: for i in h.ravel(order='F'): print(i, end=',')
0,3,6,9,12,1,4,7,10,13,2,5,8,11,14,
Boolean Arrays
In [97]: h
Out[97]: array([[ 0, 1, 2], [ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11], [12, 13,
14]])
In [98]: h > 8
Out[98]: array([[False, False, False], [False, False, False], [False, False, False],
[ True, True, True], [ True, True, True]])
In [99]: h <= 7
Out[99]: array([[ True, True, True], [ True, True, True], [ True, True, False],
[False, False, False], [False, False, False]])
In [100]: h == 5
Out[100]: array([[False, False, False], [False, False, True], [False, False, False],
[False, False, False], [False, False, False]])
In [101]: (h == 5).astype(int)
Out[101]: array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]])
In [102]: (h > 4) & (h <= 12)
Out[102]: array([[False, False, False], [False, False, True], [ True, True, True],
[ True, True, True], [ True, False, False]])
In [103]: h[h > 8]
Out[103]: array([ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
In [104]: h[(h > 4) & (h <= 12)]
Out[104]: array([ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
In [105]: h[(h < 4) | (h >= 12)]
Out[105]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 14])
In [106]: np.where(h > 7, 1, 0)
Out[106]: array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
In [107]: np.where(h % 2 == 0, 'even', 'odd')
Out[107]: array([['even', 'odd', 'even'], ['odd', 'even', 'odd'], ['even', 'odd', 'even'],
['odd', 'even', 'odd'], ['even', 'odd', 'even']], dtype='<U4')
In [108]: np.where(h <= 7, h * 2, h / 2)
Out[108]: array([[ 0. , 2. , 4. ], [ 6. , 8. , 10. ], [12. , 14. , 4. ], [ 4.5, 5. ,
5.5], [ 6. , 6.5, 7. ]])
Speed Comparison
In [109]: import random I = 5000
In [110]: %time mat = [[random.gauss(0, 1) for j in range(I)] \ for i in range(I)]
CPU times: user 17.1 s, sys: 361 ms, total: 17.4 s
Wall time: 17.4 s
In [111]: mat[0][:5]
Out[111]: [-0.40594967782329183, -1.357757478015285, 0.05129566894355976,
-0.8958429976582192, 0.6234174778878331]
In [112]: %time sum([sum(l) for l in mat])
CPU times: user 142 ms, sys: 1.69 ms, total: 144 ms
Wall time: 143 ms
Out[112]: -3561.944965714259
In [113]: import sys
 sum([sys.getsizeof(l) for l in mat])
Out[113]: 215200000
In [114]: %time mat = np.random.standard_normal((I, I))
CPU times: user 1.01 s, sys: 200 ms, total: 1.21 s
Wall time: 1.21 s
In [115]: %time mat.sum()
CPU times: user 29.7 ms, sys: 1.15 ms, total: 30.8 ms
Wall time: 29.4 ms
Out[115]: -186.12767026606448
In [116]: mat.nbytes
Out[116]: 200000000
In [117]: sys.getsizeof(mat)
Out[117]: 200000112
Structured NumPy Arrays
In [118]: dt = np.dtype([('Name', 'S10'), ('Age', 'i4'), ('Height', 'f'), ('Children/Pets', 'i4',
2)])
In [119]: dt
Out[119]: dtype([('Name', 'S10'), ('Age', '<i4'), ('Height', '<f4'), ('Children/Pets', '<i4', (2,))])
In [120]: dt = np.dtype({'names': ['Name', 'Age', 'Height', 'Children/Pets'], 'formats':'O int
float int,int'.split()})
In [121]: dt
Out[121]: dtype([('Name', 'O'), ('Age', '<i8'), ('Height', '<f8'), ('Children/Pets', [('f0', '<i8'), ('f1',
'<i8')])])
In [122]: s = np.array([('Smith', 45, 1.83, (0, 1)), ('Jones', 53, 1.72, (2, 2))], dtype=dt)
In [123]: s
Out[123]: array([('Smith', 45, 1.83, (0, 1)), ('Jones', 53, 1.72, (2, 2))], dtype=[('Name', 'O'), ('Age',
'<i8'), ('Height', '<f8'), ('Children/Pets', [('f0', '<i8'), ('f1', '<i8')])])
In [124]: type(s)
Out[124]: numpy.ndarray
In [125]: s['Name']
Out[125]: array(['Smith', 'Jones'], dtype=object)
In [126]: s['Height'].mean()
Out[126]: 1.775
In [127]: s[0]
Out[127]: ('Smith', 45, 1.83, (0, 1))
In [128]: s[1]['Age']
Out[128]: 53
Basic Vectorization
In [129]: np.random.seed(100)
r = np.arange(12).reshape((4, 3))
s = np.arange(12).reshape((4, 3)) * 0.5
In [130]: r
Out[130]: array([[ 0, 1, 2], [ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11]])
In [131]: s
Out[131]: array([[0. , 0.5, 1. ], [1.5, 2. , 2.5], [3. , 3.5, 4. ], [4.5, 5. , 5.5]])
In [132]: r + s
Out[132]: array([[ 0. , 1.5, 3. ], [ 4.5, 6. , 7.5], [ 9. , 10.5, 12. ], [13.5, 15. ,
16.5]])
In [133]: r + 3
Out[133]: array([[ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14]])
In [134]: 2 * r
Out[134]: array([[ 0, 2, 4], [ 6, 8, 10], [12, 14, 16], [18, 20, 22]])
In [135]: 2 * r + 3
Out[135]: array([[ 3, 5, 7], [ 9, 11, 13], [15, 17, 19], [21, 23, 25]])
In [136]: r
Out[136]: array([[ 0, 1, 2], [ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11]])
In [137]: r.shape
Out[137]: (4, 3)
In [138]: s = np.arange(0, 12, 4) s
Out[138]: array([0, 4, 8])
In [139]: r + s
Out[139]: array([[ 0, 5, 10], [ 3, 8, 13], [ 6, 11, 16], [ 9, 14, 19]])
In [140]: s = np.arange(0, 12, 3)
s
Out[140]: array([0, 3, 6, 9])
In [141]: r + s
ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (4,3) (4,)
In [142]: r.transpose() + s
Out[142]: array([[ 0, 6, 12, 18], [ 1, 7, 13, 19], [ 2, 8, 14, 20]])
In [143]: sr = s.reshape(-1, 1)
sr
Out[143]: array([[0], [3], [6], [9]])
In [144]: sr.shape
Out[144]: (4, 1)
In [145]: r + s.reshape(-1, 1)
Out[145]: array([[ 0, 1, 2], [ 6, 7, 8], [12, 13, 14], [18, 19, 20]])
In [146]: def f(x):
return 3 * x + 5
In [147]: f(0.5)
Out[147]: 6.5
In [148]: f(r)
Out[148]: array([[ 5, 8, 11], [14, 17, 20], [23, 26, 29], [32, 35, 38]])
Memory Layout
In [149]: x = np.random.standard_normal((1000000, 5))
In [150]: y = 2 * x + 3
In [151]: C = np.array((x, y), order='C')
In [152]: F = np.array((x, y), order='F')
In [153]: x = 0.0; y = 0.0
In [154]: C[:2].round(2)
Out[154]: array([[[-1.75, 0.34, 1.15, -0.25, 0.98], [ 0.51, 0.22, -1.07, -0.19, 0.26],
[-0.46, 0.44, -0.58, 0.82, 0.67], ..., [-0.05, 0.14, 0.17, 0.33, 1.39],
[ 1.02, 0.3 , -1.23, -0.68, -0.87], [ 0.83, -0.73, 1.03, 0.34, -0.46]], [[-0.5 , 3.69,
5.31, 2.5 , 4.96], [ 4.03, 3.44, 0.86, 2.62, 3.51], [ 2.08, 3.87, 1.83, 4.63, 4.35],
..., [ 2.9 , 3.28, 3.33, 3.67, 5.78], [ 5.04, 3.6 , 0.54, 1.65, 1.26], [ 4.67,
1.54, 5.06, 3.69, 2.07]]])
In [155]: %timeit C.sum()
4.36 ms ± 89.3 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
In [156]: %timeit F.sum()
4.21 ms ± 71.4 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
In [157]: %timeit C.sum(axis=0)
17.9 ms ± 776 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
In [158]: %timeit C.sum(axis=1)
 35.1 ms ± 999 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
In [159]: %timeit F.sum(axis=0)
83.8 ms ± 2.63 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
In [160]: %timeit F.sum(axis=1)
67.9 ms ± 5.16 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
In [161]: F = 0.0; C = 0.0
Data Analysis with pandas
Object type Meaning Used for
DataFrame 2-dimensional data object with index Tabular data organized in
columns
Series 1-dimensional data object with index Single (time) series of data
DataFrame Class
In [1]: import pandas as pd
In [2]: df = pd.DataFrame([10, 20, 30, 40], columns=['numbers'],
index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
In [3]: df
Out[3]: numbers a 10 b 20 c 30 d 40
In [4]: df.index
Out[4]: Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], dtype='object')
In [5]: df.columns
Out[5]: Index(['numbers'], dtype='object')
In [6]: df.loc['c']
Out[6]: numbers 30 Name: c, dtype: int64
In [7]: df.loc[['a', 'd']]
Out[7]: numbers a 10 d 40
In [8]: df.iloc[1:3]
Out[8]: numbers b 20 c 30
In [9]: df.sum()
Out[9]: numbers 100 dtype: int64
In [10]: df.apply(lambda x: x ** 2)
Out[10]: numbers a 100 b 400 c 900 d 1600
In [11]: df ** 2
Out[11]: numbers a 100 b 400 c 900 d 1600
In [12]: df['floats'] = (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5)
In [13]: df
Out[13]: numbers floats a 10 1.5 b 20 2.5 c 30 3.5 d 40 4.5
In [14]: df['floats']
Out[14]: a 1.5 b 2.5 c 3.5 d 4.5 Name: floats, dtype: float64
In [15]: df['names'] = pd.DataFrame(['Yves', 'Sandra', 'Lilli', 'Henry'], index=['d', 'a',
'b', 'c'])
In [16]: df
Out[16]: numbers floats names a 10 1.5 Sandra b 20 2.5 Lilli c 30
3.5 Henry d 40 4.5 Yves
In [17]: df.append({'numbers': 100, 'floats': 5.75, 'names': 'Jil'}, ignore_index=True)
Out[17]: numbers floats names 0 10 1.50 Sandra 1 20 2.50 Lilli 2 30
3.50 Henry 3 40 4.50 Yves 4 100 5.75 Jil
In [18]: df = df.append(pd.DataFrame({'numbers': 100, 'floats': 5.75, 'names':
'Jil'}, index=['y',]))
In [19]: df
Out[19]: numbers floats names a 10 1.50 Sandra b 20 2.50 Lilli c 30
3.50 Henry d 40 4.50 Yves y 100 5.75 Jil
In [20]: df = df.append(pd.DataFrame({'names': 'Liz'}, index=['z',]), sort=False) In [21]: df
Out[21]: numbers floats names a 10.0 1.50 Sandra b 20.0 2.50 Lilli c 30.0
3.50 Henry d 40.0 4.50 Yves y 100.0 5.75 Jil z NaN NaN Liz
In [22]: df.dtypes
Out[22]: numbers float64 floats float64 names object dtype: object
In [23]: df[['numbers', 'floats']].mean()
Out[23]: numbers 40.00 floats 3.55 dtype: float64
In [24]: df[['numbers', 'floats']].std()
Out[24]: numbers 35.355339 floats 1.662077 dtype: float64
In [25]: import numpy as np
In [26]: np.random.seed(100)
In [27]: a = np.random.standard_normal((9, 4))
In [28]: a
Out[28]: array([[-1.74976547, 0.3426804 , 1.1530358 , -0.25243604], [ 0.98132079,
0.51421884, 0.22117967, -1.07004333], [-0.18949583, 0.25500144, -0.45802699,
0.43516349], [-0.58359505, 0.81684707, 0.67272081, -0.10441114], [-0.53128038,
1.02973269, -0.43813562, -1.11831825], [ 1.61898166, 1.54160517, -0.25187914,
-0.84243574], [ 0.18451869, 0.9370822 , 0.73100034, 1.36155613], [-0.32623806,
0.05567601, 0.22239961, -1.443217 ], [-0.75635231, 0.81645401, 0.75044476,
-0.45594693]])
In [29]: df = pd.DataFrame(a)
Parameters of DataFrame() function
Parameter Format Description
data ndarray/dict/DataFrame Data for DataFrame; dict can contain Series,
ndarray, list
index Index/array-like Index to use; defaults to range(n)
columns Index/array-like Column headers to use; defaults to range(n)
dtype dtype, default None Data type to use/force; otherwise, it is inferred
copy bool, default None Copy data from inputs
In [31]: df.columns = ['No1', 'No2', 'No3', 'No4']
In [33]: df['No2'].mean()
Out[33]: 0.7010330941456459
In [34]: dates = pd.date_range('2019-1-1', periods=9, freq='M')
In [35]: dates
Out[35]: DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30', '2019-
05-31', '2019-06-30', '2019-07-31', '2019-08-31', '2019-09-30'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M'
Parameters of date_range() function

Parameter Format Description

start string/datetime Left bound for generating dates
end string/datetime Right bound for generating dates
periods integer/None Number of periods (if start or end is None)
freq string/DateOffset Frequency string, e.g., 5D for 5 days
tz string/None Time zone name for localized index
normalize bool, default None Normalizes start and end to midnight
name string, default None Name of resulting index
In [36]: df.index = dates
In [38]: df.values
In [39]: np.array(df)
Basic Analytics
In [40]: df.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
DatetimeIndex: 9 entries, 2019-01-31 to 2019-09-30
Freq: M
Data columns (total 4 columns):
No1 9 non-null float64
No2 9 non-null float64
No3 9 non-null float64
No4 9 non-null float64 dtypes: float64(4) memory usage: 360.0 bytes
In [41]: df.describe()
Out[41]:
No1 No2 No3 No4
count 9.000000 9.000000 9.000000 9.000000
mean -0.150212 0.701033 0.289193 -0.387788
std 0.988306 0.457685 0.579920 0.877532
min -1.749765 0.055676 -0.458027 -1.443217
25% -0.583595 0.342680 -0.251879 -1.070043
50% -0.326238 0.816454 0.222400 -0.455947
75% 0.184519 0.937082 0.731000 -0.104411
max 1.618982 1.541605 1.153036 1.361556
In [43]: df.sum()
In [44]: df.mean()
In [45]: df.mean(axis=0)
In [46]: df.mean(axis=1)
In [47]: df.cumsum()
In [48]: np.mean(df)
In [49]: np.log(df)
In [50]: np.sqrt(abs(df))
In [51]: np.sqrt(abs(df)).sum()
In [52]: 100 * df + 100
The Series Class

In [56]: type(df)
Out[56]: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame
In [57]: S = pd.Series(np.linspace(0, 15, 7), name='series')
In [58]: S
Out[58]: 0 0.0 1 2.5 2 5.0 3 7.5 4 10.0 5 12.5 6 15.0
Name: series, dtype: float64
In [59]: type(S)
Out[59]: pandas.core.series.Series
In [60]: s = df['No1']
In [61]: s
Out[61]: 2019-01-31 -1.749765 2019-02-28 0.981321 2019-03-31 -0.189496 2019-
04-30 -0.583595 2019-05-31 -0.531280 2019-06-30 1.618982 2019-07-31
0.184519 2019-08-31 -0.326238 2019-09-30 -0.756352 Freq: M, Name: No1, dtype:
float64
In [62]: type(s)
Out[62]: pandas.core.series.Series
In [63]: s.mean()
Out[63]: -0.15021177307319458
In [65]: df['Quarter'] = ['Q1', 'Q1', 'Q1', 'Q2', 'Q2', 'Q2', 'Q3', 'Q3', 'Q3']
In [66]: groups = df.groupby('Quarter')
In [67]: groups.size()
Out[67]: Quarter Q1 3 Q2 3 Q3 3 dtype: int64
In [68]: groups.mean()
Out[68]: No1 No2 No3 No4 Quarter Q1 -0.319314 0.370634 0.305396
-0.295772 Q2 0.168035 1.129395 -0.005765 -0.688388 Q3 -0.299357 0.603071
0.567948 -0.179203
In [69]: groups.max()
Out[69]: No1 No2 No3 No4 Quarter Q1 0.981321 0.514219 1.153036
0.435163 Q2 1.618982 1.541605 0.672721 -0.104411 Q3 0.184519 0.937082
0.750445 1.361556
In [70]: groups.aggregate([min, max]).round(2)
Out[70]: No1 No2 No3 No4 min max min max min max min max
Quarter Q1 -1.75 0.98 0.26 0.51 -0.46 1.15 -1.07 0.44 Q2 -0.58 1.62 0.82 1.54
-0.44 0.67 -1.12 -0.10 Q3 -0.76 0.18 0.06 0.94 0.22 0.75 -1.44 1.36
In [71]: df['Odd_Even'] = ['Odd', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Odd']
In [72]: groups = df.groupby(['Quarter', 'Odd_Even'])
In [73]: groups.size()
Out[73]: Quarter Odd_Even Q1 Even 1 Odd 2 Q2 Even 2
Odd 1 Q3 Even 1 Odd 2 dtype: int64
In [74]: groups[['No1', 'No4']].aggregate([sum, np.mean])
Complex Selection

In [75]: data = np.random.standard_normal((10, 2))

In [76]: df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['x', 'y']
In [77]: df.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 10 entries, 0 to 9
Data columns (total 2 columns):
x 10 non-null float64
y 10 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(2)
memory usage: 240.0 bytes
In [78]: df.head()
In [79]: df.tail()
In [80]: df['x'] > 0.5
Out[80]: 0 True 1 False 2 False 3 False 4 True 5 False 6 False
7 False 8 False 9 False Name: x, dtype: bool
In [81]: (df['x'] > 0) & (df['y'] < 0)
Out[81]: 0 True 1 False 2 False 3 True 4 True 5 False 6 False
7 False 8 False 9 False dtype: bool
In [82]: (df['x'] > 0) | (df['y'] < 0)
Out[82]: 0 True 1 True 2 True 3 True 4 True 5 False 6 False
7 True 8 True 9 True dtype: bool
In [83]: df[df['x'] > 0]
In [84]: df.query('x > 0')
In [86]: df.query('x > 0 & y < 0')
In [87]: df[(df.x > 0) | (df.y < 0)]
Concatenation, Joining, and Merging

In [90]: df1 = pd.DataFrame(['100', '200', '300', '400'], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
columns=['A',])
In [91]: df1
Out[91]: A a 100 b 200 c 300 d 400
In [92]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(['200', '150', '50'], index=['f', 'b', 'd'],
columns=['B',])
In [93]: df2
Out[93]: B f 200 b 150 d 50
In [94]: df1.append(df2, sort=False)
Out[94]: A B a 100 NaN b 200 NaN c 300 NaN d 400 NaN f NaN 200
b NaN 150 d NaN 50
In [95]: df1.append(df2, ignore_index=True, sort=False)
Out[95]: A B 0 100 NaN 1 200 NaN 2 300 NaN 3 400 NaN 4 NaN 200
5 NaN 150 6 NaN 50
In [96]: pd.concat((df1, df2), sort=False)
Out[96]: A B a 100 NaN b 200 NaN c 300 NaN d 400 NaN f NaN 200
b NaN 150 d NaN 50
In [97]: pd.concat((df1, df2), ignore_index=True, sort=False)
Out[97]: A B 0 100 NaN 1 200 NaN 2 300 NaN 3 400 NaN 4 NaN 200
5 NaN 150 6 NaN 50
In [98]: df1.join(df2)
Out[98]: A B a 100 NaN b 200 150 c 300 NaN d 400 50
In [99]: df2.join(df1)
Out[99]: B A f 200 NaN b 150 200 d 50 400
In [100]: df1.join(df2, how='left')
In [101]: df1.join(df2, how='right')
In [102]: df1.join(df2, how='inner')
In [103]: df1.join(df2, how='outer')
In [104]: df = pd.DataFrame()
In [105]: df['A'] = df1['A']
In [106]: df
Out[106]: A a 100 b 200 c 300 d 400
In [107]: df['B'] = df2
In [108]: df
Out[108]: A B a 100 NaN b 200 150 c 300 NaN d 400 50
In [109]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': df1['A'], 'B': df2['B']})
In [110]: df
Out[110]: A B a 100 NaN b 200 150 c 300 NaN d 400 50 f NaN
200
In [111]: c = pd.Series([250, 150, 50], index=['b', 'd', 'c']) df1['C'] = c df2['C'] = c
In [112]: df1
Out[112]: A C a 100 NaN b 200 250.0 c 300 50.0 d 400 150.0
In [113]: df2
Out[113]: B C f 200 NaN b 150 250.0 d 50 150.0
In [114]: pd.merge(df1, df2)
Out[114]: A C B 0 100 NaN 200 1 200 250.0 150 2 400 150.0 50
In [115]: pd.merge(df1, df2, on='C')
Out[115]: A C B 0 100 NaN 200 1 200 250.0 150 2 400 150.0 50
In [116]: pd.merge(df1, df2, how='outer')
Out[116]: A C B 0 100 NaN 200 1 200 250.0 150 2 300 50.0 NaN 3
400 150.0 50
In [117]: pd.merge(df1, df2, left_on='A', right_on='B')
In [118]: pd.merge(df1, df2, left_on='A', right_on='B', how='outer')
In [119]: pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True)
In [120]: pd.merge(df1, df2, on='C', left_index=True)
In [121]: pd.merge(df1, df2, on='C', right_index=True)
In [122]: pd.merge(df1, df2, on='C', left_index=True, right_index=True)
In [123]: data = np.random.standard_normal((1000000, 2))
In [124]: data.nbytes
Out[124]: 16000000
In [125]: df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['x', 'y'])
In [126]: df.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 1000000 entries, 0 to 999999
Data columns (total 2 columns):
x 1000000 non-null float64
y 1000000 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(2)
memory usage: 15.3 MB

Classes

In [1]: class HumanBeing(object):

def __init__(self, first_name, eye_color):
self.first_name = first_name
self.eye_color = eye_color
self.position = 0
def walk_steps(self, steps):
self.position += steps
In [2]: Sandra = HumanBeing('Sandra', 'blue')
In [3]: Sandra.first_name
Out[3]: 'Sandra'
In [4]: Sandra.position
Out[4]: 0
In [5]: Sandra.walk_steps(5)
In [6]: Sandra.position
Out[6]: 5
Python Objects

int

In [7]: n = 5
In [8]: type(n)
Out[8]: int
In [9]: n.numerator
Out[9]: 5
In [10]: n.bit_length()
Out[10]: 3
In [11]: n + n
Out[11]: 10
In [12]: 2 * n
Out[12]: 10
In [13]: n.__sizeof__()
Out[13]: 28
Class Example:

class Vector(object):
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, z=0):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.z = z
def __repr__(self):
return 'Vector(%r, %r, %r)' % (self.x, self.y, self.z)
def __abs__(self):
return (self.x ** 2 + self.y ** 2 + self.z ** 2) ** 0.5
def __bool__(self):
return bool(abs(self))
def __add__(self, other):
x = self.x + other.x
y = self.y + other.y
z = self.z + other.z
return Vector(x, y, z)
def __mul__(self, scalar):
return Vector(self.x * scalar, self.y * scalar,self.z * scalar)
def __len__(self):
return 3
def __getitem__(self, i):
if i in [0, -3]:
return self.x
elif i in [1, -2]:
return self.y
elif i in [2, -1]:
return self.z
else:
raise IndexError('Index out of range.')
def __iter__(self):
for i in range(len(self)):
yield self[i]