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Chapter - 1 Introduction of Signal and System

The document defines and classifies different types of signals. It discusses: 1) Continuous-time and discrete-time signals, which are defined based on whether the independent variable is continuous or discrete. 2) Analog and digital signals, where analog signals can take any value and digital signals are restricted to a finite set of values. 3) Deterministic and random signals, which are completely specified or characterized statistically. 4) Even, odd, periodic, and non-periodic signals, which have specific properties when the independent variable changes sign or increases. 5) Energy and power signals, which are classified based on whether their normalized energy or power is finite.

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Md Minhaj Ahmed Ahmed
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63 views3 pages

Chapter - 1 Introduction of Signal and System

The document defines and classifies different types of signals. It discusses: 1) Continuous-time and discrete-time signals, which are defined based on whether the independent variable is continuous or discrete. 2) Analog and digital signals, where analog signals can take any value and digital signals are restricted to a finite set of values. 3) Deterministic and random signals, which are completely specified or characterized statistically. 4) Even, odd, periodic, and non-periodic signals, which have specific properties when the independent variable changes sign or increases. 5) Energy and power signals, which are classified based on whether their normalized energy or power is finite.

Uploaded by

Md Minhaj Ahmed Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter – 1 Introduction of Signal and System

1.1 SIGNALS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

A signal is a function representing a physical quantity or variable, and typically it contains


information. Mathematically, a signal is represented as a function of an independent variable t.
Usually t represents time. Thus, a signal is denoted by x(t).

A. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals:


A signal x(t) is a continuous-time signal if t is a continuous variable. If t is a discrete variable, that is,
x(t) is defined at discrete times, then x(t) is a discrete-time signal. Continuous time signal is
represented by x(t) and discrete time signal is represented by x[n].

(a) (b)
Fig. 1-1 Graphical representation of (a) continuous-time and (b) discrete-time signals.

We can also explicitly list the values of the sequence. For example, the sequence shown in Fig. l-
l(b) can be written as
x[n] = {..., 0,0,1,2,2,1,0,1,0,2,0,0 ,... } We use the arrow to denote the n = 0 term.

If arrow is not indicated then the first term corresponds to the n= 0 and x[n] will be zero for n<0.

B. Analog and Digital Signals:


If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take on any value from -∞ to + ∞ then the continuous-time
signal x(t) is called an analog signal. If a signal x(t) can take on only a finite number of distinct
values, then we call this signal a digital signal.

C. Deterministic and Random Signals:


Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely specified for any given time.
Thus, a deterministic signal can be modeled by a known function of time t . Random signals are
those signals that take random values at any given time and must be characterized statistically.

D. Even and Odd Signals:


A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if

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x(-t) = x(t)
x[-n] = x[n]
A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if
x(-t) = -x(t)
x[-n] = -x[n]
Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals, one of which is even and one of
which is odd. That is,
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
x[n] = xe[n] + xo[n]
Where xe(t) = { x(t) + x(-t)}
xo(t) = { x(t) - x(-t)}

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 1-2 Examples of even signals (a and b ) and odd signals (c and d)

E. Periodic and Non-periodic Signals:


A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be periodic with period T if there is a positive nonzero value
of T for which
x(t + T) = x(t) for all t
This definition doesn’t hold for the DC signal. For a DC signal x(t) the fundamental period is
undefined since x(t) is periodic for any choice of T.
Any continuous-time signal which is not periodic is called a non-periodic (or a-periodic ) signal.

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A sequence (discrete-time signal) x[n] is periodic with period N if there is a positive integer N for
which
x[n +N] =x[n] all n
Any sequence which is not periodic is called a nonperiodic (or aperiodic sequence).

Fig. 1-3 Examples of periodic signals.

F. Energy and Power Signals:


For a continuous-time signal x(t), the normalized energy content E of x(t) is defined as
∫ x(t)|2dt
The normalized average power P of x(t) is defined as
P ∫ x(t)|2dt
Similarly, for a discrete-time signal x[n], the normalized energy content E of x[n] is defined as
E ∑ x[n]|2
The normalized average power P of x[n] is defined as
P ∑ x[n]|2
Important notes:-
1. x(t) (or x[n]) is said to be an energy signal (or sequence) if and only if 0 < E < ∞, and so P = 0.
2. x(t) (or x[n]) is said to be a power signal (or sequence) if and only if 0 < P < ∞, thus implying that
E = ∞.
3. Signals that satisfy neither property are referred to as neither energy signals nor power signals.

1.2. Basic signals

A. Unit Step Function:


The discrete-time version of the unit-step function is defined by

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