Papers: Somerville/Narayanan

EC2 has been well-served: we have had good be published first as ENVs. This is equivalent a n extension of thesituationinthe UK,
experienced people who have worked well t o BSI’s Drafts for Development. ENVs are where BS 81 10is supported by a handbook
together professionally. The work has not ‘optional’, and have a life of 3 years, with andtheInstitution’sowndesignmanual,
been relegated to something done in odd a possible extension of 2 years. Thereafter, which was well received by its membership.
moments, with precedence given to other, t h e eyi t h ebr e c o mE
e N Sw, h i c ahr e In summary, there is a school of thought
more pressing matters. mandatory, or
are
dropped (which is that Codes are becoming too complicated,
unlikely). and a European Code is bound to be worse
The future There should therefore be plenty of time than a national Code. I do not believe this
TheCommission plansto
transfer
the for engineers to become familiar with them,t o be true. EC2 contains some improvements
responsibility for Eurocode work to CEN, before they have to use them ‘in anger’. EC2 compared with national practice; moreover,
during 1989, together with a budget to ensurewill be strongly supported bybackup the drive towards simplification described
thattheworkcontinueswithoutlossof documentation in the form of commentaries earlier, coupled with support documentation,
expertiseoreffort.Althoughnothing is andhandbooks - giving explanations, will makethegradualchange-overfairly
will simplifications, and design examples. This is painless.
definite as yet, it is likely that Eurocodes

Comparison of design requirements in ECZ

and BS 8110
R. S. Narayanan, BE, MSC, DIC,
CEng , FIStructE
S. B. Tietz & P a r t n e r s

Introduction which follow the principles and satisfy their prestressing steel; BS 81 10 adopts 1 15 for
The final draft of EC2: ‘Part 1’ has been published requirements. It is permissible to use alternative reinforcement and forconcrete it uses I 5 in
as Draft for Development (a prestandard) to enable design rules. It is proposed to print the principles bending, 1-25 in shear, and 1.4 for bond. This
Member States to familiarise themselves with it in a distinct typeface so that they stand out. gives rise to discrepancies in the calculation of
before it is published in about 3 years as a design A number of numerical values will appear within strength of members, particularly in shear.
Code. Since the original draft was issued in 1984 boxes, and these are meant to be for guidance only. For continuous beams and slabs without
for consultation, it has undergone a number of Each Member State is required to fix the values cantilevers subjected dominantly to uniformly
changes. This article describes the salient features that will apply within its jurisdiction. The aim, in distributed loads, EC2 recommends consideration
of EC2 and the significant differences between it the long run, is to harmonise the values across of two load cases - (a) alternate spans carrying
and BS8110.The comments in the article are based Europe as much as possible. the full factored dead and imposed loads, with
on the September 1988 draft. Terminology employed will be generally familiar other spans carrying the full factored dead load;
to UK engineers, although there are some new and (b) any two adjacent spans carrying the full
Scope words. Thus ‘loads’ are referred to as ‘actions’, factored dead and imposed loads, with other spans
EC2 is to be published in a number of ‘Parts’ ‘bending moments’ and ‘shear forces’ are called carrying factoreddeadload. BS 81 10, while
dealing with different types of structureand ‘internal forces and moments,’ ‘superimposed adopting the first load case, uses ‘all spans loaded’
construction. as noted below: loads’ are ‘variable loads’, and ‘self-weight’ and as the second load case. Also in BS 81 10, the load
‘dead loads’ are referred to as ‘permanent loads’. factor on the dead load is reduced to 1 for spans
Part 1: RC and prestressed concrete in Chapters are sequenced on the basis of action not loaded with superimposed loading. Table 4
buildings effects rather than on the types of member, as in shows the load cases to be considered for
Part 1A: Plain concrete BS 8110. Thus chaptersonbendingand continuous beams with equal spans and uniformly
Part 1B: Precast concrete longitudinal force, shear, torsion, and punching distributed loading and comparison of the bending
Part 1C: Lightweight concrete shear, will apply to any element, be they beams, moments. BS 81 10 will give about 8-15070more
Part ID Prestressed concrete using unbonded slabs,
columns or foundations. Prestressed spanmoments, while the moment at
the
or external tendons concrete has not been given a special design section penultimate support will be almost identical.
Part 2: RC and prestressed concrete in as in BS 81 10, but each chapter deals with matters Moments over internal supports according to BS
bridge structures relevant to prestressed members. Inevitably, some 8110 will be about 85% of the EC2 moments.
Part 3: Concrete foundations specific referencesto members, such as corbels and
Part 4: Liquid-retaining structures deep beams have been found to be necessary. Also,
Part 5: Temporary structures detailing rules have been provided for specific Minimum design horizontal force
Part 6: Massive civil engineering structures member types, such as beams, slabs and columns. EC2 deals with this in a differentway to BS 81 10.
EC2 uses limit state principles. It wants the designer to assume an artificial
Part 1 will contain seven chapters and 10 Concrete strength in EC2 refers to the cylinder inclinaton of the structureand assess the effect of
appendices. The main text of the Code is meant strength (Jck). The relationship between cylinder this imperfection onthe ovrall stability. The
to contain material used frequently by the,designer, and cube strengths is givenat the beginning of the deviation from the vertical may be replaced at each
with appendices dealing with matter required only Code (see Table 1). When concretegrades are floor level by equivalent horizontal forces equal
occasionally in a design office. quoted in the document, both cylinder and cube to the product of the factored vertical loads and
EC2: ‘Part 1’ is broadly comparable in its scope strengths are noted. the assumed inclination. The effect of these
to BS 81 10:Parts I and 2, although precast and horizontal loads is then compared with that of
lightweight concrete are not dealt with. Frame anlaysis otherhorizontal loads (such as wind load) to
There are slight differences in the partial safety identify the critical load.
General factors for loads. EC2 uses factors of l * 35 for BS 81 1requires
0 the structure to be designed
Layout deadloadsand l - 5 forimposedloads. for 1 5% of the characterisitc dead load above any
EC2 will comprise principles and rules of Corresponding values in BS 8I10 are 1 - 4 and 1 - 6 one level or factoredhorizontal design loads,
application.Principles are general statements, (see Table 2). whichever is greater.
definitions, other requirements, and analytical As shown in Table 3, EC2 adopts asingle value The EC2 approach will generally give about a
models for which no alternative is permitted. The for the partial safety factors for materials, i.e. l 5 third of the notional force recommended in BS
rules of application are generally recognised rules concreteand 1 - 15 forreinforcementand 81 10.Table 5 illustrates the comparison for

2 18 E n g i nS
e et rru/ V
c toulruam
l e The 67/No. 11/6 J u n e 1989
 Paper: Narayanan

different heights of buildings subjected to typical neutral axis to ( 0 - 4 4 gives rise to discrepancies Torsion
office loading. between the two Codes when the concrete moment Like BS 8110, EC2 requires torsion to be
of resistance of the section is calculated. BS 81 10 considered only when static equilibrium of the
Redistribution of
moments in continuous will give about 25% greater capacity compared to structure depends on the torsional resistance of the
structures EC2 (see Table 9). element. EC2 suggeststhat, even in other elements,
torsion may have to be considered to prevent
EC2 permits redistribution of moments in non-
sway structures subject to equilibrium between the Shear crackingcaused by particular structural
Applied shear force ( Vsd)is compared with three arrangements.
distributed moment and applied loads being
values for the resistance (VRd). There are differences between the two Codes in
maintained. Themaximum redistribution
VRdl represents the shear capacity of the the calcultion of thetorsional resistance of
permitted is relatedtotheductilityof
concrete alone; VRdZ is the shear resistance members. EC2 requires the cross-sections to be
reinforcement, i.e. whether it has high or low
determined by the capacity of the notional concrete transformed into idealised thin-walled closed
ductility. The ratio of the redistributed moment
struts; and vRd3 is the capacity of a section with sections and proceeds to give forumlae for the
to the moment before the distribution is limited
shear reinforcement. calculation ofthe resistance of thin-walled sections
to 70% for the former and 85% for the latter. EC2
Table 10 summarises the shear formulae. (see Table 14). BS 81 10uses plastic distribution
gives a dispensation against explicit check on
Inthe calculation of account is taken of of shear stress across the whole cross-section. Both
rotation capacity of critical sections provided
depth of the member percentage of longitudinal Codes set limits on the maximum torsion
certain conditions are met. These essentially relate
steel, presence of any axial force, and concrete permitted, even with reinforcement.For
the amount of redistribution to the neutral axis
strength. There is a requirement in EC2 which is rectangular sections, BS 81 10generally givesabour
depth. EC2 requirements are more severe in this
not in BS 81 10, i.e.that the depth correction factor 20-25% more resistance compared to EC2.
respect, compared to BS 81 10(see Table 6). EC2
also limits the depth of the neutral axis to 0.4d should be taken as l in members that use curtailed
reinforcement. Apparently, this is meant to cover Punching shear
compared to 0 - 5 d in BS 8110. (d is the effective
cases where more than 50% of the bottom bars The method of calculating the punching shear
depth.) While no redistribution is permitted in
have been curtailed. resistance is largely similar in both Codes. The
sway frames in EC2, up to 10% redistribution is
critical perimeter is taken at 1 5d from the face
permitted in BS 8110. If V,, is less than VRdl, nominalshear
of the load in both Codes. (d is the effective depth.)
In a member, designed using plastic analysis, reinforcement is required except in slabs and
EC2 uses rounded corners, whereas BS 8110 does
EC2 sets an upper limit to the amount of members of minor importance where shear
not. The method of dealing with moment transfer
reinforcement. It restricts the reinforcement to half reinforcement may be omitted.
is presented differently in the two Codes, but the
the area required in a balanced section (see Table Table 11 compares the basic shear stresses in
effective shear force to be considered is about the
7). This is to ensure that themember has sufficient concrete for various combinations of depth and
same in both. The threshold at which the slab
ductility to realise theassumptions of plastic reinforcement percentage for C20125 concrete. As
needs to be reinforced for punching shear in EC2
analysis. There is no corresponding requirement can be seen, EC2 tends to give lower values for
all but low percentages of reinforcement. This is is about 70% of the BS 8110 values. Again, the
in BS 8110.
use of a higher partial safety factor in EC2 explains
partly explained by the adoption of a lower load
factor in shear in BS 81 10.Thus a few members part of the discrepancy.
Durability
Like BS 8110, EC2 has a number of durability which would not have been reinforced for shear
requirements. EC2 defines nine exposure classes, according to BS 81 10 may need reinforcement if Buckling
and these correspond to the first four exposure designed in accordance with EC2. This chapter generally corresponds to the chapter
conditions of BS 81 10. There is no class in EC2 Table 12 shows the basic notation usedin on columns in BS 8110, butEC2 also covers
corresponding to the 'extreme' exposure condition connection with shear. slender beams. Although EC2 apprently uses a
of BS 81 10.For concrete requirements, EC2 refers Once shear reinforcement has been found to be slightly more complex procedure, the end result
to a supporting standard ENV 206, which is still becessary, EC2 provides two alternative methods is remarkably similar in both Codes and, in fact,
in draft form.This stipulates the minimum cement for the calculation of the reinforcement. One is EC2 is marginally more economic. The step-by-
content and maximum waterlcement ratio for each called the 'standard method' which is similar to step procedure is shown in Table 15.
exposure class but does not give the concrete grade BS81 10, where notionalconcretestruts are It should be noted that, in EC2, slenderness is
deemed to satisfy these two separate requirements. assumed to be at 45". The contribution of the shear based not on the dimension of the column, but
Minimum cover to reinforcement and prestressing reinforcement is calculated in much the same way on its radius of gyration.
steel is given and these are boxed. Tolerance to in both Codes. VRd3 is thesum of the Like BS 81 10, EC2 gives limits forthe
allow forworkmanship deficiencies should be contributions of concrete and steel. slenderness of beams to prevent lateral buckling.
added to these valvues. Unlike BS 81 10, EC2 does The alternative method is called the 'variable Beams are considered non-slender if the lengths
not permit the reduction in cover if concrete of strut inclination method' where the designer is between effective lateral restraints is less than 50
better quality than the specified minimum is used. permitted to assume an inclination between about b and the depthof the beam is less than 2 - 5 times
The general requirements of the two Codes are 22" and 68" for the concrete struts. Adopting this the width. ( b is the width of the compression
summarised in Table 8. method, the shear reinforcement can be reduced flange.) The EC2 requirements are slightly more
For the various exposure classes, waterlcement depending on the angle assumed. However, in this restrictive compared to BS 8110 in this regard.
ratios are thesame in both Codes. Minimum method, all the shear is resisted by reinforcement, Neither Code gives any guidance as to what one
cement content
and
nominalcover
to ignoring the concrete contribution. The formulae must do if these limits are exceeded.
reinforcement are slightly less onerous in EC2. In are summarised in Table 13.
practice, concrete grades are unlikely to be much For sectons close to the support, enhancement Serviceability limit states
different when designing to EC2. of the shear resistance is recognised; but, unlike Limitationofstresses andtheir serviceability
Thecurrent draft does notcontainanyfire BS 81 10, rather thanenhancing the resistance, the conditions
requirements. An appendix is to be added in due applied shear is reduced by a factor. This check isto prevent formation of longitudinal
course. Even when shear reinforcement is provided, the cracks and microcracking in members with
applied shear should be less than VRd2, and a excessive compressive stress under service load.
Ultimate limit states formula for calculating this is provided. This is There is no corresponding requirement for RC
Bending and longitudinal force similar to limiting the maximum shear stress to 0.8 structure in BS 8110. Limits on the stresses have
The basic design assumptions in EC2 are almost f,, in BS81 10. There is good correspondence been given. There is also a dispensation for not
identical with those in BS 81 LO. However, the between the Codes in this respect. carrying out these checks if certain conditionsare
simplified stress blocks in thetwoCodes are In summary, therefore, some members, when met.
different (see Table 9). In EC2theconcrete designed to EC2, may require shear reinforcement, In general there would be no need to carry out
compression is taken as ( 0 -85 f&). The depth whereas BS 81 10 may not have demanded this. this separate check.
of the compression block is limited to (0.8 x), When reinforcement for shear is foundto be
where x is the depth of the neutal axis. These necessary, there is unlikely to be significant Cracking
assumptions, together with the limitation of the differences in the amount of reinforcement. EC2 gives a formula for calculating the minimum

The Structural EngineedVolume 67/No. 11/6 June 1989 219

Paper: Narayanan
~~ ~~~ ~

reinforcement to prevent uncontrolled cracking. similar to the BS 8110 requirements, which are than 0.8 f c k in EC2 and 25 N/mm2 in BS 8110.
Distinction is made between those cracks caused based on different parameters (see Tables 18 and EC2 recommends that the concrete grade should
primarily by restraint and thosecaused primarily 19). liebetween C12/15 and C50/60, unless use of
by loading. Tables are provided for limiting bar When bars are curtailed in flexural members, different grades can be justified. In BS 81 10, the
spacings and bar diameters to limit crack widths EC2 requires the theoretical section at which the minimum grades of concrete are C30 for post-
without performing the crack width calculations. anchorage begins to be longitudinally displaced by tensioning and C40 for pretensioning. Concrete
The requirements are slightly more onerous in a length whichis defined in theCode.It is cover requirements are slightly more onerous in
EC2 compared with BS 8110. approximatelyequal to half thedepth of the EC2 compared to BS8110.
member. This is referred to as the 'shift rule'. Thus EC2 requires the designer t o consider two
Deformation the total length of bars in EC2 islikely to be characteristic values of prestressing force lying
As in BS 8110, a span/depth table is provided. marginally greater compared to BS 81 10. -
between l lpmtand 0 . 9pmtwhere pmtis the mean
There is also an optionfor calculating the value of prestressing force aftertime t, i.e. after
deflection, and guidance on this is given in an appropriate losses. This can be considered a
Minimum percentages of reinforcement
appendix. further safety measure in
ascertainingthe
There is hardly any difference between the two
The EC2 spaddepth ratio table is simpler than prestressing force, owing to theuncertainty in the
Codes in the minimum longitudinal reinforcement
in BS8110(see Table 16). For eachtype of calculation of losses. There is no corresponding
in beams and slabs. For shear reinforcement,EC2
member, it provides two values, one for highly requirement in BS 81 10.
gives percentages depending onthe concrete
stressed members and another forlightly stressed BS8110classifies prestressed members with
stength. The strongerthe concrete, the higher the
members. In this context, memberswith less than percentage. In EC2 the maximum spacing of shear respect to service conditions. EC2 does not have
0.5% reinforcement are considered lightly stressed reinforcement is related to the ratio of Vsd/vRd2 a similar classification. It requires the crack width
and members with 1 5 % reinforcement are to be limited to0.2mmfor exposure class 2
and it ranges from 0.8d for lower ratios and 0 -3d
considered highly stressed. Interpolationand (moderate and severe classification inBS 8 l 10)for
for higher ratios. In BS 8110, there is a blanket
extrapolation are permitted. maximum spacing of 0-75d. post-tensioned work. For more severe conditions,
Generally, the EC2values are marginally higher For columns, EC2 requires the reinforcement it requires the tendonsto lie at least 25 mm within
than those given in the British Code, and slightly to be not less than 0 -3% and not greater than 8% concrete under compression or asks the designer
shallower construction would be possible. (even at laps). BS 81 10 gives the minimum value to consider coating of the tendons and limiting the
as 0.4% and the maximum value of up to 10% crack width to 0.2mm.
Detailing at laps. There is an overriding requirement in EC2 In the calculation of shear resistance, EC2 does
The main text contains detailing requirements for that the reinforcement alone should be able to not distinguish between cracked and uncracked
bars less than or equal to 32mm dia. embedded carry at least 15% of the applied load, anold C P sections, as does BS 8110. It increases the
normal weight concrete. For larger bars, additional 1 10 requirement. contribution of concrete to shear resistance by15070
rules are given in an appendix. The
requirements of the two Codes are of the stress caused by the axial force.
Formulae for calculating cmic !ap lengths are summarised in Tables 20 and 21. Thus in EC2 much is left to the designer, and
similar tothose in BS 8110, butEC2 uses there is more freedom in design compared to BS
marginally lower bond stress. It should also be 81 10.
remembered that thematerial safety factor in BS Limitation of damage due to accidental forces
81 10 is 1 - 4 , whereas it is 1.5 in EC2. Basic lap The requirements here are similar to BS 8110, Conclusions
lengths in 'good' bond conditions are virtually although detailed information on thetie forces is It is difficult to generalise the likely overall impact
identical for type 2 deformed barsin both Codes, not given in EC2. of using EC2. Marginally shallower beams and
but EC2 demands slightly longer lap lengths for slabs may be possible with the higher span/depth
plain bars (see Table 17). The main reason for the Prestressed concrete ratios for members. Members subject to flexure
difference is the adoption of lower bond stresses EC2 gives only general principles for the design may require slightly more reinforcement because
for plain bars in EC2. For fabrics, EC2 gives of prestressed concrete members. BS 81 10 gives of the reduced moment of resistance of the
guidance only for welded mesh made of ribbed more detailed guidance on a number of items, e.g. concrete associated withthe simplified stress block.
wires. design of beams. Where it is required,shearreinforcement is
EC2 states that good bond conditions will apply: In EC2, initial prestress in tendons should be unlikely to be significantly different between the
(a) to the whole member if it is 250mm or less in limited to 0.75 Fpkbut, in any case, this should Codes, although some membersnot reinforced for
thickness; and (b) for membersthicker than not exceed 0.85 fpO.,k, where f p k is the shear may now require shear reinforcement. Slabs
250mm, to thelower half (as cast) of the member, characteristic strength of the prestressing tendon subject to punchingshear are likely to need
or to the zone below 300mm from the topsurface, and fpO.,k is the characteristic 0.1'3'0 proof stress. reinforcing at a lower load comparedto BS 81 10.
if this is greater. Zones where goodbond In BS 81 10 the initial prestress is limited to 70% Columns are marginally more economical with
conditions do not apply are considered to have of the characteristicstength, with an absolute EC2. Lap lengths are essentially thesame for
poor bond conditions, andthe calculated lap upper limit of 75%. In EC2, maximum jacking deformed bars and are marginally longer in EC2
lengths will need to be increased by about 40%. force can be up to 0-8fpk. At the discretion of for plain bars. The shift rule for detailing will
Also EC2 requires additional
lap lengths the designer, it can be increased 0.9 f p O . l kIn. BS increase the total length of bars used. Durability
depending on various conditions related to cover 81 10, the corresponding limits are 75% and 80% requirements are slightly less onerous in EC2.
to the bars,spacing of bars, and percentage of bars of the characteristic stength. Concretegrades to be used are unlikely to be
lapped at any one section. These are somewhat Concrete stength at transfershould be not less different.

TABLE l - Cylinder/cube strength relationship

220 The Structural EngineedVolume 67/No. 11/6 June 1989

 Paper: Narayanan

TABLE 2.1 - Partial factors on loa& for the ultimate limit state TABLE 5 - Minimum design horizontal loads
FORMULAE: Nu = l / (100\rl)*an (rad.)
ypeCombination
Load
Load an = <(l + l/n)/2
1 = total height ofthestructure
Earth Acci-
dntal,
Wind
Permanent
Variable
and
water

Beneficial Adverse Beneficial Adverse h

(1) Permanent t 1 1.35 0 1.5' 1.35 - -
variable

(2) Permanent t
wind
(3) Permanent
t variable
1

1
1.35
1.35
-
0
-

1.35
1.35
1.35
1.5
135
-

-
xv
t wind
(4) Permanent 1 1 .OS 0 0.F 1.05 0.3 1
t variable
t accidental
t wind
I AH as in Fig (a) I
* This may be reduced to 1.35, when considering the simultaneous effects of more
than one type of variable load on the structure.
** This should be increased to 1.05, in buildings used predominantly for storage.

RESULTS: Storey height : 3.5m

Gk = 6 kN/m2 Qk = 5 kN/mZ
TABLE 2.2 - Load combinations

Loadcombination I Loadtype For the first storey:

I Dead I ImDosed TEarth and Wind

I
Adverse BeneficialAdverse
water
Benefici: pressure
EC2 BS8 1 10

l
1. Dead and imposec 1 - 4 1*4 n Nu an H 0.015Gk
(and earth and 3 0.003 1 0.8165 0.1179 0.27
water pressure) 5 0.0025 0.7746 0.15 10 0.45
l.* 0.7559 0.2064 0.63
2. Dead and wind 1-4 1 *4 7 0.0025
10 0.0025 0.7416 0.2892 0.90
(and earth and 0.7303 0.4272 1.35
water pressure 15 0.0025

3. Dead and wind 1.2 1-2

imposed (and
earth and water
pressure)
TABLE 6 - Redistribution of moments :ductility requirements

FORMULAS:

BM after redistribution
6 (or 13) =
TABLE 3.1 - Partial factors for materials for the ultimate limit state BM before redistribution

~~ ~ ~
x = depth of neutral axe from compression face
Load
combination
Concrete Reinforcement of prestressing steel d = effective depth of the member
YC YS
ForEC 2: 6 2 (0.44 + 1.25 x/d)for concrete grade 2 C 3 5
Combinatipns 6 ;L (0.56 + 1.25 x/d)for concrete grade > C35
(1) - (3) In l L51
Table 2.1 For BS 8110: 13 2 (0.4 + x/d)
Combination (4) I lA3 1
in Table 2.1 RESULTS: for concrete grade I_ C35

l Limitive values of (x/d)

l
TABLE 3.1 - Values of yx for the ultimate limit state 6 (EC2) or EC2 BS 8110
13 (BS8110)

Reinforcement 1.15 I 0.90 I 0.37 I 0.50 I

Concrete
in
Shear
strength
flexure or axial load
without
shear reinforcement
1.50
1.25 I 0.85 I 0.33 1 0.45
Bond strength
Others (e.g. bearing stress)
l .4
> l .5 I 0.70 I 0.21 I 0.30

The Structural EngineerNolume 67/No. 11/6 June 1989 221

Paper: Narayanan

TABLE 4 - Load cases for continuous beams

1 l

I I

1.35 G, 1.35 G,

Ratios of design BMs for equal spans & G, = Q,

1.01 1.20 1.01

0.92 0.86 0.86 0.92

Ratios are EC2/BS8110

222 The Structural EngineedVolume 67mo.1116 June 1989

 Paper: Narayanan

TABLE 7 - Plastic analysis :ductility requirement - EC2 TABLE 9 - Simplified stress blocks

Clause 2.5.3.5.5

Plastic analysis without any direct check on rotationcapacity may be used

for the ultimate limit state if appropriate ductility conditions are set.

When using plastic analysis, the area of tensile reinforcement should not
exceed, at any point or in any direction, half the area required
for a reinforced concrete section at the ultimate limit state in bending to give:
x / d = 0.0035/(&yd + 0.0035) W W
Rectangular diagram - EC 2
Calculations E, = 0.0035 0.0035 ; , 0.67fc,ly ,

-
As.Fyd

&yd =
0.87 Fyk
E = 0.002
Simplified stress block - BS 8110
EC2 BS 8110
I
I
0.67fC"
x - 0.0035
- - ~ = 0.647 = => X = 0.647.d
rc rm
d 0.0055
11.17 1l .33

13.40
I 25
14.17

I 30
16.53

Concrete resisting moment

1.15 bed fYk
I EC2
I BS 8110 I
Conclusion:

For f y k = 460 N/mm2 Ro'b = 0.75% for fck = 20 N/mm2

Ro'b = 0.9% for fck = 25 N/mm2
Ro'b = 1.1% for f c k = 30 N/mm2

TABLE 8 - Durability
EC2 BS 8110
Exposure Minimum Max W/C Nominal Likely Environment Minimum Max W/C Nominal Concrete
Class cement content coverl concrete cement ratio coverl grade
content grade in UK2 content

1 260 C30 Mild 275 C30

280 c35 Moderate 300 c35

280 0.55 I 30 C40 Severe 325 C40

3 300 0.50 45 C40 Very

300 0.55 I 45 C40 Severe 325 C40

300 0.50 I 45 C40

I

223
Paper: Narayanan

TABLE IO - Shear resistance: EC2 TABLE 12 - Notation for members subjected to shear
Definitions: vsd: design shear
v,,,:design shear resistance of the section without Compression chord
reinforcement Struts
v,,,: maximum design shear force that can be carried
without crushing of the notional concrete compressive
struts
v,,,: design shear force that can be carried by a
section with shear reinforcement.

Formulas: v,,, = (Trd.k.(1.2+40.R,,)+0.15.g,,).b,.d

where Trd is the basic shear strength

b, is the minimum width of the section over the effective depth
dCp = Nd/Ac < 0.4.fcd
R,, = A,l/b, - d < 0.02
A,, is the area of tension reinforcement

v,& = 0.~.Y.fcd.bw'0.9'd.(1+COtga)
fck
where y = 0.7 - > 0.5
200

/ E ZG%-=Vcd+Vwdl
where VC, = v,,, a - the angle of the shear reinforcement with the longitudinal axis
0 - the angle of the concrete struts with the longitudinal axis

v,, = .0.9.d.fywd for vertical shear

reinforcement
S
TABLE I 1 - Concrete shear resistance:comparison of EC2 and BS8110
EC2: fck = 20 N/rnm2 BS811: f,, = 25 N/mm2

vwd = - 0 . 9 . d . f y W d - (+cotga).sina
1 inclined
for shear
S
reinforcements
A , is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement
S is the spacing of the stirrups
fywd is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement
EC2/BS

TABLE 13 - Shear resistance formulae for variable strut inclination

method: EC22 EC2/BS

Definitions: vrd2 is the maximum design shear force that can be

carried without crushing of the notional concrete EC2/BS
compressive struts.
vrd3 is the design shear force that can be carried by a
section with shear reinforcement.
8 is the angle of the concrete struts with the
longitudinal axis. EC2/BS
8 is limited to
0.4 < cot0 < 2.5 for beams with constant longitudinal
reinforcement
0.5 < cote < 2.0 for beams with curtailed
reinforcement EC2/BS

Formulae for elements with vertical reinforcement:

EC2/BS

where z may normally be taken as 0 . 9 - d

A , , is the cross sectional area of the shear reinforcement
S is the spacing of the stirrups
EC2/BS -72
-74
-76
-77
-78
-79
-79
-78
fywd is the design yield stength of the shear reinforcement
y is the effectiveness factor, given by: e92 -90-89
-87
-86
-84 -75
-81
1.221-161.121-081.051-02 -98
-91

y fck ;L 0.5
0.7 - - EC2/BS *75
-78 v79 -81
-82
-83 -83 -82
200

224 The Structural EngineedVolume 67/No. 1116 June 1989

 ;I Paper: Narayanan

TABLE I4 - Torsion requirements: EC2 TABLE 15 - Buckling: flowchart for design

The design torsional moment should satisfy the following two conditions.
(1)Classify thestructureasbracedornon-braced.
- To class as braced, it should have stiff bracing elements
capable of carrying all the horizontal loads.
(2) Classifythestructureas sway or non-sway.
- Braced structures, with core or shear walls, reasonably
where Trdl is themaximaltorsionalmoment thatcan be resisted symmetrically deployed, may be assumed to be non-sway.
by the compression struts in the concrete - In unbraced structures, check A of members carrying more
Trd2is the maximal torsional moment that can be resisted than 70% of mean axial loading.
by the reinforcement If A > 25 or 15/fy, it is sway; otherwise non-sway.

(3) Calculatetheeffectiveheight of columns.

(4) Test forslenderness - columnslender if A > Acrit

Non-sway Sway

Acrit = 25 or 15/fy whichever is

greater

cover
(5) If column is non-slender, design foraxialload andfirstorder
eccentricity but not less than (h/20)

(6) If column is slender, use thefollowing procedure for non-sway

structures and for the following case of sway structu,res:
h,, in any storey < 50 or 20/ f y whichever is greater

(7) Calculatethevariouseccentricities:
1 - Additional eccentricity to allow for imperfections:
loads:
Formulae Y '1,
eol = -
2
where t i A / u < actual wall thickness U :outer circumference Hdl Hd2
2 - First order eccentricities: eol = -
Nd, e02 = -
A : total area of the cross-section within the outer Nd2
circumference including inner hollow areas
- Effective first order eccentricity for calculation at
Ak : the area enclosed within the centre line of the thin
midheight: e, = O.6-eol + O.4-eo2
walled cross-section
or 0.4.em whichever is greater
Y = 0.7*(0-7- fck/200) > 0.35 or 0.7 - fck/200 > 0.5 for
box-sections 3 - Second order eccentricity:
e : angle between the concrete struts and the longitudinal
axis of the beam 0.4 i cot8 i 2.5
e, = kl --
10
20 - [ :] A - 0.75 for 15 < A
where k, = -
20
< 35
= l for A > 35

where uk is the circumference of S is the spacing of the stirrups

fyd is the design yield stress of the stirrups

[ $1
fyld is the design yield stress of the longitudinal reinforcement
A, is the cross sectional area of the bars used as stirrups
A, is the total area of the longitudinal bars where Eyd =

k2 is the curvature correction factor for axial load, as in

BS8110
COMPARISON OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

(8)
Design thecolumnfor:
Values of Trd/(hmin3) 1 - Axial load (Nd) and BM = N d - (eo + ea), at top or
bottom.
2 - Axial load (Nd) and BM = Nd- (e, + e, + e2), at the
middle of the column.
3 - For rectangular column bent about one axis only, bending
BS 8110 about the other axis should also be checked separately taking e,
cote = 0.4 0.72 2.00 1.32 = 0.
EC 2 4 - For columns subjected to biaxial bending, separate checks
cote = 1 1.91 2.90 about each axis are permissible under certain conditions.

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Paper: Narayanan

TABLE 16 - Basic ratios ofspadeffective depth for

reinforced concrete TABLE 18 - Modification of Basic Lap Lengths: BS 8110
members without axial conpression Top section at cast
CP110 EC2 I
Structural system Service stress: 250 N/mm2 Lightly
P 0.5% stressed
-
(1) Simply
supported beam, I I I I
one or two-way 23.6 25
spanning simply
supported slab
(2) End span of a
series of continuous
spans, two-way 30.7 35
spanning slab
continuous over onc
long side (n-Q2/4)- (0.87-fy)
F,
Normal laD length = -
(3) Interior span of
beam or one-way 0 1
two-way spanning 30.7 35
slab

(4) Slab supported

on columns without
beams (flat slab)
(based on longer
span)
27.6 30
r Bar Condition Lap Length

- 1 In all cases Normal

( 5 ) Cantilever 8.3 10 2 dt > 2.9 Normal
A

dt <2-Q 1-4.Normal
TABLE I7 - Comparison of bond stresses and lap lengths
Basic lap length in EC 2 is I,. -
db OR ds <2 Q or distance between
adjacent laps <the greater of 75mm l .4*Normal
As,cal
1, = lb,net-a1 lb,net = a-lb.- > Ib,min or 6.4
As,ef otherwise: Normal
dt OR ds < 2 -+or distance between
4 . fYd
1b = -- adjacent laps <the greater of 75mm 2.Normal
4 fbd or 6 * +
otherwise: Normal
a : coefficient for type of reinforcement
a = 1 for straightbars TABLE 19 - Modification of Basic Lap Lengths: EC2
a = 0.7 for curved bars in tension

h<
a1 coefficient to allow for cover, spacing
of bars, 970 of bars lapped at one
section

As, cal: area of reinforcement required

AS,I
ef: area of reinforcement provided
ComDarison of bond stresses
Plain bars Deformed Type2 Fabric
fck EC2 BS 81 10 EC 2 BS 8110 EC 2 BS 8110
H>
C20/25 1.1 1.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 3.3

C25/30 1.2 1.5 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.6

3.2 3 .O 3.2 4.0 =good bond

conditions
poor
band
conditions
Tension bars
Comparison of basic lap lengths Condition 1 : ds > 5 * D
Condition 2 : a >lo- D
Lengths as multiples of bar diameter
Condition 3 : less than 30% of thebars in the section are lapped
Plain bars Deformed Type 2 Fabric in one location.

l :
fck EC 2 BS 8110 EC 2 BS 81 10 EC 2* BS 8110
Condition l Yes Yes Yes No No
C20125 49 39 42 41 42<->84 31
Condition 2 Yes Yes No Yes No
36
Condition 3 Yes No Yes Yes No
32 31 <->62
I I I l

Note (*) :(1) EC 2 has no direct requirement regardingthe number of weld

intersections with anchored length.
(2) The lower value will apply to most standard mesh produced
in UK. Long Mesh will require lengths approaching the upper Bars in compression
values. Lap length = normal lap length

226 The Structural EngineerNolume 67/No. 1116 June 1989

 Paper: Narayanan

TABLE 20 - Reinforcement requirements: beams and slabs

EC2 BS 8110
Longitudinal reinsorcement

Flanged beams, web in tension

bw
As 0.6 (1)- < 0.4
b
-> -
bt-d Fyk

W
A,/b;h> 0.00320.0018
bw .
(2)-z 0.4 or rectangular
0.0013
0.0024
sections b
As
- > 0.0015
bt-d
Flanged beams, flange in tension:
(1) T-beams

As
(2) L-beams As/bw*h> 0 0048
I- I 0.0026

A,
< 0.04 (other than at laps)
As
+0.04
Ac
As/bw.h>
I- I
0 00240.0013

RO W =
ASW

- -
s bw sina
Min.valuesof

Concrete
grade
Ro

C16/20 and C20/25 0.0016

C25/30 to C35/45 0.0024
1 W:

S220 ~
Shear reinf -cement

0.4
S400

O.ooo9
0.0013
Asw

bv sv-
<
0.87.Fyv

I
i.e.

220 I 250 I 400

C40/45 to C50/55 0.0030

Diameter of shear reinforcemenLt i 12mm for round plain bars.

0.0016 Asw/bv.sv
I 0.0021
l
0.0018
0.0011
l
Spacing: if V, < 1/5 Vrd2: Smax = 0.8d <300mm S < 0.75-d
if l/5 Vrd2 < Vsd < 2/3 Vrd2: Smax=0.6d <300mm
if Vsd > 2/3 Vrd2:
Smax = 0.3d <300mm

For slabs: transverse reinforcement

As > 0.2.A~ AS > 0.25.A~

main trans main
trans

TABLE 21 - Reinforcement requirement :columns

EC 2 BS 8110

Longitudinal reinforcement ~ Compression

As As As
0.003 < - < 0.08 - > 0.004 and - < 0.06 vertically cast columns
Ac Ac Ac
< 0.08 horizontally cast columns
< 0.1 laps in vertic. or horiz. cast columns
Transverse reinforcement

d(main) dt>6mm
dt >
4 d(main)
Spacing: < 12-d (main) dt > ~

< least dimension of the column 4

< 300 mm
Spacing reduced by 0.6 : Spacing: < 12*d(main)
* above and below beam or slab for a height
equal to the largest dimension of the column.
* near lapped joints if d(main) > 14 mm.

The Structural EngineedVolume 67/No.11/6 June 1989 227