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Linear Classifiers in Python: Chapter2

This document is about linear classifiers in Python. It discusses dot products and how they are used to calculate the raw model output in linear classifiers. It explains that linear classifiers make predictions by checking the sign of the raw model output and describes how logistic regression specifically makes predictions. It also discusses loss functions, explaining that least squares loss is used for linear regression while 0-1 loss or logistic loss are better for classification problems. It includes diagrams of different loss functions.

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Nishant
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114 views21 pages

Linear Classifiers in Python: Chapter2

This document is about linear classifiers in Python. It discusses dot products and how they are used to calculate the raw model output in linear classifiers. It explains that linear classifiers make predictions by checking the sign of the raw model output and describes how logistic regression specifically makes predictions. It also discusses loss functions, explaining that least squares loss is used for linear regression while 0-1 loss or logistic loss are better for classification problems. It includes diagrams of different loss functions.

Uploaded by

Nishant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DataCamp Linear

Classifiers in Python

LINEAR CLASSIFIERS IN PYTHON

Linear classifiers:
prediction equations

Michael (Mike) Gelbart


Instructor
The University of British Columbia
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Dot products
In [1]: x = np.arange(3)

In [2]: x
Out[2]: array([0, 1, 2])
In [3]: y = np.arange(3,6)

In [4]: y
Out[4]: array([3, 4, 5])
In [5]: x*y
Out[5]: array([0, 4, 10])
In [6]: np.sum(x*y)
Out[6]: 14
In [7]: x@y
Out[7]: 14
x@y is called the dot product of x and y , and is written x ⋅ y.
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Linear classifier prediction


raw model output = coefficients ⋅ features + intercept
Linear classifier prediction: compute raw model output, check the
sign
if positive, predict one class
if negative, predict the other class
This is the same for logistic regression and linear SVM
fit is different but predict is the same
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

How LogisticRegression makes predictions

raw model output = coefficients ⋅ features + intercept

In [1]: lr = LogisticRegression()

In [2]: lr.fit(X,y)

In [3]: lr.predict(X)[10]
Out[3]: 0

In [4]: lr.predict(X)[20]
Out[4]: 1
In [5]: lr.coef_ @ X[10] + lr.intercept_ # raw model output
Out[5]: array([-33.78572166])
In [6]: lr.coef_ @ X[20] + lr.intercept_ # raw model output
Out[6]: array([ 0.08050621])
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

The raw model output


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

The raw model output


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

The raw model output


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

LINEAR CLASSIFIERS IN PYTHON

Let's practice!
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

LINEAR CLASSIFIERS IN PYTHON

What is a loss
function?

Michael Gelbart
Instructor
The University of British Columbia
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Least squares: the squared loss


scikit-learn's LinearRegression minimizes a loss:
n
∑(true ith target value − predicted ith target value) 2
i=1

Minimization is with respect to coefficients or parameters of the


model.
Note that in scikit-learn model.score() isn't necessarily the loss

function.
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Classification errors: the 0-1 loss


Squared loss not appropriate for classification problems (more on this
later).
A natural loss for classification problem is the number of errors.
This is the 0-1 loss: it's 0 for a correct prediction and 1 for an
incorrect prediction.
But this loss is hard to minimize!
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Minimizing a loss
In [1]: from scipy.optimize import minimize

In [2]: minimize(np.square, 0).x


Out[2]: array([0.])
In [3]: minimize(np.square, 2).x
array([-1.88846401e-08])
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

LINEAR CLASSIFIERS IN PYTHON

Let's practice!
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

LINEAR CLASSIFIERS IN PYTHON

Loss function diagrams

Michael (Mike) Gelbart


Instructor
The University of British Columbia
DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

The raw model output


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

0-1 loss diagram


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Linear regression loss diagram


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Logistic loss diagram


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Hinge loss diagram


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

Hinge loss diagram


DataCamp Linear Classifiers in Python

LINEAR CLASSIFIERS IN PYTHON

Let's practice!

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