Practical # 1

Statement:

Perform tensile test on Steel specimen to determine Yield strength, elongation, reduction in area and limit
of proportionality

Objective:

To determine the quality of the test specimen for further use

Apparatus:

 50 ton Universal Testing Machine

 Micrometer Screw Gauge
 Steel Rule
 Divider
 V-Block
 Steel Specimen

Procedure:

1. Measure the diameter of the specimen taking mean of three readings.

2. Load the specimen on the machine by adjusting its jaws at marked gauge lengths of the
specimen.
3. Note the yield point. At this point a hesitation occurs in the movement of the pointers of the
machine
4. Measure the extension with the help of pair of dividers for increment of load.
5. Note the maximum load. Neck formation stars in the specimen at this point.
6. Continue loading until fracture takes place. Note the breaking load.
7. Tabulate the readings and find out stress and strain for each reading.
8. Plot the graph, load as ordinate and extension as abscissa. Mark the Yield stress, Ultimate tensile
stress on the graph.

Observations and Calculations:

Diameter of Specimen= 10.1465 mm

Length of Specimen= 200 mm

Gage length of specimen= 8 inches

Area of Specimen= 3.14x(10.145)2 /4 =80.3 mm2

Diameter after elongation=D1= (6.45+6.52)/2= 6.46 mm

Length after Elongation= L =250 mm

Table:

S.No Load (tons) Extension Strain Stress (psi)

mm - inch

4.200000 0.285750 .0004 58.155415

8.330000 0.444500 .0007 115.341568

16.799999 0.825500 .0013 232.621658

27.090000 1.905000 .0030 375.102417

27.230000 3.429000 .0054 377.040924

29.960001 5.111750 .0080 414.841980

32.340000 6.826250 .0107 447.796692

35.840000 10.414001 .0164 496.259521

37.799999 13.430250 .0211 523.398743

38.849998 16.891001 .0266 537.937561

39.619999 21.145500 .0333 548.599426

39.900002 27.844751 .0438 552.476440

36.610001 32.639000 .0514 506.921356

26.040001 33.464500 .0527 360.563568

Area after elongation= 3.14x(6.35)2 /4 = 31.7 mm2

Percentage Reduction in Area= (A0 – A1)x100 / A0 = (80.3-31.7)x100/80.3 = 60.52%

Percentage Elongation= (L1 – L0)x100/L1 = (250-200)x100/250 = 20%

Mdulud of Elasticity =

Yield Strength =

Fracture point = 360. 563568 psi

Conclusion:
This experiment helped us in studying the behavior of steel under tensile load. By performing this
experiment, we have come to conclude that steel is ductile i.e. undergoes permanent elongation before
fracturing. It enabled us to calculate the yield stress and ultimate tensile stress of steel which lets us know
how much load to apply on material.

Practical # 2
Statement:

Perform tensile test on Steel specimen to determine Yield strength using extensometer

Objective:

To determine the quality of the test specimen for further use

Apparatus:

 50 ton Universal Testing Machine

 Extensometer
 Micrometer Screw Gauge
 Steel Rule
 Divider
 V-Block
 Steel Specimen

Procedure:

1. Measure the diameter of the specimen taking mean of three readings.

2. Fix the extensometer carefully on the gauge points and note the least count of extensometer.
3. Load the specimen on the machine by adjusting its jaws at marked gauge lengths of the
specimen and after setting extensometer start the machine.
4. Note extensometer readings after each load movement, which is generally kept 0.5 ton
5. Note the yield point. At this point a hesitation occurs in the movement of the pointers of the
machine
6. Stop loading Specimen and remove extensometer.
7. Start loading again and measure the extension with the help of pair of dividers for increment of
load.
8. Note the maximum load. Neck formation stars in the specimen at this point.
9. Continue loading until fracture takes place. Note the breaking load.
10. Divide the extensometer readings by 2 to get actual extension upto yield point.
11. Tabulate the readings and find out stress and strain for each reading.
12. Plot the graph, load as ordinate and extension as abscissa. Mark the Yield stress, Ultimate tensile
stress on the graph.

Observations and Calculations:

Length of specimen= 640 mm

Diameter of Specimen= 18.17 mm

Weight of Specimen= 1424 grams= 1.424 kilo-grams

Gauge length of Specimen= 200 mm

Area of Specimen= 3.14x(18.17)2 /4 = 259.30 mm2

Length after elongation= 235 mm

Reduction in diameter= (13.40+13.50)/2= 13.45mm

Table:

S. No Load (tons) Extension Strain Stress (psi)

mm

0.630 0.1280 .00365 2.222697

2.660000 0.160000 .00457 9.384719
3.360000 0.162000 .00462 11.854383
5.110000 0.182000 .00520 18.028540
5.950000 0.190000 .00542 20.992136
6.370000 0.194000 .00554 22.473932
7.210000 0.202000 .00577 25.437529
7.770000 0.206000 .00588 27.413260
9.170000 0.21000 .00600 32.352585
11.060000 0.216000 .00617 39.020676
13.16 0.2220 .00634 46.42966
15.470000 0.226000 .00645 54.579552
18.900000 0.236000 .00674 66.68090
22.610001 0.246000 .00703 79.770111
27.860001 0.26000 .00743 98.292587
31.639999 0.264000 .00754 111.628769
35.770000 0.272000 .00777 126.199776
40.040001 0.274000 .00783 141.264725
44.590000 0.282000 .00805 157.317535
48.72 0.2840 .00811 171.8885
54.740002 0.288000 .00823 193.127640
64.750000 0.298000 .00851 228.443832
70.139999 0.310000 .00885 247.460236
75.180000 0.326000 .00931 265.241791
85.40 0.3500 .01000 301.2988
89.389999 0.37600 .01074 315.375977
97.230003 0.390000 .01114 343.036194
103.52 0.3940 .01125 365.26315
135.16 2.1800 .06228 476.8919
136.08 2.3560 .06731 480.1024
136.08 2.3680 .06765 480.1024

Modulus of Elasticity =
Conclusion:

In this experiment, we performed tensile stress experiment on steel and used encoder to study its
behavior under elastic limit in detail.
 Practical # 3

To perform compressive test on concrete specimen

Objective:

To ascertain the quality of the material for its further use

Apparatus:

 Compression loading Machine

 Weight balance
 Meter rule
 ASTM certified software

Procedure:

1. Take a concrete block of such dimensions that it can be placed conveniently in the machine.
2. Measure its dimensions using meter rule and note it down
3. Measure its weight using weight balance.
4. Calculate the density of the specimen.
5. Next, place the specimen inside the Compression Loading Machine and start it.
6. The automated software will start calculating the pressure applied n the specimen.
7. Note the pressure applied per 5 seconds.
8. Compute a table and draw the graph

Observations and Calculations:

Weight of specimen= 12.08 kg

Dimensions of specimen= 150 x 300 mm

Density= 2301.3 kg/m3

 S No. Pressure(MPa) Time(sec)
1 2.4 5
2 3.4 10
3 4.0 15
4 4.9 20
5 5.8 25
6 6.7 30
7 7.7 35
8 8.5 40
9 9.3 45
10 10.2 50
11 11.2 55
12 12.1 60
13 13.1 65
14 14.1 70
15 14.8 75
16 15.8 80
17 16.8 85
18 17.6 90
19 18.5 95
20 19.4 100
21 20.3 105
22 21.3 110
23 22.1 115

Stress at Failue= 22.1 MPa

Conclusion:

By performing this experiment, the fact has been elaborated that concrete is strong in compression but
weak in tension. Its tensile strength is 10% of its compressive strength.
 Practical # 4

Perform compressive test on wooden specimen

Objective:

To observe the behavior of wood under compression

Apparatus:

 Compression Loading Machine

 Weight balance
 Meter rule
 ASTM certified software

Procedure:

1. Take a wooden block of such dimensions that it can be placed conveniently in the machine.
2. Measure its dimensions using meter rule and note it down
3. Measure its weight using weight balance.
4. Calculate the density of the specimen.
5. Next, place the specimen inside the Compression Loading Machine and start it.
6. The automated software will start calculating the pressure applied n the specimen.
7. Note the pressure applied per 5 seconds.
8. Compute a table and draw the graph

Observations and Calculations:

Weight of specimen= 188.6 grams

Dimensions of specimen= 38 x 50 x 202 mm

Density= 491.4 kg/m3

Angle of failure= θ= 45o

Table:

S No. Max. Pressure Normal Stress Shear stress

σx (MPa) σn (MPa) Ђs (MPa)
1 32 16 -16
2 32 16 -16
3 32 16 -16

Normal Stress = 16 MPa

Shear Stress = 16 MPa (clockwise direction)

Conclusion:

By conducting this experiment, it has become clear that wood is weak in shear stress. It break easily
especially at an angle of 45 degrees. Further theoretical evaluations of normal and shear stresses clear
the above stated facts.